Experimental investigation on strengthening of Zea mays root fibres for biodegradable composite materials using potassium permanganate treatment.

Humans are the only species who generate waste materials that cannot be broken down by natural processes. The ideal solution to this waste problem would be to employ only compostable materials. Biodegradable materials play a key role in creating a safer and greener world. Biodegradability is the gift that keeps on giving, in the sense of creating an Earth worth living. The future is thus best served by green energy, sustainability, and renewable resources. To realize such goals, waste should be considered as a valuable resource. In this context, Zea mays (Zm) root fibres, which are normally considered as agricultural waste, can be used as reinforcing substances in polymer matrices to produce structural composite materials. Before being used in composites, such fibres must be analysed for their physical properties. Chemical treatments can be employed to improve the structural quality of fibres, and the changes due to such modification can be analysed. Therefore, the current work examines the effect of permanganate treatment on the surface properties of Zm fibres. The raw and potassium permanganate-treated samples were assayed for various properties. Physical analysis of the fibre samples yielded details concerning the physical aspects of the fibres. The thermal conductivity and moisture absorption behaviour of the samples were analysed. Chemical analysis was employed to characterize the composition of both treated and untreated samples. p-XRD was employed to examine the crystalline nature of the Zm fibres. Numerous functional groups present in each sample were analysed by FTIR. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the thermal stability of Zm fibres. Elemental analysis (CHNS and EDS) was used to determine the elemental concentrations of both raw and treated samples. The surface alterations of Zm fibres brought on by treatment were described using SEM analysis. The characteristics of Zm roots and the changes in quality due to treatment were reviewed, and there were noticeable effects due to the treatment. Both samples would have applications in various fields, and each could be used as a potential reinforcing material in the production of efficient bio-composites.

Adsorption of Cu (II) and Zn (II) in aqueous solution by modified bamboo charcoal.

Due to the development of industries such as mining, smelting, industrial electroplating, tanning, and mechanical manufacturing, heavy metals were discharged into water bodies seriously affecting water quality. Bamboo charcoal, as an environmentally friendly new adsorbent material, in this paper, the virgin bamboo charcoal (denoted as WBC) was modified with different concentrations of KMnO4 and NaOH to obtain KMnO4-modified bamboo charcoal (KBC) and NaOH-modified bamboo charcoal (NBC) which was used to disposed of water bodies containing Cu2+ and Zn2+. The main conclusions were as following: The adsorption of Cu2+ by WBC, KBC and NBC was significantly affected by pH value, and the optimum pH was 5.0. Differently, the acidity and alkalinity of the solution doesn't effect the adsorption of Zn2+ seriousely. Meanwhile, surface diffusion and pore diffusion jointly determine the adsorption rate of Cu2+ and Zn2+. The test result of EDS showed that Mn-O groups formed on the surface of K6 (WBC treated by 0.06 mol/L KMnO4) can promote the adsorption of Cu2+ and Zn2+ at a great degree. The O content on N6(WBC treated by 6 mol/L NaOH) surface increased by 30.95% compared with WBC. It is speculated that the increase of carbonyl group on the surface of NBC is one of the reasons for the improvement of Cu2+ and Zn2+ adsorption capacity. Finally, the residual concentrations of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in wastewater are much lower than 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L, respectively. Thus it can be seen, KBC and NBC could be a promising adsorbent for heavy metals.

Oxidation of chromium(â ¢): A potential risk of using chemical oxidation processes for the remediation of 2-chlorophenol contaminated soils.

Chemical oxidation processes are widely used for the remediation of organically contaminated soils, but their potential impact on variable-valence and toxic metals such as chromium (Cr) is often overlooked. In this study, we investigated the risk of Cr(Ⅲ) oxidation in soils during the remediation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) contaminated soils using four different processes: Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), Modified Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2), Alkali-activated persulfate (S2O82-/OH-), and Fe2+-activated persulfate (S2O82-/Fe2+). Our results indicated that the KMnO4, Fe2+/H2O2, and S2O82-/Fe2+ processes progressively oxidized Cr(III) to Cr(Ⅵ) during the 2-CP degradation. The KMnO4 process likely involved direct electron transfer, while the Fe2+/H2O2 and S2O82-/Fe2+ processes primarily relied on HO• and/or SO4•- for the Cr(III) oxidation. Notably, after 4 h of 2-CP degradation, the Cr(VI) content in the KMnO4 process surpassed China's 3.0 mg kg-1 risk screening threshold for Class I construction sites, and further exceeded the 5.7 mg kg-1 limit for Class II construction sites after 8 h. Conversely, the S2O82-/OH- process exhibited negligible oxidation of Cr(III), maintaining a low oxidation ratio of 0.13%, as highly alkaline conditions induced Cr(III) precipitation, reducing its exposure to free radicals. Cr(III) oxidation ratio was directly proportional to oxidant dosage, whereas the Fe2+/H2O2 process showed a different trend, influenced by the concentration of reductants. This study provides insights into the selection and optimization of chemical oxidation processes for soil remediation, emphasizing the imperative for thorough risk evaluation of Cr(III) oxidation before their application.

Depigmentation of Melanin-containing Tissues Using Hypochlorous Acid to Enhance Hematoxylin-eosin and Immunohistochemical Staining.

Pathologists diagnose diseases by observing the histologic and cellular morphology microscopically. However, the high pigmentation in melanin-containing tumors can hide the tumor cell structures, making diagnosing challenging. Previously, hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate were utilized for melanin bleaching with several limitations. For instance, hydrogen peroxide has a weak bleaching ability, and the process is time-consuming (12 h). Meanwhile, potassium permanganate affects the antigenicity of antigens and is unsuitable for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. In this study, the hypochlorous acid (HClO) solution was applied to hematoxylin-eosin and IHC staining of melanin tissue sections. The study discovered that 1% HClO could completely bleach melanin particles in tumor tissues in a short period (19.95 ± 2.53 min) without compromising the hematoxylin-eosin staining. In addition, 2% HClO was utilized for bleaching at room temperature for 61.17 ± 4.32 minutes after the tissue was incubated with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine in IHC staining. This treatment effectively removed melanin without negatively impacting 3,3'-diaminobenzidine signal expression, thus ensuring that the sections met the necessary diagnostic requirements. Therefore, this method could facilitate pathologists in disease diagnosis of melanin-containing tissues.

Al and Mn speciation changes during the pre-oxidation with potassium permanganate and coagulation removing natural organic matter and its membrane fouling behavior.

In this study, we systematically explore coagulation behavior, ultrafiltration membrane fouling behavior and the mechanism involved in during the process of pre-oxidation of potassium permanganate and coagulation of aluminum chloride at different condition to treat model pollutants (humic acid, HA) and natural water. The KMnO4 pre-oxidation significantly enhances flocs formation, and for HA artificial water the flocs size increases from 82 to 122 µm at pH 5.5, from 63 to 185 µm at pH 7.0 and from 0 to 75 µm at pH 8.5, respectively, as for natural water it increases from 72 to 139 µm. The enhanced coagulation at pH 5.5 is attributed to the increased polymeric Al speciation after pre-oxidation along with the generated Mn2+ damaging the electric double layer structure. And for pH 8.5 it is mainly caused by the in-situ MnO2 as combination nuclei during pre-oxidation. Besides, for pH 7.0, the combined effect of in-situ MnO2 and the increased polymeric Al speciation both contribute to improvement of the coagulation. What's more, the enhanced Al coagulation by pre-oxidation of KMnO4 also helps alleviate the membrane fouling for both HA artificial water and natural water, and a much rougher surface with larger flocs forms after KMnO4-aided Al coagulation filtration. This study provides an alternative perspective on the mechanism of pre-oxidation coagulation process.

Construction of hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemistry, and EBER-ISH methodology after trichloroisocyanuric acid treatment in melanin-containing tissues.

This study investigated the effects of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) on the bleaching and morphology of melanin-containing pathological sections. The pathological sections of 27 patients with high melanin content were bleached with 0.5% potassium permanganate, 10% hydrogen peroxide, and different concentrations of TCCA. Significant differences were found among the blank control group, 1% TCCA group (P < 0.0001). The hematoxylin-eosin (HE) score of the "recovery pH" HE staining group after treatment with 1% TCCA was similar to that of the "Conventional HE" scheme group (P > 0.05). The morphological diagnostic scores of 50 cases of pathological sections with different melanin content before and after TCCA bleaching were compared. The results showed a significant difference in the diagnostic score between the middle- and high-melanin content groups before and after 1% TCCA bleaching (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining was performed on meningeal melanoma tissue. For this, 8% TCCA solution was used to remove melanin after Ki67, S100, and ß-catenin immunohistochemical staining. After bleaching with TCCA, the staining and positioning of each marker with different localization were accurate and the background was clear. The same results were also shown with EBER-ISH. This study concluded that 1% TCCA could be used for HE staining of pathological sections containing melanin, and "restore pH" HE scheme as the staining method after TCCA melanin removal. Further, 8% TCCA was used for bleaching after immunohistochemical DAB staining. Melanin can be completely removed, and sections can meet diagnostic needs.

Novel synthesis of antibacterial pyrone derivatives using kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of azithromycin by alkaline permanganate.

Dimethylamino-2H-5-dihydropyrane-6-methyl-4-one (DADHP) is a novel antibacterial pyrones derivatives and potential pharmaceutical that was quantitatively synthesized by oxidizing azithromycin (AZ) antibiotic with potassium permanganate in an alkaline medium (pH > 12). The oxidation reaction was kinetically studied using spectrophotometric technique at ionic strength equal to 0.02 mol dm-3. The redox reaction was discovered to have two separate stages that could be measured. The first stage was relatively fast and corresponding to the formation of coordination intermediate complexes involving blue hypomanganate (V) and/or green manganate (VI) transient species. Variable parameters like as the concentration of permanganate ion and AZ substrate, as well as pH and ionic strength, have been studied to see how they affect oxidation rates. The experimental results showed a first-order dependency in [MnO4-] and fractional first-order kinetics in each of [AZ] and alkali concentration under pseudo-first-order reaction conditions of [AZ] ≫ 10 [MnO4-]. The oxidation process was base-catalyzed, and the oxidation rates increased as the alkali concentration increased. The product was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, condensation tests with 2,4-dinitrophenyl haydrazine and hydroxyl amine, and GC-Mass. The oxidation product obtained can be employed as interesting class of organic compounds with diverse chemical and pharmacological applications.

Development and Validation of Stability-Indicating HPLC Methods for the Estimation of Lomefloxacin and Balofloxacin Oxidation Process under ACVA, H2O2, or KMnO4 Treatment. Kinetic Evaluation and Identification of Degradation Products by Mass Spectrometry.

The oxidation of lomefloxacin (LOM) and balofloxacin (BAL) under the influence of azo initiator of radical reactions of 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (ACVA) and H2O2 was examined. Oxidation using H2O2 was performed at room temperature while using ACVA at temperatures: 40, 50, 60 °C. Additionally, the oxidation process of BAL under the influence of KMnO4 in an acidic medium was investigated. New stability-indicating HPLC methods were developed in order to evaluate the oxidation process. Chromatographic analysis was carried out using the Kinetex 5u XB-C18 100A column, Phenomenex (Torrance, CA, USA) (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size, core shell type). The chromatographic separation was achieved while using isocratic elution and a mobile phase with the composition of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH = 3.20 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (87:13 v/v for LOM; 80:20 v/v for BAL). The column was maintained at 30 °C. The methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines, and it was found that they met the acceptance criteria. An oxidation process followed kinetics of the second order reaction. The most probable structures of LOM and BAL degradation products formed were assigned by the UHPLC/MS/MS method.

The Development of a Novel Device Based on Loss of Guidewire Resistance to Identify Epidural Space in a Porcine Model.

Background: The application of additive manufacturing (3D printing) has been recently expanded to various medical fields. The new technique named loss of guide wire resistance (LOGR) was developed via 3D printing for the detection of epidural space using a guide wire instead of air or saline used in the loss of resistance (LOR) technique. Methods: The prototype model of epidural space finder consists of a polyactic acid (PLA) or a resin. It was manufactured with 3D printing. Biocompatibility test (eluate and sterility tests) was performed in both products. The advantage of the newly developed device was compared with conventional loss of resistance (LOR) technique in a porcine model. Results: Eluate and sterility tests revealed that the PLA was more biocompatible than the resin. The LOGR technique facilitated rapid access to epidural space compared with the LOR technique (41.64 ± 32.18 vs. 92.28 ± 61.46 seconds, N = 14, p=0.0102, paired sample t-test), without any differences in success rate (87.5%). Conclusion: We conclude that LOGR technique is comparable to LOR technique to access the epidural space, although the advantage of either technique in terms of complications such as dural puncture or epidural hematoma is unknown. We demonstrated the potential benefit of 3D printer for the development of a new medical device for anesthesia.

Effects of KMnO4 amounts on antibacterial properties of activated carbon for efficient treatment of northern Benin hospital wastewater in a fixed bed column system.

In this study, the wastewater from the Departmental Hospital Center of Atacora in Benin was characterized and then treated with activated carbon/potassium permanganate (AC/KMnO4) composite in a fixed bed column system. The AC/KMnO4 composites with impregnation ratios range 0.025-0.100 were prepared from peanut shell activated carbon and potassium permanganate. The wastewater characteristics revealed that 75% of Escherichia coli strains identified were extended-spectrum lactamases (ESBL) with CTX-M dominance, while 25% of Staphylococcus aureus strains produced Panton and Valentine leucocidin and 77.80% of Salmonella typhi strains were resistant to Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole. The fixed bed column system results showed removal efficiency of 72.18 ± 4.98% turbidity, 63.12 ± 4.11% COD, 0.70 ± 0.04 log10 against E. coli and 3.82 ± 0.01 log10 against S. typhi strains using activated carbon as adsorbent with 0.7 cm bed depth after 3 h of treatment. The composite adsorbent AC/KMnO4 significantly increased the effectiveness of treatment due to the strong oxidant power of KMnO4 in the composite material. The results depicted a removal rate of 83.88 ± 5.00%, 89 ± 1.95%, 90 ± 0.65% turbidity, 66.47 ± 1.62%, 69.82 ± 2.00%, 78.20 ± 2.82% COD, 2.0 ± 0.08 log10, 5.0 ± 0.07 log10 against E. coli and 3.82 ± 0.01 log10 against S. typhi strains using AC/KMnO4 with 0.025, 0.050 and 0.100 ratios respectively at 0.7 cm bed depth. Finally, AC/KMnO4 revealed more adsorption potential and antibacterial property than AC, hence, the composite material could be used as a cost-effective adsorbent for efficient removing of multi-resistant bacteria from hospital wastewater.

Core-satellite surface imprinting polymer-based pipette tip solid-phase extraction for the colorimetric determination of pyrethroid metabolite.

A core-satellite-structured surface molecularly imprinted polymer has been synthesized for the enrichment of 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde by pipette tip solid-phase extraction (SPE). In a typical sol-gel process, two silane reagents as functional monomers and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid as the dummy template, the surface imprinting layer was coated on the core-satellite silica microsphere, which formed the core-satellite-structured molecularly imprinted polymer (CSMIP). Compared to the silica-based core-shell ones, this CS-MIP exhibits a stunning surface area (142 m2 g-1) in micrometer size and also overcomes the aggregation trends of core-shell structure in nanoscale. Taking potassium permanganate solution as oxidizer and indicator, the adsorbed 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde can be a quantitatively determined through redox reaction after elution. The value of maximum adsorption capacity and imprinting factor of CS-MIP were calculated to be 87.5 µg mg-1 and 2.13, respectively. These CS-MIPs were packed into commercial pipette tip as the sorbent to concentrate 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde. Under the optimum condition, a liner relationship was achieved in the range 0.200 to 1.00 µg mL-1 and the limit of detection was 81 ng mL-1. Moreover, this customized SPE device exhibits good adsorption capability after six sequential adsorption-desorption cycles, and the high recovery range of 92.2~99.7% of spiked tap water assay demonstrated its potential application for real sample analysis. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of core-satellite molecularly imprinted polymer preparation strategy and customized pipette tip solid-phase extraction device.

Stopped-flow chemiluminescence determination of the anticancer drug capecitabine: Application in pharmaceutical analysis and drug-delivery systems.

Capecitabine is a chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of patients with metastatic cancers. This study aimed at determining the drug capecitabine in a simple chemiluminescence (CL) system of acidic potassium permanganate using the stopped-flow injection technique. Statistical methods were used to detect optimum conditions. The method showed two linear calibration ranges from 6.7 × 10-6 to 6.7 × 10-5 mol L-1 and from 6.7 × 10-5 to 2.7 × 10-3 mol L-1 with a detection limit of 1.5 × 10-6 mol L-1 . Chitosan-modified magnetic nanoparticles were studied in the drug-delivery experiments. According to the pH sensitivity of chitosan and low pH values in tumour cells, the chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles could provide a good targeting drug-delivery system to tumour sites. To evaluate the applicability of the method, the capecitabine-loaded magnetic chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized with two different cross-linkers; loading and releasing rates of the drug were investigated using the proposed CL method and an ultraviolet-visible light spectrophotometric method (absorption at 305 nm). The results showed a good correlation between the two methods, and it was found that the synthesized chitosan-modified magnetic nanoparticles could be used for pH-dependent release of capecitabine in cancer cells. Moreover, determination of capecitabine in tablets and synthetic samples was performed.

Single-step formulation of levodopa-based nanotheranostics - strategy for ultra-sensitive high longitudinal relaxivity MRI guided switchable therapeutics.

Nanotheranostics (combined diagnosis and therapy) is emerging as an integral part of future therapeutic strategies. However, the development and fabrication of a nanotheranostic module involves multistep processes and always faces formulation challenges. The complexity involved in its multi-step formulations hinders its reproducible industrial production and clinical translation. Therefore, a facile synthesis of multifunctional nanotheranostics is critical to its translational success. In this report, we have developed a one-pot facile strategy to prepare a MRI-visible photothermal theranostic switchable module (T-SWITCH). These nanoparticles are synthesized through polymerization of levodopa together with the reduction of KMnO4 in the presence of silk sericin for the formation of manganese dioxide particles within the T-SWITCH. The synthesized T-SWITCH showed a uniform size distribution of around 95.77 nm and high longitudinal relaxivity coefficient (r1) of up to 61.94 mM-1 s-1. The reported r1 of the T-SWITCH is exceedingly higher than that of any other previously reported manganese-based contrast agents with first-rate in vitro and in vivo contrast enhancement capability. The T-SWITCH can be activated to switch its therapeutic mode using near-infrared (NIR) light. It exhibited strong excitable absorption in the safer and biological NIR window between 650 and 900 nm. We have validated the significant anti-cancer therapeutic efficacy of T-SWITCH both in vitro and in vivo through switchable photothermal therapy.

Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in unsaturated soil and effects on subsequent biodegradation by potassium permanganate.

To date, the oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons using permanganate has been investigated rarely. Only a few studies on the remediation of unsaturated soil using permanganate can be found in the literature. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study conducted using permanganate pretreatment to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons in unsaturated soil in combination with subsequent bioaugmentation. The pretreatment of diesel-contaminated unsaturated soil with 0.5-pore-volume (5%) potassium permanganate (PP) by solution pouring and foam spraying (with a surfactant) achieved the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiencies of 37% and 72.1%, respectively. The PP foam, when coupled with bioaugmentation foam, further degraded the TPH to a final concentration of 438 mg/kg (92.1% total reduction). The experiment was conducted without soil mixing or disturbance. The relatively high TPH removal efficiency achieved by the PP-bioaugmentation serial foam application may be attributed to an increase in soil pH caused by the PP and effective infiltration of the remediation agent by foaming. The applied PP foam increased the pH of the acidic soil, thus enhancing microbial activity. The first-order biodegradation rate after PP oxidation was calculated to be 0.068 d-1. Furthermore, 94% of the group of relatively persistent hydrocarbons (C18-C22) was removed by PP-bioaugmentation, as verified by chromatogram peaks. Some physicochemical parameters related to contaminant removal efficiency were also evaluated. The results reveal that PP can degrade soil TPH and significantly enhance the biodegradation rate in unsaturated diesel-contaminated soil when combined with bioaugmentation foam.

An Improved Ion Chromatographic Method for Fast and Sensitive Determination of Hexavalent Chromium and Total Chromium Using Conductivity Detection.

Chromium exists in its two stable oxidation states including trivalent chromium (Cr (III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) in natural waters. Chromium is an essential micronutrient in the trivalent form; however, the hexavalent form of chromium is considered to be a carcinogen. It is important to determine the chromium content along with speciation. There are a number of methods available for chromium determination. Speciation of chromium is essential to know the exact composition of chromium. Ion exchange chromatography is one of the techniques used to determine Cr (VI). The proposed method can be used to perform the speciation of Cr (III) and Cr (VI). It is a two-step process: first Cr (VI) is determined, followed by total chromium determination by treating the sample with potassium permanganate solution to oxidize the Cr (III) present in the sample to Cr (VI) and determining it as Cr (VI). Conductivity detector is used for the detection. Addition of potassium permanganate solution to the ground water samples for oxidizing the Cr (III) to Cr (VI) is the newly adopted sample preparation technique. The effect of potassium permanganate oxidation is studied in detail in the proposed method. This method can be used for chromium speciation in river water and ground water samples.

Spontaneous reduction of KMnO4 with MoS2 quantum dots for glutathione sensing in tumors.

Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted a lot of attention due to their electronic, optical, mechanical, and catalytic properties. In addition, TMDCs possess rich redox chemistry that enables the decoration of metal nanoparticles directly on their surfaces. In this paper, MnO2/MoS2 nanocomplexes were obtained by the spontaneous reduction of KMnO4 with MoS2 QDs as the reductive agent. The formed MnO2/MoS2 nanocomplexes exhibited activated fluorescence and MR imaging signal in the presence of glutathione (GSH). After conjugation with an AS1411 aptamer, specific in vivo MR imaging and fluorescence labeling of the 786-O tumor cells were realized, showing their promising potential for biomedical applications.

Formulation and characterization of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed kernel powder (TKP) as green adhesive for lignocellulosic composite industry.

The objective of this study was to investigate the basic properties of eco-friendly adhesives produced from Tamarindus indica seed kernel powder (TKP) and to use them for fabricating particleboard. Four different types of adhesive were manufactured from TKP having certain percentage of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), citric acid (CA), glucose, acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, urea and potassium permanganate. Solid content, Gelling time, FTIR, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), viscosity and single lap joint test for shear strength of the prepared adhesives were tested. Both the physical and mechanical properties of the experimental particleboards were evaluated followed by ASTM standards. Adhesive type A resulted in the quickest gel time (1.42 min) and the highest bonding strength (5.18 MPa). Adhesive type B having the density of 0.65 g/cm3 showed the highest modulus of elasticity (2108 N/mm2) and modulus of rupture (10 N/mm2). Although dimensional stability of the experimental panels was poor but their overall mechanical strengths properties met the values listed in the standards.

Regioselective oxidation of tetracycline by permanganate through alternating susceptible moiety and increasing electron donating ability.

Permanganate has attracted much attention in wide range of chemistry and particularly in degradation of environmental pollutants. However, few studies have discussed the feature of regioselective reactivity of permanganate with specific moiety of the target compound. Herein, we studied the reaction between permanganate and tetracycline that is an emerging micropollutant with different species containing several electron-rich groups. The second-order rate constants increased from 6.0 to 9.0 and could be quantitatively modeled by considering the speciation of both reactants, yielding kTC0 = 11.7 (mol/L)-1 sec-1, kTC- = 35.7 (mol/L)-1 sec-1, kTC2- = 43.1 (mol/L)-1 sec-1 for individual reaction channels. Degradation products were then identified as the hydroxylated and demethylated compounds. The result suggested a rate-limiting step of simple hydroxylation at the phenolic and/or alkene moieties, while the demethylation should be caused by the unavoidably formed manganese oxide via single electron oxidation. This is supported by the DFT calculation, indicating the primary oxidation of phenolic group of TC0 with activation barrier of 44.5 kcal/mol and of alkene group of TC- and TC2- with activation barriers of 44.0 and 43.4 kcal/mol, respectively. This is in agreement with the experimental results, implying the alternation of regioselectivity associated with the deprotonation process. The result was further supported by performing the Fukui function and electrostatic potential analysis, reflecting the more probable site and better electron donating tendency beneficial to the permanganate oxidation.

Soil infiltration capacity of chemical oxidants used for risk reduction of soil contamination.

Chemical oxidation has been applied to remove soil contaminants and thereby reduce human and ecological risks from contaminated sites. However, few studies have been conducted on the natural infiltration of oxidant solutions into unsaturated soil. Moreover, the infiltration capacity of oxidant solutions at various concentrations in unsaturated soil has not yet been studied. This study investigated the natural infiltration tendency of oxidant solutions like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), in sand and sandy loam. Cumulative infiltration was recorded from a soil column equipped with a Mariotte reservoir. The infiltration rate, sorptivity, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were obtained from the cumulative infiltration results. Na2S2O8 showed the highest infiltration rate in both sand and sandy loam, and the infiltration of Na2S2O8 increased as the concentration was increased from 0.05 to 1%. However, the infiltration of KMnO4 and H2O2 solutions was governed more by chemical reaction behavior than by liquid physical properties or soil hydraulic properties. The production of oxides and gas due to reaction induced clogging in flow paths, resulting in less infiltration. Infiltration of H2O2 at concentrations greater than 0.5% was not observed in sand or sandy loam due to gas formation and swelling.

Selective oxidation of colour-inducing constituents in raw sugar cane juice with potassium permanganate.

Colour removal in raw sugar remains a crucial but expensive process in the sugar industry. In this report, permanganate (MnO4-) oxidation is explored as an alternative method to remove colour-inducing constituents in sugar cane juice/produced raw sugar. Experiments indicated alum, an inexpensive coagulant, was able to remove residual Mn species produced after MnO4- treatment. The optimal dosages of MnO4- and alum for decoloration of a 17 wt% raw sugar solution (70 °C) was found to be 4 mM and 2 g/l, respectively. Removal of colour and Mn removal were further improved at ambient temperature. Sucrose, the major component of raw sugar, was not affected during treatment with MnO4- and alum. Two-phase kinetic behaviour for MnO4- oxidation was observed, where an initial rapid oxidation phase is followed by a second slower reaction phase. These results suggest permanganate oxidation is a promising alternative for accomplishing the decoloration of raw sugar solutions.