Analyses of the association between Helicobacter pylori antibody titre and pathogenicity before and after eradication: results of the Kyushu and Okinawa population study, a retrospective observational cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the utility of Helicobacter pylori antibody testing, we evaluated the correlation between the H. pylori antibody titre and H. pylori-associated pathogenicity and the changes in antibody titre after H. pylori eradication therapy. DESIGN: A retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: From 2004 to 2016, medical check-ups were performed in different regions of Japan. In total, 324 subjects infected with H. pylori who received H. pylori eradication therapy were enrolled; H. pylori was eradicated in 266 of these subjects. We examined the associations between H. pylori antibody titre with pepsinogen and the presence or absence of H. pylori-associated pathogenic proteins, such as cytotoxin-associated gene A and vacuolating cytotoxin gene A, at baseline and after H. pylori eradication therapy. RESULTS: The H.pylori antibody titre showed a positive correlation with pepsinogen II and a negative correlation with the pepsinogen I/II ratio. Moreover, the H.pylori antibody titre significantly correlated with the positive rates of H. pylori-associated pathogenic protein before eradication therapy. Antibody titres decreased after eradication, the pepsinogen I/II ratio increased and the H. pylori-associated pathogenic protein-positive rate decreased in patients with successful eradication. The determination of eradication using the decline in antibody titre 6 months after eradication therapy was useful (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that the H. pylori antibody titre may represent the degree of pathogenicity. The H. pylori antibody titre was associated with attenuation of pathogenicity in patients with H. pylori eradication, indicating the clinical utility of H. pylori antibody testing.

Effect of Gastrin G-17 Combined with Pepsinogen PGI and PGII on the Early Screening of Gastric Cancer in the Department of Gastroenterology.

Objective: To compare serum levels of pepsinogen I (PGI), pepsinogen II (PGII), and gastrin-17 (G-17) among patients with gastritis, gastric ulcer, and gastric cancer, and to assess the effectiveness of these biomarkers individually and in combination for screening gastric cancer. Methods: Serum levels of PGI, PGII, and G-17 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 50 patients with gastric cancer, 60 with chronic gastritis, and 60 with gastric ulcer from February 2020 to June 2021. The diagnostic value of these biomarkers was analyzed through sensitivity, specificity, and ROC curve assessments. Results: Serum PGI levels were significantly lower in patients with advanced gastric cancer compared to those with early gastric cancer (P < .05), while PGII and G-17 levels were significantly higher in advanced-stage patients (P < .05). The combined ROC curve analysis of PGI, PGII, and G-17 yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.933, indicating higher diagnostic accuracy than any of the markers alone. Statistically significant differences were noted between the combined and individual tests (Z = 2.376, P < .05). Patients with PGI levels lower than 17.21 ng/ml had a worse prognosis compared to those with higher levels. Similarly, patients with PGII levels greater than 74.65 ng/ml and G-17 levels greater than 17.03 pmol/L had poorer prognoses. Additionally, higher G-17 levels were associated with significantly lower serum PGI levels. Conclusions: Patients with low expression of PGI have a poorer prognosis, and those with high expression of PGII and G-17 also have a poor prognosis. Combining the three indicators has clear value for the screening and prognostic evaluation of gastric cancer, making it worthy of clinical promotion and application.

The role of gastrin 17 and pepsinogen I:pepsinogen II ratio in pathological diagnosis and endoscopic selection in gastritis patients.

BACKGROUND: The noninvasive serum markers pepsinogen I (PGI), pepsinogen II (PGII), gastrin-17 (G17), and PGI:PGII ratio (PGR) have recently been proposed as a new tool for predicting various gastric pathologies. METHODS: A total of 83 gastritis patients confirmed by gastroscopy were enrolled, with 78 undergoing concurrent colonoscopies. The control group included 99 healthy subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect PGI, PGII, G17, and PGR. The performance of serological analysis for detecting gastritis pathology was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: The G17 and PGII levels increased significantly (P < .001), whereas PGR levels decreased (P = .001) in the gastritis group. The ROC analysis revealed that PGR had a sensitivity and specificity of 70.83% and 86.67%, respectively, in predicting Helicobacter pylori-infected gastritis and a sensitivity and specificity of 88% and 65.52%, respectively, in predicting active gastritis. The G17 levels were significantly elevated in gastritis patients undergoing concurrent colonoscopies (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Pepsinogen I:pepsinogen II ratio was found to be a useful predictor of active gastritis and H pylori-infected gastritis. Furthermore, G17 was found to be closely related to pathological conditions found by colonoscopy and may provide recommendations for whether gastritis patients should undergo a concurrent colonoscopy.

Airway pepsinogen A4 identifies lung transplant recipients with microaspiration and predicts chronic lung allograft dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Aspiration is a known risk factor for adverse outcomes post-lung transplantation. Airway bile acids are the gold-standard biomarker of aspiration; however, they are released into the duodenum and likely reflect concurrent gastrointestinal dysmotility. Previous studies investigating total airway pepsin have found conflicting results on its relationship with adverse outcomes post-lung transplantation. These studies measured total pepsin and pepsinogen in the airways. Certain pepsinogens are constitutively expressed in the lungs, while others, such as pepsinogen A4 (PGA4), are not. We sought to evaluate the utility of measuring airway PGA4 as a biomarker of aspiration and predictor of adverse outcomes in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) early post-transplant. METHODS: Expression of PGA4 was compared to other pepsinogens in lung tissue. Total pepsin and PGA4 were measured in large airway bronchial washings and compared to preexisting markers of aspiration. Two independent cohorts of LTRs were used to assess the relationship between airway PGA4 and chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Changes to airway PGA4 after antireflux surgery were assessed in a third cohort of LTRs. RESULTS: PGA4 was expressed in healthy human stomach but not lung. Airway PGA4, but not total pepsin, was associated with aspiration. Airway PGA4 was associated with an increased risk of CLAD in two independent cohorts of LTRs. Antireflux surgery was associated with reduced airway PGA4. CONCLUSIONS: Airway PGA4 is a marker of aspiration that predicts CLAD in LTRs. Measuring PGA4 at surveillance bronchoscopies can help triage high-risk LTRs for anti-reflux surgery.

Correlation of chronic atrophic gastritis with gastric-specific circulating biomarkers.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: It has been suggested that the combined detection of multiple serum biomarkers can effectively screen out the high-risk population of chronic atrophic gastritis in the general population. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an effective predictive model of chronic atrophic gastritis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum biopsies were assessed using five stomach-specific circulating biomarkers pepsinogen I (PGI), PGII, PGI/II ratio, anti- H. pylori antibody, and gastrin-17 (G-17) to identify high-risk individuals and evaluate the risk of developing chronic atrophic gastritis. RESULTS: In the cross-sectional analysis, PGII, the PG ratio, G17, anti- H. pylori IgG were positively associated with the presence of chronic atrophic gastritis, and combined prediction of the five biomarkers was more accurate than single-factor prediction ((0.692 vs 0.54(PG1), 0.604 (PGⅡ), 0.616(PGI/II ratio), 0.629(G-17)). CONCLUSION: The combination of PGI, PGII, the PGI/II ratio, G17, and anti-H. pylori antibodies for serological analysis are helpful to screen chronic atrophic gastritis high-risk subjects from the general population and recommend that these people carry out further endoscopy and biopsy.

Utilization of an Automated Latex Agglutination Turbidity Assay for Assessing Gastric Mucosal Alteration during Helicobacter pylori Infection.

Background/Aims: : A latex agglutination turbidity (LA) assay to test for serum antibodies has been approved in Japan and Korea for mass screening of Helicobacter pylori infection. In this study, we evaluated the LA assay for diagnosing H. pylori infection and predicting gastric mucosal changes in a Mongolian population. Methods: : In total, 484 individuals were classified into H. pylori-positive (n=356) and H. pylori-negative (n=128) groups, as determined by histology and H. pylori culture. Results: : The best cutoff, sensitivity, and specificity values for the LA assay were 18.35 U/mL, 74.2%, and 65.6%, respectively. The LA values in the atrophic gastritis group were statistically higher than those in the other groups (healthy, chronic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer, p<0.0001). The cutoff value to distinguish the atrophic gastritis group from the other four groups was 32.0 U/mL, and its area under the curve was 0.673, which was the highest among the E-plate, pepsinogen (PG) I, PG II, and PG I/II ratio tests in our data. The odds ratios for atrophic gastritis determined by the LA assay and PG I test in multiple logistic regression were 2.5 and 1.9, respectively, which were significantly higher than for the other tests. Conclusions: : The LA assay can determine the risk of atrophic gastritis, which in turn is a considerable risk factor for gastric cancer. We propose using this assay in combination with the PG I/II ratio to avoid missing gastric cancer patients who have a low LA value (less than 32.0 U/mL).

Analysis of gastrin-17 and its related influencing factors in physical examination results.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the difference of serum gastrin-17 (G17) level in healthy people with different sex, age, and body mass index (BMI), to explore the correlation between G17 and pepsinogen, and to study the influences of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and various inflammatory factors on G17 secretion level. METHODS: A total of 531 subjects who received physical examination in our center from April 2019 to December 2019 were enrolled in the study. All subjects were tested for G17, pepsinogen I (PGI), pepsinogen II (PGII), PGI/PGII ratio (PGR), H. pylori, serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The difference of G17 secretion in different subjects and its correlation with PG were analyzed to investigate H. pylori infection and expound the effects of inflammatory indicators on G17. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in G17 secretion level in people with different sex, age and BMI (p > .05). G17 positively correlated with PGI and PGII, but negatively correlated with PGR. The G17 level of H. pylori-positive subjects was 10.16 ± 12.84, and prominently higher than that of H. pylori-negative subjects (3.27 ± 6.65). SAA and H. pylori infection were the greater risk factors for G17 abnormality among various indicators. CRP and ESR had no effect on G17 abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: G17 secretion is closely related to PG and H. pylori. Combined screening contributes to early screening of gastrointestinal diseases in normal people or groups at high risk for gastric cancer, but the influence of inflammatory indicators on G17 should be excluded to improve the reliability of the results.

Development and validation of LightGBM algorithm for optimizing of Helicobacter pylori antibody during the minimum living guarantee crowd based gastric cancer screening program in Taizhou, China.

Gastric cancer continues to be a significant health concern in China, with a high incidence rate. To mitigate its impact, early detection and treatment is key. However, conducting large-scale endoscopic gastric cancer screening is not feasible in China. Instead, a more appropriate approach would be to initially screen high-risk groups and follow up with endoscopic testing as needed. We conducted a study on 25,622 asymptomatic participants aged 45-70 years from a free gastric cancer screening program in the Taizhou city government's Minimum Living Guarantee Crowd (MLGC) initiative. Participants completed questionnaires, blood tests, and underwent gastrin-17 (G-17), pepsinogen I and II (PGI and PGII), and H. pylori IgG antibody (IgG) assessments. Using the light gradient boosting machine (lightGBM) algorithm, we developed a predictive model for gastric cancer risk. In the full model, F1 score was 2.66%, precision was 1.36%, and recall was 58.14%. In the high-risk model, F1 score was 2.51%, precision was 1.27%, and recall was 94.55%. Excluding IgG, the F1 score was 2.73%, precision was 1.40%, and recall was 68.62%. We conclude that H. pylori IgG appears to be able to be excluded from the prediction model without significantly affecting its performance, which is important from a health economic point of view. It suggests that screening indicators can be optimized, and expenditures reduced. These findings can have important implications for policymakers, as we can focus resources on other important aspects of gastric cancer prevention and control.

Identification of serologically active Helicobacter pylori antigens related to alterations in serum pepsinogen levels.

Gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. The transition to a carcinogenic process is preceded by glandular atrophy and serum levels of pepsinogen I and II (PGI and PGII) correlate with this type of gastric lesions. Possible associations of serum PG levels in relation to the frequency of serological activity against H. pylori antigens were studied. Serum samples from patients with gastric pathology associated with H. pylori (n=26) and asymptomatic individuals as controls (n=37) were used. Seroactive antigens were identified by immunoblot using a protein extract of H. pylori. The antibody titers anti-H. pylori and the concentration of PGs in serum was determined by ELISA. Thirty-one seroactive antigens were identified, nine of which exhibited a differential frequency between both groups (116.7, 68.8, 61.9, 54.9, 45.6, 38.3, 36.5, 33.8 and 30.1kDa) and only 3 were related to altered levels of PGs in serum. In the control group, the seropositivity of the 33.8kDa antigen was related to an increase in PGII, while the 68.8kDa antigen was related to normal PG values (decreased PGII and elevated PGI/PGII levels) indicating that seropositivity to this antigen could be a protective factor to gastric pathology. The seropositivity of the 54.9kDa antigen was related to altered values of PGs indicative of inflammation and gastric atrophy (increased in PGII and decreased in PGI/PGII). The identification of serum alterations in pepsinogen levels related to seropositivity to H. pylori 33.8, 54.9 and 68.8kDa antigens sets a precedent for further study as possible prognostic serological biomarkers.

The relationship between pepsinogen C and gastric carcinogenesis: a transgene and population study.

BACKGROUND: Pepsinogen C (PGC) is expressed in chief cells, fundic mucous neck cells, and pyloric gland cells of gastric epithelium and also in breast, prostate, lung, and seminal vesicles. METHODS: We explored the clinicopathological and prognostic significances of PGC mRNA using pathological and bioinformatics analyses. We generated PGC knockout and PGC-cre transgenic mice to observe the effects of PGC deletion and PTEN abrogation in PGC-positive cells on gastric carcinogenesis. Finally, we observed the effects of altered PGC expression on aggressive phenotypes by CCK8, Annexin V staining, wound healing and transwell assays and analyzed the partner proteins of PGC using co-IP (co-immunoprecipitation) and double fluorescence staining. RESULTS: PGC mRNA level was inversely correlated with the T and G stage and a short survival of gastric cancer (p < 0.05). PGC protein expression was negatively linked to lymph node metastasis, dedifferentiation, and low Her-2 expression of gastric cancer (p < 0.05). No difference in body weight or length was evident between wild-type (WT) and PGC knockout (KO) mice (p > 0.05), but PGC KO mice had a shorter survival than WT mice (p < 0.05). No gastric lesions were observed in the mucosa of the granular stomach in PGC KO mice, which displayed lower frequency and severity of gastric lesion than in WT mice after treated with MNU. Transgenic PGC-cre mice showed high cre expression and activity in the lung, stomach, kidney, and breast. Gastric cancer and triple-negative lobular breast adenocarcinoma were found in PGC-cre/PTENf/f mice with two previous pregnancies and breast feeding, but breast cancer was not seen in transgenic mice exposed to either estrogen or progesterone, or those with two previous pregnancies and no breast feeding. PGC suppressed proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis, and interacted with CCNT1, CNDP2 and CTSB. CONCLUSION: PGC downregulation was seen in gastric cancer, but PGC deletion resulted in resistance to chemically-induced gastric carcinogenesis. PGC expression suppressed the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells possibly by interacting with CCNT1, CNDP2 and CTSB. Spontaneous triple-negative lobular adenocarcinoma and gastric cancer were seen in PGC-cre/PTENf/f mice, and the breast carcinogenesis was closely linked to pregnancy and breast feeding, but not to single exposure to estrogen or progesterone, or pregnancy. Limiting either pregnancy or breast feeding might help to prevent hereditary breast cancer.

Medium and large alleles of the PGC gene are risk factors for gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: A 100-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the pepsinogen C gene has been associated with the risk of gastric cancer (GC). OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the relationships of the 100-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism with GC, atrophic gastritis (AG), and intestinal metaplasia (IM) in the Mexican general population (MGP). METHODS: We studied the genomic DNA of subjects with GC n = 80, AG and IM n = 60, controls n = 110, and the MGP n = 97. PGC gene insertion/deletion polymorphism was identified by means of PCR, capillary electrophoresis and GeneScan software. RESULTS: Different allele sizes of PGC polymorphism were observed in the studied groups, from 266 bp to 499 bp, which were grouped for the analysis as short alleles of 266-399 bp, medium alleles of 400-433 bp and large alleles of 434-499 bp. Carriers of one or two medium alleles, had an increased risk of GC, with OR of 1.99 (CI95% 1.08-3.67 p = 0.026) compared to homozygotes (no medium/no medium). CONCLUSIONS: Previous studies have related PGC short alleles to risk for or protection against GC depending on the ethnic origin of the population. In our study, medium alleles were related to risk for GC. Further studies are required to establish the importance of this polymorphism in the origin of gastric neoplasia.

Circulating Proteins and Metabolite Biomarkers in Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and thus patients have a poor prognosis. This implies that early detection of this cancer will improve patient prognosis and survival. This systematic review explored the association of circulating protein and metabolite biomarkers with GC development. METHODS: A literature search was conducted until November 2021 on Medline, Embase, Cochrane library, and Web of Science databases. Studies were included if they assessed circulating proteins and metabolites in blood, urine, or saliva and determined their association with GC risk. Quality of identified studies was determined using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cohort studies. Random and fixed effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled odds ratio. RESULTS: A total of 53 studies were included. High levels of anti-Helicobacter pylORi IgG levels, pepsinogen I (PGI) <30 µg/L and serum pepsinogen I/ pepsinogen II (PGI/II) ratio<3 were positively associated with risk of developing GC (pooled odds ratio (OR): 2.70; 95% CI: 1.44-5.04, 5.96, 95% CI: 2.65-13.42 and 4.43; 95% CI: 3.04-6.47). In addition, an inverse relationship was found between ferritin, iron and transferrin levels and risk of developing GC (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.38-1,0.97; 95% CI: 0.94-1 and 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76-0.94). However, there was no association between levels of glucose, cholesterol, vitamin C, vitamin B12, vitamin A, α-Carotene, ß-Carotene, α-Tocopherol, γ-Tocopherol, and GC risk. CONCLUSION: The pooled analysis demonstrated that high levels of anti-Helicobacter pylORi IgG, PGI<30µg/L and serum PGI/II ratio <3 and low levels of ferritin, iron and transferrin were associated with risk of GC.

Analysis of high risk factors for chronic atrophic gastritis.

Background: Screening for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is crucial for the prevention and early detection of gastric cancer. Endoscopy is the main method of CAG diagnosis, with high training requirements and limited accuracy, making it difficult to popularize. The study attempts to improve the positive rate and accuracy of CAG screening through non-invasive testing. Methods: A total of 2564 patients who underwent gastroscopy were included in this study. The results of gastroscopic evaluation, histological biopsy results (including H. pylori biopsy), urea breath test (UBT) results, serum pepsinogen, and testosterone were statistically analyzed. Results: We found significant differences in the diagnosis of CAG between endoscopy and histological biopsy. Pepsinogen II and pepsinogen I/II ratio were more useful for the diagnosis of CAG compared with pepsinogen I. The risk of CAG was increased when pepsinogen II exceeded 11.05 µg/L, and the pepsinogen I/II ratio was less than 3.75. CAG positivity was higher in patients with positive H. pylori infection on UBT screening. In addition, higher levels of testosterone, SHBG and HSD17B2, and lower level of GNRH1 were found in CAG mucosa. Patients with high serum testosterone had a higher risk of CAG. Conclusion: CAG screening should be combined with endoscopic evaluation, biopsy, and other non-invasive tests. Non-invasive tests include the combination of serum pepsinogen II protein and pepsinogen I/II ratio and high level of serum testosterone. UBT combined with serum pepsinogen testing may improve the positive rate of CAG and reduce gastric mucosal damage from multiple biopsies.

[Diagnostic Value of Serum Pepsinogen â /Pepsinogen â ¡ Combined with Tumor Markers for Helicobacter pylori-Positive Early-Stage Gastric Cancer].

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value of serum pepsinogen (PG) Ⅰ/PGⅡ combined with tumor markers for Helicobacter pylori ( Hp)-positive early-stage gastric cancer. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted with the clinical data of 109 patients with gastric cancer (the gastric cancer group), 115 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (the benign group), 112 cases of low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (the low grade group), 109 cases of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (the high grade group), and 104 healthy subjects who underwent the relevant screening tests as part of their general physical examination (the healthy group). All the subjects were admitted to or received care at our hospital between May 2018 and April 2021. The levels of serum PGⅠ, PGⅡ, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199), and carbohydrate antigen 724 (CA724), and Hp infection status were examined. The findings for these indicators were compared among the groups, and the differences in serum indicators in Hp-positive and Hp-negative patients were compared. The diagnostic value of serum PGⅠ/PGⅡ combined with tumor markers for Hp-positive early-stage gastric cancer was assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The serum levels of PGⅠ and PGⅠ/PGⅡ decreased in successive order in the healthy group, the benign group, the low grade group, the high grade group, and the gastric cancer group ( P<0.05). The serum levels of PGⅡ, CEA, CA199, and CA724 in the gastric cancer group, the high grade group, and the low grade group were all higher than those in the healthy group and the benign group ( P<0.05). The Hp-positive rates of the gastric cancer group, the high grade group, the low grade group and the benign group were higher than that of the healthy group ( P<0.01). The levels of serum PGⅠ, PGⅡ, CEA, CA199, and CA724 of the Hp-positive subjects of the healthy group, the benign group, the low grade group, the high grade group, and the gastric cancer group were higher than those of the Hp-negative subjects ( P<0.05), while their PGⅠ/PGⅡ levels were always lower than those of the Hp-negative persons ( P<0.05). The specificity and area under the curve ( AUC) of serum PGⅠ/PGⅡ, CEA, CA199, and CA724 in the combined diagnosis of Hp-positive early-stage gastric cancer were higher than those of each indicator used alone in diagnosis ( P<0.05). In the gastric cancer group, the proportion of patients with PGⅠ/PGⅡ>2.32 was lower in the Hp-positive patients than that in the Hp-negative patients ( P<0.05), while the proportions of patients with CEA>66.99 ng/mL, CA199>110.35 U/mL, and CA724>44.20 U/mL were higher in the Hp-positive patients than those in the Hp-negative patients ( P<0.05). Conclusion: Testing PGⅠ/PGⅡ in combination with CEA, CA199, and CA724 results in better diagnostic value for Hp-positive early-stage gastric cancer.

Collagenous gastritis in a young Chinese woman: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Collagenous gastritis (CG) is a rare condition whose pathogenesis may be related to immune abnormalities. We report a case of CG from China. CASE SUMMARY: A 24-year-old woman presented with recurrent abdominal distension and discomfort for 3 mo. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy found diffuse nodular elevation-depression changes in the mucosa of the entire gastric corpus. Endoscopic ultrasound showed predominant involvement of the lamina propria and submucosa, and computed tomography imaging showed mild enhancement of the gastric wall. Pathological histology revealed that the thickness of the subepithelial collagen band was about 40 µm, and the Masson trichrome staining result was positive and the Congo red staining result was negative. This case is consistent with the child-adolescent type of CG. CONCLUSION: Serum pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II, pepsinogen I/II ratio, and gastrin-17 may be potential non-invasive monitoring markers. Currently, treatments for CG vary, and the likely prognosis is unknown. Individual cases of gastric cancer in patients with CG have been reported.

Self-propelled Janus nanomotor as active probe for detection of pepsinogen by lateral flow immunoassay.

The feasibility of using nanomotors as active probes for lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is demonstrated. We synthesized Au@mSiO2@Pt Janus nanomotor, where nanolayer of Pt was deposited on the half side surface of the Au@mSiO2 nanoparticles, which can catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 to produce driving force for the nanomotor. Subsequently, the motion characteristics of the Au@mSiO2@Pt nanomotor in static fluidic environment and dynamic flow field was studied to pave the way for its practical application in lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). At last, the Au@mSiO2@Pt nanomotor was modified with antibody and then used as active immunoassay probe in LFIA. We chose gastric function index, pepsinogen II (PG II) and pepsinogen II (PG II), as the target analytes. The results indicated that, compared with traditional Au nanoprobe, the nanomotor-based probe can significantly improve the sensitivity by increasing the probability and efficiency of antigen and antibody binding. A limit of detection (LOD) of 2.2 ng/mL for PGI, and 2.1 ng/mL for PG II was achieved. This work provides a new solution for enhancing the capability of immune detection, and we believe the nanomotor-based LFIA will have great potential in high-sensitivity point-of-care-testing in the future.

Diagnostic performances of pepsinogens and gastrin-17 for atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer in Mongolian subjects.

In Mongolia, gastric cancer morbidity and mortality are high, and more than 80 percent of cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage. This study aimed to evaluate pepsinogens (PGIs) and gastrin-17 (G-17) levels and to determine the diagnostic performances for gastric cancer and chronic atrophic gastritis among Mongolian individuals. We enrolled a total of 120 subjects, including gastric cancer (40), atrophic gastritis (40), and healthy control (40), matched by age (±2) and sex. Pepsinogen I (PGI), Pepsinogen II (PGII), G-17, and H. pylori IgG levels were measured using GastroPanel ELISA kit (Biohit, Helsinki, Finland). Also, PGI to PGII ratio (PGR) was calculated. For atrophic gastritis, when the optimal cut-off value of PGI was ≤75.07 ng/ml, the sensitivity and specificity were 75% and 50%, respectively; when the optimal cut-off value of PGR was ≤6.25, sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 44.7%, respectively. For gastric cancer, when the optimal cut-off value of PGI was ≤35.25 ng/ml, the sensitivity and specificity were 47.2% and 86.8%, respectively; when the optimal cut-off value of PGR was ≤5.27, sensitivity and specificity were 75% and 60.5%, respectively. Combinations of biomarkers with risk factors could improve diagnostic accuracy (AUC for atrophic gastritis 74.8, 95% CI 64.0-85.7, p<0.001; AUC for gastric cancer 75.5, 95% CI 64.2-86.8, p<0.001). PGI, PGR biomarkers combined with the risk of age, family history of gastric cancer, and previous gastric disease could not be an alternative test for upper endoscopy but might be a supportive method which is identifying individuals at medium- and high risk of gastric cancer and precancerous lesions who may need upper endoscopy.

Serum pepsinogen cut-off values in Helicobacter pylori-infected children.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the standard values for gender- and age-stratified serum pepsinogen (sPG) in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) non-infected children and to determine the optimal cut-off values of sPG for predicting H. pylori-infected gastritis in children. METHODS: A prospective study for determination of sPG levels was performed in children with epigastric pain who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy over the past 16 years. After excluding subjects diagnosed with inflammatory bowel diseases, eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders, or immunoglobulin A vasculitis, the diagnosis of H. pylori infection was defined by positive tissue culture or concordant-positive results for histology and the rapid urease test. RESULTS: A total of 405 subjects were diagnosed as being H. pylori-infected (79) or non-infected (326). In the H. pylori non-infected group, there were no significant differences in sPG levels among age groups; males had higher sPG I and sPG II levels than females. In the H. pylori-infected group, sPG I and sPG II levels were significantly higher and the sPG I/II ratio was lower than those in the non-infected group. In receiver operating characteristics analyses in diagnosing H. pylori infection, the areas under the curves for sPG I, sPG II and sPG I/II ratio were 0.896, 0.980, and 0.946, respectively. The optimal cut-off value of sPG II of ≥9.0 ng/mL was considered positive for H. pylori infection (sensitivity: 92.4%, specificity: 93.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The optimal cut-off value of sPG II of ≥9.0 ng/mL may be a good predictor of H. pylori-infected gastritis in children.

Correlation Analysis of Serum Pepsinogen, Interleukin, and TNF-α with Hp Infection in Patients with Gastric Cancer: A Randomized Parallel Controlled Clinical Study.

Background: Gastric cancer pathological biopsy and visual examination have been the gold standard for gastric cancer diagnosis, but their operation is costly, demanding, and risky, so it is especially important to find an effective examination method in clinical practice. Aims: To investigate the correlation between serum pepsinogen I (PGI), pepsinogen II (PGII), pepsinogen I and II ratio (PGR), IL-6, and TNF-α and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in patients with gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with Hp-infected gastric cancer admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology of our hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were selected for the study as the observation group, and another 50 patients without Hp-infected gastric cancer were selected as the comparison group to compare the correlation analysis of PGI, PGII, PGR, IL-6, and TNF-α with Hp infection between the two groups after admission and treatment. Results: After measurement, PGI and PGII in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the comparison group, and TNF-α, IL-18, and IL-6 in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the comparison group, and the comparative differences were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression model analysis of independent risk factors for gastric cancer showed that IL-18, hs-CRP, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α were risk factors for Hp infection in gastric cancer. Conclusion: The expression of IL-18, hs-CRP, and TNF-α factors in Hp-infected gastric cancer patients is correlated. IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α are involved in the entire process from the onset to the development of Hp-positive gastric mucosal inflammation in patients, which is of great value in the diagnosis of gastric cancer and helps to assess the degree of progression and prognosis of gastric cancer.

Clinical applicability of a new scoring system for population-based screening and risk factors of gastric cancer in the Wannan region.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the clinical applicability of a new scoring system that comprises the variables age, sex, pepsinogen ratio (PGR), gastrin-17 (G-17), and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection for gastric cancer (GC) screening in the Wannan region, China. We also explored the risk factors of GC in the Wannan region. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled asymptomatic participants from January 1, 2019 to June 30, 2021 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College. We used a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to estimate the screening value of combined measurements of pepsinogen I, PGII, PGR, G-17, and Hp. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to explore the independent risk factors of GC. RESULTS: A total of 25,194 asymptomatic patients were eventually screened. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of combined measurements was 0.817 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.721-0.913), the sensitivity was 81.5%, and the specificity was 77.8%. The detection rate of this new scoring system for GC screening in low-, medium-, and high-risk groups was 0%, 1.63%, and 9%, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR], 5.934; 95% CI 3.695-9.529; P < 0.001), sex (OR 5.721; 95% CI 2.579-12.695; P < 0.001), Hp infection (OR 1.992; 95% CI 1.255-3.163; P = 0.003), a history of smoking (OR 2.028; 95% CI 1.213-3.392; P = 0.007), consuming a high-salt diet (OR 2.877; 95% CI 1.807-4.580; P < 0.001), frequently eating pickled foods (OR 1.873; 95% CI 1.125-3.120; P = 0.016), and frequently eating fried foods (OR 2.459; 95% CI 1.384-4.369; P = 0.002) were independent risk factors for GC and precancerous lesions. However, frequent consumption of green vegetables (OR 0.388; 95% CI 0.242-0.620; P < 0.001) was an independent protective factor against GC and precancerous lesions. CONCLUSION: The new scoring system for GC screening was feasible in the Wannan region, especially in high-risk populations. Frequent consumption of green vegetables was an independent protective factor against GC and precancerous lesions.