RESUMEN
Inhibition of the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) represents a promising strategy for discovering next-generation treatments for renal anemia. We discovered DS44470011 in our previous study, which showed potent in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy based on HIF-PHD inhibition. However, DS44470011 was also found to exert genotoxic effects. By converting the biphenyl structure, which is suspected to be the cause of this genotoxicity, to a 1-phenylpiperidine structure, we were able to avoid genotoxicity and further improve the in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy. Furthermore, through the optimization of pyrimidine derivatives, we discovered DS-1093a, which has a wide safety margin with potent in vitro activity and an optimal pharmacokinetic profile. DS-1093a achieved an increase in hemoglobin levels in an adenine-induced rat model of chronic kidney disease after its continuous administration for 4 days.
Asunto(s)
Anemia , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa , Animales , Ratas , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/antagonistas & inhibidores , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Anemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa/farmacología , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa/química , Humanos , Administración Oral , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Estructura Molecular , Pirimidinas/química , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/síntesis química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a DrogaRESUMEN
Heat stress (HS) poses a substantial threat to animal growth and development, resulting in declining performance and economic losses. The intestinal system is susceptible to HS and undergoes intestinal hyperthermia and pathological hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a key player in cellular hypoxic adaptation, is influenced by prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). However, the comprehensive regulation of HIF-1α in the HS intestine remains unclear. This study aims to explore the impact of HS on pig intestinal mucosa and the regulatory mechanism of HIF-1α. Twenty-four Congjiang Xiang pigs were divided into the control and five HS-treated groups (6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). Ambient temperature and humidity were maintained in a thermally-neutral state (temperature-humidity index (THI) < 74) in the control group, whereas the HS group experienced moderate HS (78 < THI <84). Histological examination revealed villus exfoliation after 12 h of HS in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, with increasing damage as HS duration extended. The villus height to crypt depth ratio (V/C) decreased and goblet cell number increased with prolonged HS. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analysis indicated increased expression of HIF-1α and HSP90 in the small intestine with prolonged HS, whereas PHD2 expression decreased. Further investigation in IPEC-J2 cells subjected to HS revealed that overexpressing PHD2 increased PHD2 mRNA and protein expression, while it decreases HIF-1α. Conversely, interfering with HSP90 expression substantially decreased both HSP90 and HIF-1α mRNA and protein levels. These results suggest that HS induces intestinal hypoxia with concomitant small intestinal mucosal damage. The expression of HIF-1α in HS-treated intestinal epithelial cells may be co-regulated by HSP90 and PHD2 and is possibly linked to intestinal hyperthermia and hypoxia.
Asunto(s)
Células Epiteliales , Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico , Respuesta al Choque Térmico , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia , Intestino Delgado , Animales , Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Porcinos , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Procolágeno-Prolina Dioxigenasa/metabolismo , Procolágeno-Prolina Dioxigenasa/genética , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Línea CelularRESUMEN
Intracellular sensors detect changes in levels of essential metals to initiate homeostatic responses. But, a mammalian manganese (Mn) sensor is unknown, representing a major gap in understanding of Mn homeostasis. Using human-relevant models, we recently reported that: 1) the primary homeostatic response to elevated Mn is upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which increases expression of the Mn efflux transporter SLC30A10; and 2) elevated Mn blocks the prolyl hydroxylation of HIFs by prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes, which otherwise targets HIFs for degradation. Thus, the mammalian mechanism for sensing elevated Mn likely relates to PHD inhibition. Moreover, 1) Mn substitutes for a catalytic iron (Fe) in PHD structures; and 2) exchangeable cellular levels of Fe and Mn are comparable. Therefore, we hypothesized that elevated Mn directly inhibits PHD by replacing its catalytic Fe. In vitro assays using catalytically active PHD2, the primary PHD isoform, revealed that Mn inhibited, and Fe supplementation rescued, PHD2 activity. However, a mutation in PHD2 (D315E) that selectively reduced Mn binding without substantially impacting Fe binding or enzymatic activity resulted in complete insensitivity of PHD2 to Mn in vitro. Additionally, hepatic cells expressing full-length PHD2D315E were less sensitive to Mn-induced HIF activation and SLC30A10 upregulation than PHD2wild-type. These results: 1) define a fundamental Mn sensing mechanism for controlling Mn homeostasis-elevated Mn inhibits PHD2, which functions as a Mn sensor, by outcompeting its catalytic Fe, and PHD2 inhibition activates HIF signaling to up-regulate SLC30A10; and 2) identify a unique mode of metal sensing that may have wide applicability.
Asunto(s)
Homeostasis , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Manganeso , Humanos , Manganeso/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Catión/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Catión/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Células HEK293 , Hierro/metabolismoRESUMEN
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A) is a key transcription factor aiding tumor cells' adaptation to hypoxia, regulated by the prolyl hydroxylase family (EGLN1-3) by directing toward degradation pathways. DNA methylation potentially influences EGLN and HIF1A levels, impacting cellular responses to hypoxia. We examined 96 HNSCC patients and three cell lines, analyzing gene expression of EGLN1-3, HIF1A, CA9, VEGF, and GLUT1 at the mRNA level and EGLN1 protein levels. Methylation levels of EGLNs and HIF1A were assessed through high-resolution melting analysis. Bioinformatics tools were employed to characterize associations between EGLN1-3 and HIF1A expression and methylation. We found significantly higher mRNA levels of EGLN3, HIF1A, GLUT1, VEGF, and CA9 (p = 0.021; p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001; p = 0.004, and p < 0.0001, respectively) genes in tumor tissues compared to normal ones and downregulation of the EGLN1 mRNA level in tumor tissues (p = 0.0013). In HNSCC patients with hypermethylation of HIF1A in normal tissue, we noted a reduction in HIF1A mRNA levels compared to tumor tissue (p = 0.04). In conclusion, the differential expression of EGLN and HIF1A genes in HNSCC tumors compared to normal tissues influences patients' overall survival, highlighting their role in tumor development. Moreover, DNA methylation could be responsible for HIF1A suppression in the normal tissues of HNSCC patients.
Asunto(s)
Metilación de ADN , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello , Humanos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Femenino , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Masculino , Línea Celular Tumoral , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prolil Hidroxilasas/metabolismo , Prolil Hidroxilasas/genética , Anciano , Carcinogénesis/genética , AdultoRESUMEN
Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins are oxygen sensors that use intracellular oxygen as a substrate to hydroxylate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) α proteins, routing them for polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Typically, HIFα accumulation in hypoxic or PHD-deficient tissues leads to upregulated angiogenesis. Here, we report unexpected retinal phenotypes associated with endothelial cell (EC)-specific gene targeting of Phd2 (Egln1) and Hif2alpha (Epas1). EC-specific Phd2 disruption suppressed retinal angiogenesis, despite HIFα accumulation and VEGFA upregulation. Suppressed retinal angiogenesis was observed both in development and in the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. On the other hand, EC-specific deletion of Hif1alpha (Hif1a), Hif2alpha, or both did not affect retinal vascular morphogenesis. Strikingly, retinal angiogenesis appeared normal in mice double-deficient for endothelial PHD2 and HIF2α. In PHD2-deficient retinal vasculature, delta-like 4 (DLL4, a NOTCH ligand) and HEY2 (a NOTCH target) were upregulated by HIF2α-dependent mechanisms. Inhibition of NOTCH signaling by a chemical inhibitor or DLL4 antibody partially rescued retinal angiogenesis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that HIF2α accumulation in retinal ECs inhibits rather than stimulates retinal angiogenesis, in part by upregulating DLL4 expression and NOTCH signaling.
Asunto(s)
Animales Recién Nacidos , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico , Células Endoteliales , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Receptores Notch , Neovascularización Retiniana , Transducción de Señal , Regulación hacia Arriba , Animales , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/genética , Ratones , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/genética , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Neovascularización Retiniana/metabolismo , Neovascularización Retiniana/genética , Neovascularización Retiniana/patología , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Retina/metabolismo , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/genética , Vasos Retinianos/metabolismo , AngiogénesisRESUMEN
Anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs due to insufficient production of erythropoietin to compensate for the decrease in hemoglobin. Anemia in CKD has traditionally been treated with periodic injections of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), which are recombinant human erythropoietin preparations. Although ESA improved anemia in CKD and dramatically improved the quality of life of patients, there are some patients who are hyporesponsive to ESA, and the use of large doses of ESA in these patients may have a negative impact on patient prognosis. Currently, HIF prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitors have been approved in Japan as a new treatment for anemia in CKD. HIF-PH inhibitors activate HIF and promote the production of endogenous erythropoietin. The 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for groundbreaking research that uncovered the HIF pathway. Because HIF-PH inhibitors improve both erythropoietin production and iron metabolism, they are expected to be effective in treating ESA hyporesponsiveness and solve the inconvenience of injectable preparations. On the other hand, its effects are systemic and multifaceted, and long-term effects must be closely monitored.
Asunto(s)
Anemia , Humanos , Anemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Anemia/etiología , Eritropoyetina/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/antagonistas & inhibidores , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/metabolismoRESUMEN
Since the approval of HIF-PH inhibitors, HIF-PH inhibitors have been used clinically, and many studies and clinical case reports have been reported in Japan. A lot of information has been accumulated on clinical usage. However, HIF-PH inhibitors require careful administration for cancer patients due to their action mechanism through upregulating hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) level. In cancer cells, HIFs affect tumor progression and contribute to chemo- and radio-resistance. On the other hand, upregulation of HIFs in immune cells is associated with inflammation and suppress tumor progression. However, these controversial effects are not clear in in vivo model. It is needed to reveal whether upregulating HIFs level is beneficial for cancer therapy or not. We have previously reported that HIF-PH inhibitor treatment in tumor bearing mice model led to reconstitute tumor blood vessel and inhibit tumor growth. In addition, these phenomena were caused by tumor infiltrated macrophages and they altered these phenotypes. In this review, we will describe our findings on the mechanism of tumor growth suppression by HIF-PH inhibitors. We also want to mention the risks and benefits of future HIF-PH inhibitors.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias , Microambiente Tumoral , Microambiente Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , Animales , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/patología , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/antagonistas & inhibidores , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismoRESUMEN
Inhibition of the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) represents a promising strategy for discovering next-generation treatments for renal anemia. We identified a pyrimidine core with HIF-PHD inhibitory activity based on scaffold hopping of FG-2216 using crystal structures of HIF-PHD2 in complex with compound. By optimizing the substituents at the 2- and 6- positions of the pyrimidine core, we discovered DS44470011, which improves the effectiveness of erythropoietin (EPO) release in cells. Oral administration of DS44470011 to cynomolgus monkeys increased plasma EPO levels.
Asunto(s)
Anemia , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Macaca fascicularis , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa , Animales , Anemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/antagonistas & inhibidores , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Administración Oral , Humanos , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa/farmacología , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa/química , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa/síntesis química , Pirimidinas/química , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/síntesis química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Estructura Molecular , Eritropoyetina , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis químicaRESUMEN
Cell metabolism reprogramming to sustain energy production, while reducing oxygen and energy consuming processes is crucially important for the adaptation to hypoxia/ischemia. Adaptive metabolic rewiring is controlled by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that timely activation of HIF in brain-resident cells improves the outcome from acute ischemic stroke. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Thus, we investigated whether HIF-dependent metabolic reprogramming affects the vulnerability of brain-resident cells towards ischemic stress. Methods: We used genetic and pharmacological approaches to activate HIF in the murine brain in vivo and in primary neurons and astrocytes in vitro. Numerous metabolomic approaches and molecular biological techniques were applied to elucidate potential HIF-dependent effects on the central carbon metabolism of brain cells. In animal and cell models of ischemic stroke, we analysed whether HIF-dependent metabolic reprogramming influences the susceptibility to ischemic injury. Results: Neuron-specific gene ablation of prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) protein, negatively regulating the protein stability of HIF-α in an oxygen dependent manner, reduced brain injury and functional impairment of mice after acute stroke in a HIF-dependent manner. Accordingly, PHD2 deficient neurons showed an improved tolerance towards ischemic stress in vitro, which was accompanied by enhanced HIF-1-mediated glycolytic lactate production through pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-mediated inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase. Systemic treatment of mice with roxadustat, a low-molecular weight pan-PHD inhibitor, not only increased the abundance of numerous metabolites of the central carbon and amino acid metabolism in murine brain, but also ameliorated cerebral tissue damage and sensorimotor dysfunction after acute ischemic stroke. In neurons and astrocytes roxadustat provoked a HIF-1-dependent glucose metabolism reprogramming including elevation of glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, glycolytic capacity, lactate production and lactate release, which enhanced the ischemic tolerance of astrocytes, but not neurons. We found that strong activation of HIF-1 in neurons by non-selective inhibition of all PHD isoenzymes caused a HIF-1-dependent upregulation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 redirecting glucose-6-phosphate from pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to the glycolysis pathway. This was accompanied by a reduction of NADPH production in the PPP, which further decreased the low intrinsic antioxidant reserve of neurons, making them more susceptible to ischemic stress. Nonetheless, in organotypic hippocampal cultures with preserved neuronal-glial interactions roxadustat decreased the neuronal susceptibility to ischemic stress, which was largely prevented by restricting glycolytic energy production through lactate transport blockade. Conclusion: Collectively, our results indicate that HIF-1-mediated metabolic reprogramming alleviates the intrinsic vulnerability of brain-resident cells to ischemic stress.
Asunto(s)
Astrocitos , Carbono , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico , Neuronas , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Astrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Carbono/metabolismo , Reprogramación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glucólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Neuronas/metabolismo , Procolágeno-Prolina Dioxigenasa/metabolismo , Procolágeno-Prolina Dioxigenasa/genéticaRESUMEN
Inhibition of prolylhydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) in both normoxic and hypoxic cells is a critical component of solid tumours. The present study aimed to identify small molecules with PHD-2 activation potential. Virtually screening 4342 chemical compounds for structural similarity to R59949 and docking with PHD-2. To find the best drug candidate, hits were assessed for drug likeliness, antihypoxic and antineoplastic potential. The selected drug candidate's PHD-2 activation, cytotoxic and apoptotic potentials were assessed using 2-oxoglutarate, MTT, AO/EtBr and JC-1 staining. The drug candidate was also tested for its in-vivo chemopreventive efficacy against DMBA-induced mammary gland cancer alone and in combination with Tirapazamine (TPZ). Virtual screening and 2-oxoglutarate assay showed BBAP-6 as lead compound. BBAP-6 exhibited cytotoxic and apoptotic activity against ER+ MCF-7. In carmine staining and histology, BBAP-6 alone or in combination with TPZ restored normal surface morphology of the mammary gland after DMBA produced malignant alterations. Immunoblotting revealed that BBAP-6 reduced NF-κB expression, activated PHD-2 and induced intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Serum metabolomics conducted with 1H NMR confirmed that BBAP-6 prevented HIF-1α and NF-κB-induced metabolic changes in DMBA mammary gland cancer model. In a nutshell, it can be concluded that BBAP-6 activates PHD-2 and exhibits anticancer potential.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Neoplasias de la Mama , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Humanos , Femenino , Animales , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/prevención & control , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/antagonistas & inhibidores , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Hipoxia de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Células MCF-7 , Línea Celular Tumoral , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Tirapazamina/farmacología , Tirapazamina/química , Tirapazamina/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Most subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients have no obvious hematoma lesions but exhibit blood-brain barrier dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. However, there is a few days between bloodâbrain barrier dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. The present study sought to investigate whether this phenomenon is caused by endothelial injury induced by the acute astrocytic barrier, also known as the glial limitans. METHODS: Bioinformatics analyses of human endothelial cells and astrocytes under hypoxia were performed based on the GEO database. Wild-type, EGLN3 and PKM2 conditional knock-in mice were used to confirm glial limitan formation after SAH. Then, the effect of endothelial EGLN3-PKM2 signaling on temporal and spatial changes in glial limitans was evaluated in both in vivo and in vitro models of SAH. RESULTS: The data indicate that in the acute phase after SAH, astrocytes can form a temporary protective barrier, the glia limitans, around blood vessels that helps maintain barrier function and improve neurological prognosis. Molecular docking studies have shown that endothelial cells and astrocytes can promote glial limitans-based protection against early brain injury through EGLN3/PKM2 signaling and further activation of the PKC/ERK/MAPK signaling pathway in astrocytes after SAH. CONCLUSION: Improving the ability to maintain glial limitans may be a new therapeutic strategy for improving the prognosis of SAH patients.
Asunto(s)
Astrocitos , Barrera Hematoencefálica , Células Endoteliales , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Piruvato Quinasa , Transducción de Señal , Hemorragia Subaracnoidea , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Barrera Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Edema Encefálico/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Piruvato Quinasa/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Hemorragia Subaracnoidea/metabolismo , Hemorragia Subaracnoidea/inmunología , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismoRESUMEN
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a largely incurable disease, for which new treatments are urgently needed. While leukemogenesis occurs in the hypoxic bone marrow, the therapeutic tractability of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) system remains undefined. Given that inactivation of HIF-1α/HIF-2α promotes AML, a possible clinical strategy is to target the HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), which promote HIF-1α/HIF-2α degradation. Here, we reveal that genetic inactivation of Phd1/Phd2 hinders AML initiation and progression, without impacting normal hematopoiesis. We investigated clinically used PHD inhibitors and a new selective PHD inhibitor (IOX5), to stabilize HIF-α in AML cells. PHD inhibition compromises AML in a HIF-1α-dependent manner to disable pro-leukemogenic pathways, re-program metabolism and induce apoptosis, in part via upregulation of BNIP3. Notably, concurrent inhibition of BCL-2 by venetoclax potentiates the anti-leukemic effect of PHD inhibition. Thus, PHD inhibition, with consequent HIF-1α stabilization, is a promising nontoxic strategy for AML, including in combination with venetoclax.
Asunto(s)
Progresión de la Enfermedad , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Humanos , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/antagonistas & inhibidores , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa/farmacología , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa/uso terapéutico , Animales , Ratones , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Sulfonamidas/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Estabilidad Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos con PuentesRESUMEN
The expression pattern of MUC1-C in tumors is closely linked to tumor progression; however, its specific mechanism remains unclear. The expression of MUC1-C in cancer and adjacent normal tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The IC50 of cells to gemcitabine was determined using the CCK8 assay. The effects of hypoxia and MUC1-C on the behavioral and metabolic characteristics of bladder cancer cells were investigated. Gene expression was assessed through Western blot and polymerase chain reaction. The relationship between the genes was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and Western blot. Finally, the role of the EGLN2 and NF-κB signaling pathways in the interaction between MUC1-C and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was investigated. MUC1-C expression is significantly higher in bladder cancer tissues than in adjacent normal tissues, particularly in large-volume tumors, and is closely correlated with clinical features such as tumor grade. Tumor volume-mediated hypoxia resulted in increased expression of MUC1-C and HIF-1α in bladder cancer cells. Under stimulation of hypoxia, the inhibitory effect of EGLN2 on the NF-κB signaling pathway was weakened, allowing NF-κB to promote the positive feedback formation of MUC1-C and HIF-1α. Simultaneously, EGLN2-mediated degradation of HIF-1α was reduced. This ultimately led to elevated HIF-1α-mediated downstream gene expression, promoting increased glucose uptake and glycolysis, and ultimately resulting in heightened chemotherapy resistance and malignancy.
Asunto(s)
Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Mucina-1 , Transducción de Señal , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hipoxia de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Desoxicitidina/farmacología , Gemcitabina , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Mucina-1/metabolismo , Mucina-1/genética , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/genética , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/genéticaRESUMEN
Oxygen is essential for aerobic organisms, but little is known about its role in antiviral immunity. Here, we report that during responses to viral infection, hypoxic conditions repress antiviral-responsive genes independently of HIF signaling. EGLN1 is identified as a key mediator of the oxygen enhancement of antiviral innate immune responses. Under sufficient oxygen conditions, EGLN1 retains its prolyl hydroxylase activity to catalyze the hydroxylation of IRF3 at proline 10. This modification enhances IRF3 phosphorylation, dimerization and nuclear translocation, leading to subsequent IRF3 activation. Furthermore, mice and zebrafish with Egln1 deletion, treatment with the EGLN inhibitor FG4592, or mice carrying an Irf3 P10A mutation are more susceptible to viral infections. These findings not only reveal a direct link between oxygen and antiviral responses, but also provide insight into the mechanisms by which oxygen regulates innate immunity.
Asunto(s)
Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Inmunidad Innata , Factor 3 Regulador del Interferón , Oxígeno , Prolina , Pez Cebra , Animales , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Factor 3 Regulador del Interferón/metabolismo , Hidroxilación , Humanos , Prolina/metabolismo , Ratones , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Fosforilación , Ratones Noqueados , Transducción de Señal , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
AIMS: Kidney disease often leads to anemia due to a defect in the renal production of the erythroid growth factor erythropoietin (EPO), which is produced under the positive regulation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). Chemical compounds that inhibit HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (HIF-PHs), which suppress HIFs, have been developed to reactivate renal EPO production in renal anemia patients. Currently, multiple HIF-PH inhibitors, in addition to conventional recombinant EPO reagents, are used for renal anemia treatment. This study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms and drug-specific properties of HIF-PH inhibitors. METHODS AND KEY FINDINGS: Gene expression analyses and mass spectrometry revealed that HIF-PH inhibitors (daprodustat, enarodustat, molidustat, and vadadustat) alter Epo gene expression levels in the kidney and liver in a drug-specific manner, with different pharmacokinetics in the plasma and urine after oral administration to mice. The drug specificity revealed the dominant contribution of EPO induction in the kidneys rather than in the liver to plasma EPO levels after HIF-PH inhibitor administration. We also found that several HIF-PH inhibitors directly induce duodenal gene expression related to iron intake, while these drugs indirectly suppress hepatic hepcidin expression to mobilize stored iron for hemoglobin synthesis through induction of the EPO-erythroferrone axis. SIGNIFICANCE: Renal EPO induction is the major target of HIF-PH inhibitors for their therapeutic effects on erythropoiesis. Additionally, the drug-specific properties of HIF-PH inhibitors in EPO induction and iron metabolism have been shown in mice, providing useful information for selecting the proper HIF-PH inhibitor for each renal anemia patient.
Asunto(s)
Eritropoyetina , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Riñón , Hígado , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa , Pirazoles , Triazoles , Animales , Eritropoyetina/metabolismo , Ratones , Riñón/metabolismo , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Prolil-Hidroxilasa/farmacología , Masculino , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/antagonistas & inhibidores , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Anemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Anemia/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Obesity and exercise intolerance greatly reduce the life quality of older people. Prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2) is an important enzyme in modulating hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha (HIF) protein. Using vascular endothelial cell-specific PHD2 gene knockout (PHD2 ECKO) mice, we investigated the role of endothelial PHD2 in aging-related obesity and exercise capacity. Briefly, PHD2 ECKO mice were obtained by crossing PHD2-floxed mice with VE-Cadherin (Cdh5)-Cre transgenic mice. The effect of PHD2 ECKO on obesity and exercise capacity in PHD2 ECKO mice and control PHD2f/f mice were determined in young mice (6 to 7 months) and aged mice (16-18 months). We found that aged PHD2 ECKO mice, but not young mice, exhibited a lean phenotype, characterized by lower fat mass, and its ratio to lean weight, body weight, or tibial length, while their food uptake was not reduced compared with controls. Moreover, as compared with aged control mice, aged PHD2 ECKO mice exhibited increased oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise, and the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2 max) during exercise. Furthermore, as compared with corresponding control mice, both young and aged PHD2 ECKO mice demonstrated improved glucose tolerance and lower insulin resistance. Together, these data demonstrate that inhibition of vascular endothelial PHD2 signaling significantly attenuates aging-related obesity, exercise intolerance, and glucose intolerance.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento , Tolerancia al Ejercicio , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Ratones Noqueados , Obesidad , Animales , Obesidad/genética , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Envejecimiento/genética , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Ratones , Tolerancia al Ejercicio/fisiología , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/fisiología , Masculino , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Resistencia a la Insulina/genética , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
Oxygen sensors enable cells to adapt to limited oxygen availability (hypoxia), affecting various cellular and tissue responses. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 1-3 (PHD1-3; also called Egln1-3, HIF-P4H 1-3, HIF-PH 1-3) proteins belong to the Fe2+- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily and utilise molecular oxygen (O2) alongside 2-oxoglutarate as co-substrate to hydroxylate two proline residues of α subunits of the dimeric hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor. PHD1-3-mediated hydroxylation of HIF-α leads to its degradation and inactivation. Recently, various PHD inhibitors (PHI) have entered the clinics for treatment of renal anaemia. Pre-clinical analyses indicate that PHI treatment may also be beneficial in numerous other hypoxia-associated diseases. Nonetheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the observed protective effects of PHIs are only partly understood, currently hindering their translation into the clinics. Moreover, the PHI-mediated increase of Epo levels is not beneficial in all hypoxia-associated diseases and PHD-selective inhibition may be advantageous. Here, we summarise the current knowledge about the relevance and function of each of the three PHD isoforms in vivo, based on the deletion or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of each single corresponding gene in rodents. This information is crucial for our understanding of the physiological relevance and function of the PHDs as well as for elucidating their individual impact on hypoxia-associated diseases. Furthermore, this knowledge highlights which diseases may best be targeted by PHD isoform-selective inhibitors in case such pharmacologic substances become available.
Asunto(s)
Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Animales , Humanos , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Eliminación de Gen , Procolágeno-Prolina Dioxigenasa/metabolismo , Procolágeno-Prolina Dioxigenasa/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Hipoxia/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS: Prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2), encoded by the Egln1 gene, serves as a pivotal regulator of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and acts as a cellular oxygen sensor. Somatic inactivation of Phd2 in mice results in polycythemia and congestive heart failure. However, due to the embryonic lethality of Phd2 deficiency, its role in development remains elusive. Here, we investigated the function of two egln1 paralogous genes, egln1a and egln1b, in zebrafish. MAIN METHODS: The egln1 null zebrafish were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Quantitative real-time PCR assays and Western blot analysis were employed to detect the effect of egln1 deficiency on the hypoxia signaling pathway. The hypoxia response of egln1 mutant zebrafish were assessed by analyzing heart rate, gill agitation frequency, and blood flow velocity. Subsequently, o-dianisidine staining and in situ hybridization were used to investigate the role of egln1 in zebrafish hematopoietic function. KEY FINDINGS: Our data show that the loss of egln1a or egln1b individually has no visible effects on growth rate. However, the egln1a; egln1b double mutant displayed significant growth retardation and elevated mortality at around 2.5 months old. Both egln1a-null and egln1b-null zebrafish embryo exhibited enhanced tolerance to hypoxia, systemic hypoxic response that include hif pathway activation, increased cardiac activity, and polycythemia. SIGNIFICANCE: Our research introduces zebrafish egln1 mutants as the first congenital embryonic viable systemic vertebrate animal model for PHD2, providing novel insights into hypoxic signaling and the progression of PHD2- associated disease.
Asunto(s)
Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia , Hipoxia , Policitemia , Pez Cebra , Animales , Ratones , Hipoxia/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Prolina Dioxigenasas del Factor Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Policitemia/genética , Procolágeno-Prolina Dioxigenasa/genética , Pez Cebra/genética , Pez Cebra/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The expression of Egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 3 (EGLN3) is notably decreased in various malignancies, including gastric cancer (GC). While the predominant focus has been on the hydroxylase activity of EGLN3 for its antitumour effects, recent findings have suggested nonenzymatic roles for EGLN3. METHODS: This study assessed the clinical significance of EGLN3 expression in GC and explored the connection between EGLN3 DNA promoter methylation and transcriptional silencing. To investigate the effect of EGLN3 on GC cells, a gain-of-function strategy was adopted. RNA sequencing was conducted to identify the key effector molecules and signalling pathways associated with EGLN3. RESULTS: EGLN3 expression was significantly reduced in GC tissues, correlating with poorer patient prognosis. EGLN3 hypermethylation disrupts transcriptional equilibrium, contributing to deeper tumour invasion and lymph node metastasis, thus exacerbating GC progression. Conversely, restoration of EGLN3 expression in GC cells substantially inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis. EGLN3 was also found to impede the malignant progression of GC cells by downregulating Jumonji C domain-containing protein 8-mediated activation of the NF-κB pathway, independent of its hydroxylase activity. CONCLUSIONS: EGLN3 has the potential to hinder the spread of GC cells through a nonenzymatic mechanism, thereby shedding light on the complex nature of GC progression.