Clínicas do Testemunho na elaboração do traumático: violência de Estado na ditadura civil-militar brasileira / Clínicas del Testimonio en la elaboración de traumatismos: la violencia de Estado en la dictadura cívico-militar brasileña / Testimony Clinic and trauma: State violence in Brazilian civil-military dictatorship

Na ditadura civil-militar brasileira (1964-1985) ocorreu uma violação sistemá-tica de Direitos Humanos por parte do Estado, o que impôs à sociedade medo e silenciamento. Pessoas vítimas dessas violências não tiveram espaço social que legitimasse a realidade e o sofrimento de suas vivências. Em 2012, foi lançado o projeto Clínicas do Testemunho, iniciando um trabalho de reparação psíquica dessas vítimas. Estudando as especificidades do trauma de violência de Estado e tortura política e apresentando os conceitos de espaço potencial e de testemunho, o objetivo do artigo é estabelecer um diálogo entre esses conceitos e o trabalho realizado pelas Clínicas do Testemunho, para compreender como esta reparação psíquica pode se dar na prática. Trata-se de um estudo teórico fundamentado na Psicanálise. Conclui-se que o testemunho é uma ferramenta potente para se trabalhar o traumático. Discutir o tema é um posicionamento político, de resgate da história, memória e verdade.

En la dictadura militar brasileña (1964-1985), hubo violación sistemática de los Derechos Humanos por parte del Estado, que impuso miedo y silencio a la sociedad. Las personas víctimas de esta violencia no tenían un espacio social que legitimara la realidad y el sufrimiento de sus experiencias. En 2012, se lanzó el proyecto Clínicas del Testimonio, comenzando un trabajo de repa-ración psíquica de esas víctimas. Al estudiar las especificidades del trauma de la violencia del Estado e de la tortura política, y los conceptos de espacio potencial y testimonio, el objetivo de este artigo es dialogar eses conceptos con el trabajo echo por las Clínicas de Testimonio, para comprender cómo se podría practicar esta reparación psíquica. Es un estudio teórico basado en el Psicoanálisis. Se concluye que el testimonio es una herramienta potente para trabajar el traumático. Discutir el tema es una posición política, rescate de la historia, memoria y verdad.

During the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship (1964-1985), Human Rights were systematically violated by the State, inflicting fear and silence on the country's citizens. Victims of violence did not have a social space that legi-timized the reality and suffering of their experiences. In 2012, the project Clinicas do Testemunho, (Testimony Clinic) was launched, working with the psychological reparation of these victims. Studying the specificities of State violence trauma and political torture, and also the concepts of Potential Space and testimony, this article aims to establish a dialogue between these concepts and the work developed by the Clinicas do Testemunho to understand how this work could take place in practice. This is a theoretical study based on Psychoanalysis that concludes that the testimony of those who witnessed it all is a powerful tool to work with trauma. Discussing the topic is also political, reclaiming history, memory, and truth.

[Argentinian women and the uses of drugs: A sociohistorical analysis of female drug use in Argentina (1860-1930)]. / Mujeres argentinas y usos de drogas: análisis sociohistórico del uso femenino de sustancias psicoactivas en Argentina (1860-1930).

This article describes cases presented by experts from the legislative and medical-legal fields regarding the use of psychoactive substances among Argentinian women from 1878 to 1930. Background information is presented regarding the relationship between women and the use different drugs, medical interventions on the female body where psychoactive substances were used are analyzed, and experts' descriptions of cases of female drug users are detailed. Experts' discourses during this period did not attempt to comprehend the specificities of female consumption, but were rather used to position the issue of drug use as a social problem. This was done using three prototypes: the victim of a sick husband; the prostitute who encourages drug use among the weak in spirit (natural-born criminals); and the virtuous young woman who succumbs to drug addiction in spite of her father's rule. Each figure reinforces the need for state intervention and increased social control.

Este trabajo describe casos expuestos por expertos de los ámbitos legislativo y médico-legal periodístico, en los que se reporta el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por parte de mujeres de Argentina, entre 1878 y 1930. Se presentan antecedentes sobre mujeres y usos de distintos fármacos, se analizan las intervenciones médicas que utilizan sustancias psicoactivas sobre el cuerpo femenino, y se detallan los casos de mujeres consumidoras desde las miradas expertas. En este periodo, los discursos expertos no buscaron comprender la especificidad femenina del consumo, sino promover el tema drogas como un problema. Esto se produce utilizando tres prototipos: la víctima de un marido enfermo, la prostituta que envicia a los débiles de espíritu (criminal nata), y la joven virtuosa que contraviene la ley del padre y sucumbe en la toxicomanía. Cada figura refuerza la necesidad de intervención estatal y control social.

Owning our madness: Contributions of Jamaican psychiatry to decolonizing Global Mental Health.

The contentious debate on evidence-based Global Mental Health care is challenged by the primary mental health program of Jamaica. Political independence in 1962 ushered in the postcolonial Jamaican Government and the deinstitutionalization of the country's only mental hospital along with a plethora of mental health public policy innovations. The training locally of mental health professionals catalyzed institutional change. The mental health challenge for descendants of African people enslaved in Jamaica is to reverse the psychological impact of 500 years of European racism and colonial oppression and create a blueprint for the decolonization of GMH. The core innovations were the gradual downsizing and dismantling of the colonial mental hospital and the establishment of a novel community mental health initiative. The successful management of acute psychosis in open medical wards of general hospitals and a Diversion at the Point of Arrest Programme (DAPA) resulted in the reduction of stigma and the assimilation of mental health care into medicine in Jamaica. Successful decentralization has led to unmasking underlying social psychopathology and the subsequent development of primary prevention therapeutic programs based on psychohistoriographic cultural therapy and the Dream-A-World Cultural Therapy interventions. The Jamaican experience suggests that diversity in GMH must be approached not simply as a demographic fact but with postcolonial strategies that counter the historical legacy of structural violence.

Mujeres argentinas y usos de drogas: análisis sociohistórico del uso femenino de sustancias psicoactivas en Argentina (1860-1930) / Argentinian women and the uses of drugs: A sociohistorical analysis of female drug use in Argentina (1860-1930)

RESUMEN Este trabajo describe casos expuestos por expertos de los ámbitos legislativo y médico-legal periodístico, en los que se reporta el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por parte de mujeres de Argentina, entre 1878 y 1930. Se presentan antecedentes sobre mujeres y usos de distintos fármacos, se analizan las intervenciones médicas que utilizan sustancias psicoactivas sobre el cuerpo femenino, y se detallan los casos de mujeres consumidoras desde las miradas expertas. En este periodo, los discursos expertos no buscaron comprender la especificidad femenina del consumo, sino promover el tema drogas como un problema. Esto se produce utilizando tres prototipos: la víctima de un marido enfermo, la prostituta que envicia a los débiles de espíritu (criminal nata), y la joven virtuosa que contraviene la ley del padre y sucumbe en la toxicomanía. Cada figura refuerza la necesidad de intervención estatal y control social.

ABSTRACT This article describes cases presented by experts from the legislative and medical-legal fields regarding the use of psychoactive substances among Argentinian women from 1878 to 1930. Background information is presented regarding the relationship between women and the use of different drugs, medical interventions on the female body where psychoactive substances were used are analyzed, and experts' descriptions of cases of female drug users are detailed. Experts' discourses during this period did not attempt to comprehend the specificities of female consumption but were rather used to position the issue of drug use as a social problem. This was done using three prototypes: the victim of a sick husband; the prostitute who encourages drug use among the weak in spirit (natural-born criminals); and the virtuous young woman who succumbs to drug addiction in spite of her father's rule. Each figure reinforces the need for state intervention and increased social control.

Supple bodies, healthy minds: yoga, psychedelics and American mental health.

Much discussion about mental health has revolved around treatment models. As interdisciplinary scholarship has shown, mental health knowledge, far from being a neutral product detached from the society that generated it, was shaped by politics, economics and culture. By drawing on case studies of yoga, religion and fitness, this article will examine the ways in which mental health practices-sometimes scientific, sometimes spiritual-have been conceived, debated and applied by researchers and the public. More specifically, it will interrogate the relationship between yoga, psychedelics, South Asian and Eastern religion (as understood and practiced in the USA) and mental health.

Morton Deutsch (1920-2017).

Presents an obituary for Morton Deutsch, who died March 13, 2017, at 97 years old. Deutsch believed in the power of ideas to rectify serious social problems, and in the role of science to refine our understanding of those ideas. Ranked among the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century, he was a distinguished theorist and pioneer in the study of cooperation, conflict resolution and social justice, as well as a remarkably warm, wise and respectful mentor. Deutsch held numerous leadership positions, including faculty positions at Teachers College, Columbia University and New York University and various presidencies, and accumulated dozens of awards, including eight lifetime achievement awards and the creation of four awards in his name. He also trained as a psychoanalyst and had a private practice for many years. In 1986, he founded the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution at Columbia, where he continued to work and welcome students well into his 90s. (PsycINFO Database Record

"Honey, Milk and Bile": a social history of Hillbrow, 1894-2016.

This commentary constructs a social history of Hillbrow, an inner-city suburb in Johannesburg, South Africa, based on a review of relevant published historical, anthropological and sociological texts. We highlight the significant continuities in the social structure of the suburb, despite the radical transformations that have occurred over the last 120 years.Originally envisaged as a healthy residential area, distinct from the industrial activity of early Johannesburg, Hillbrow was a prime location for health infrastructure to serve the city. By the late 1960s, the suburb had been transformed by the rapid construction of high rise office and apartment buildings, providing temporary low cost accommodation for young people, migrants and immigrants. In the 1980s, Hillbrow defied the apartheid state policy of racial separation of residential areas, and earned the reputation of a liberated zone of tolerance and inclusion. By the 1990s, affected by inner-city decay and the collapse of services for many apartment buildings, the suburb became associated with crime, sex work, and ungovernability. More recently, the revitalisation of the Hillbrow Health Precinct has created a more optimistic narrative of the suburb as a site for research and interventions that has the potential to have a positive impact on the health of its residents.The concentration of innovative public health interventions in Hillbrow today, particularly in the high quality health services and multidisciplinary research of the Hillbrow Health Precinct, creates the possibility for renewal of this troubled inner-city suburb.

The Longue Durée of Black Lives Matter.

Black Lives Matter was first articulated just a few years ago, but it has been the leitmotif of antiracist struggles for generations. The Movement for Black Lives extends the work of previous movements that challenged forms of oppression that act on Black bodies with impunity. It should be understood in the context of Ida B. Wells' anti-lynching campaign, Fannie Lou Hamer's reproductive justice demands, and the Black Panther Party's health activism. The 50th anniversary of the Black Panther Party is an occasion to recall that its work confronted the callous neglect and the corporeal surveillance and abuse of poor Black communities. Similar demands have been the centrifugal force of social movements that for centuries have refused to have Black lives cast beyond the human boundary.

[Witch hunt and hypotheses loss]. / Von Hexenverfolgung und Hypothesenverlust.

At this time randomized controlled studies (RCT) in clinical trials usually have high quality. But this quality is only true for the included patients (intrinsic validity). It is common to generalize the results to more or less similar patients. This inductive method is prohibited in epistemology what is known for 250 years (D Hume, K R Popper). Therefore the external validity for the data of RCT is low. To solve this problem additional clinical and pathophysiological based data are necessary to generalize the results. Unfortunately RCT show less quality in their premises. This is partly due to the influence of the pharmaceutical industry. A loss of universality of the hypothesis for RCT decreases basically the extrinsic validity. The articles describe this problem with examples.

["Human races": history of a dangerous illusion]. / Les "races humaines": histoire d'une illusion dangereuse.

The multiplication of offences prompted by racism and the increase of complaints for racism leads us to consider the illusory concept of "human races". This idea crossed the history, and was reinforced by the discovery of remote tribes and human fossils, and by the development of sociobiology and quantitative psychology. Deprived of scientific base, the theory of the "races" must bow before the notions of genetic variation and unicity of mankind.

["The hard core". Science between politics and philosophy by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and in the finalization theory]. / "Der harte Kern". Wissenschaft zwischen Politik und Philosophie bei Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker und in der Finalisierungstheorie.

In the Starnberg Max-Planck Institute one of the working groups was concerned with science as the formative condition--or "hard core"--of societal modernity, and with science as potential resource for solving social problems and addressing future goals. More precisely, the group intended to differentiate between phases in which scientific disciplines predominantly care for their own paradigmatic completion and those allowing their theoretical potential resonate with external needs. The conceptual model was coined "finalization in science". It soon provoked a heated controversy on the dangers of social control of science. The paper analyses Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker's views on the relation between philosophy and policy of science including his interpretation of Thomas Kuhn and reconstructs the impact of his ideas on the finalization model. It finally reflects on the relationship between science development and change of consciousness in the context of scientific responsibility for (the use of) research outcomes.

[Speech by Carlos Matus in the presentation of Adiós, Señor Presidente]. / Discurso de Carlos Matus en la presentación de Adiós, Señor Presidente.

The text of this article was written by Carlos Matus and read aloud by him at the first presentation of his book Adiós, Señor Presidente [Goodbye, Mr. President] in Venezuela in 1987. Matus describes the problems of the governments of Latin America of that day, in order to address the growing gap between the capacity of governments to govern and the complexity of social systems. For Matus, bridging this gap requires theories, techniques, systems and methods so as to develop government projects in which the governability of the system is not less than the magnitude of its problems. This document was recovered from the Mario Testa fund, in the Center for Documentation and Research Pensar en Salud (CEDOPS) of the Institute of Collective Health in the Universidad Nacional de Lanús.

Discurso de Carlos Matus en la presentación de Adiós, Señor Presidente / Speech by Carlos Matus in the presentation of Adiós, Señor Presidente

El texto que reproducimos en este artículo fue escrito y leído por Carlos Matus en la primera presentación del libro Adiós, Señor Presidente realizada en 1987, en Venezuela. Matus describe los problemas de los gobiernos de América Latina de aquellos años para abordar la brecha creciente entre la capacidad de gobierno y la complejidad de los sistemas sociales, que exige teorías, técnicas, sistemas y métodos para desarrollar proyectos de gobierno en los que la gobernabilidad del sistema no sea más baja que la magnitud de los problemas. Este documento fue recuperado del fondo Mario Testa, perteneciente al Centro de Documentación e Investigación Pensar en Salud (CEDOPS) del Instituto de Salud Colectiva de la Universidad Nacional de Lanús.

The text of this article was written by Carlos Matus and read aloud by him at the first presentation of his book Adiós, Señor Presidente [Goodbye, Mr. President] in Venezuela in 1987. Matus describes the problems of the governments of Latin America of that day, in order to address the growing gap between the capacity of governments to govern and the complexity of social systems. For Matus, bridging this gap requires theories, techniques, systems and methods so as to develop government projects in which the governability of the system is not less than the magnitude of its problems. This document was recovered from the Mario Testa fund, in the Center for Documentation and Research Pensar en Salud (CEDOPS) of the Institute of Collective Health in the Universidad Nacional de Lanús.

El caso de la 'mala vida', peligrosidad y prevención de conductas marginales en Revista de Criminología, Psiquiatría, Medicina Legal y Ciencias Afines, en Buenos Aires, 1914-1923 / The case of the 'lowlife': perceptions of danger and the prevention of disreputable behaviors in the Revista de Criminología, Psiquiatría, Medicina Legal y Ciencias Afines in Buenos Aires, 1914-1923

Analizamos la construcción de la noción de ‘mala vida’ en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, en la Revista de Criminología, Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal, entre 1914 y 1923. Nos dedicaremos a analizar la ‘mala vida’, entendiendo por tal aquellas conductas ubicadas en una zona fronteriza entre el crimen y la locura, a partir de la cuestión de la prevención y la peligrosidad. La primera forma de analizar la ‘mala vida’ se refiere a proyectos de instituciones ligados a la eugenesia para el encierro preventivo de peligrosos, ‘alcoholistas’ y vagabundos. La segunda, a la identificación, en términos morales y físicos, que puede ser vinculada a la confección de proyectos de intervención para los considerados ‘malvivientes’, que pudieran potencialmente dañar de algún modo al cuerpo social.

We analyze the construction of the notion of the ‘lowlife’ in the city of Buenos Aires in the Revista de Criminología, Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal, from 1914-1923. We shall analyze the notion of ‘lowlife’, meaning behaviors situated in a border zone between crime and madness, from the point of view of prevention and perception of danger. The first way of analyzing the ‘lowlife’ examines institutional projects that were related to eugenics and that advocated preventive detention of dangerous people, ‘alcoholists’ and vagrants. The second involves identifying in moral and physical terms the kind of people who were targeted in the creation of intervention projects for those considered to be ‘lowlifes’, who could potentially damage the fabric of society in some way.

The role of doctors in the slave trade during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries within the Kingdom of Valencia (Crown of Aragon).

Slavery had become increasingly widespread throughout the entire Mediterranean region during the late Middle Ages. At the same time, a new form of medicine (based upon the Galenism to which the universities gave voice), together with the practice thereof and its practitioners, had gained ground. Detailed evidence from the Kingdom of Valencia enables us to study these two topics, namely slavery and the new medicine. This article illustrates how doctors came to play a highly active role in the slave trade through the assistance they provided in preventing and rectifying any instances of fraud therein.