Effects of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide on immunity and apoptosis of the main immune organs in Muscovy duck reovirus-infected ducklings.

To investigate the effects of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide (HEP) on immunity in Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV)-infected ducklings and explore its mechanism of action, an MDRV contact-infection model was established. Then, we investigated the influence of HEP on morphology of main immune organs in MDRV-infected ducklings by HE staining, while antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, MDA), serum protein levels (TP, ALB, GLO), complement levels (C3, C4) and antibody levels (IgA, IgM, IgG) were detected. Apoptotic indexes (apoptosisi rate and FAS-L) were also quantified by TUNEL method and immunohistochemical staining. Meanwhile, FADD and CytC (apoptosis-related genes), were tested by quantitative RT-PCR. Results showed that HEP could reduce the injuries of immune organs caused by MDRV. Additionally, HEP markedly diminished MDA (p < 0.01), while significantly increased T-AOC, TP, ALB, GLO, C3, C4, IgA, IgM and IgG (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). Then, HEP shifted apoptosis time to an early MDRV-infected stage and reduced apoptosis at later MDRV-infected stage. This was associated with changes of FADD and CytC. Collectively, our data suggested that HEP could reduce the immunesuppression by many ways, such as decreasing organs' injuries, improving antioxidant capacity, serum proteins levels, antibody levels and complement levels, while diminish the apoptosis by lowering the FADD and CytC.

Decreased cortical FADD protein is associated with clinical dementia and cognitive decline in an elderly community sample.

BACKGROUND: FADD (Fas-associated death domain) adaptor is a crucial protein involved in the induction of cell death but also mediates non-apoptotic actions via a phosphorylated form (p-Ser194-FADD). This study investigated the possible association of FADD forms with age-related neuropathologies, cognitive function, and the odds of dementia in an elderly community sample. METHODS: FADD forms were quantified by western blot analysis in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) samples from a large cohort of participants in a community-based aging study (Memory and Aging Project, MAP), experiencing no-(NCI, n = 51) or mild-(MCI, n = 42) cognitive impairment, or dementia (n = 57). RESULTS: Cortical FADD was lower in subjects with dementia and lower FADD was associated with a greater load of amyloid-ß pathology, fewer presynaptic terminal markers, poorer cognitive function and increased odds of dementia. Together with the observations of FADD redistribution into tangles and dystrophic neurites within plaques in Alzheimer's disease brains, and its reduction in APP23 mouse cortex, the results suggest this multifunctional protein might participate in the mechanisms linking amyloid and tau pathologies during the course of the illness. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggests FADD as a putative biomarker for pathological processes associated with the course of clinical dementia.

Comparative proteomics analysis reveals roles for FADD in the regulation of energy metabolism and proteolysis pathway in mouse embryonic fibroblast.

Fas-associated death domain-containing protein (FADD) is a classical apoptotic pathway adaptor. Further studies revealed that it also plays essential roles in nonapoptotic processes, which is assumed to be regulated by its phosphorylation. However, the exact mechanisms are still poorly understood. To study the nonapoptotic effects of FADD, a comprehensive strategy of proteomics identification combined with bioinformatic analysis was undertaken to identify proteins differentially expressed in three cell lines containing FADD and its mutant, FADD-A and FADD-D. The cell lines were thought to bear wild-type FADD, unphosphorylated FADD mimic and constitutive phosphorylated FADD mimic, respectively. A total of 47 proteins were identified to be significantly changed due to FADD phosphorylation. Network analysis using MetaCore™ identified a number of changed proteins that were involved in cellular metabolic process, including lipid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation. The finding that FADD-D cell line showed an increase in fatty acid oxidation argues that it could contribute to the leaner phenotype of FADD-D mice as reported previously. In addition, six proteins related to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway were also specifically overexpressed in FADD-D cell line. Finally, the c-Myc gene represents a convergent hub lying at the center of dysregulated pathways, and was upregulated in FADD-D cells. Taken together, these studies allowed us to conclude that impaired mitochondrial function and proteolysis might play pivotal roles in the dysfunction associated with FADD phosphorylation-induced disorders.

The Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic pathway is involved in abrin-induced apoptosis.

Abrin is a plant glycoprotein toxin from the seeds of Abrus precatorius, sharing similarity in structure and properties with ricin. Abrin is highly toxic, with an estimated human fatal dose of 0.1-1 µg/kg, causing death after accidental or intentional poisoning. It is a potent biological toxin warfare agent. There is no chemical antidote available against the abrin. The elucidation of molecular mechanism of abrin-induced cell death is important for development of therapy. Intrinsic pathway-mediated apoptosis has been well established in abrin-induced cell death. However, the detailed mechanism especially extrinsic receptor-mediated pathway remains uncharacterized. To assess whether some of the apoptosis known to occur after abrin exposure might be mediated by Fas/Fas ligand (Fas L) interactions, we analyzed effect of abrin on Fas pathway in Jurkat cells. Here, we report that activation of the Fas pathway is involved in abrin-induced apoptosis. Following treatment of abrin, Fas L was induced, which stimulated the Fas pathway by cross-linking Fas receptor (Fas R). Apoptosis was mediated by cleavage of the Fas R proximal caspase-8 and the downstream caspase-3, resulting in activation of the prototype caspase substrate poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-activated DNase. Blocking Fas L/Fas R interaction by using Fas inhibitor reduced abrin-induced apoptosis, further confirms involvement of Fas pathway. Activation of components of Fas pathway and caspases upon abrin treatment was also found in splenocytes in mice. Our findings offer new perspective for understanding the fundamental mechanism in abrin-induced apoptotic mechanism and may have implication in developing novel therapeutic strategies in the management for abrin-induced complications.

Detection of Fas-associated death domain and its variants' self-association by fluorescence resonance energy transfer in living cells.

Fas-associated death domain (FADD) is an adaptor molecule for the death receptor subfamily of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, but it is also required for cell proliferation. FADD protein has the potential to highly oligomerize. FADD self-aggregates in vitro and transfected FADD in mammalian cells induce apoptosis by forming large, filamentous structures termed death effector filaments independent of receptor cross-linking at the plasma membrane. We used fluorescence spectroscopy and three-channel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze self-association of FADD and its variants in living cells. Our results demonstrate that FADD self-association not only is determined by its N-terminal death effector domain (h-FADD 1-79) but is also obviously regulated by its C-terminal phosphorylatable tail (h-FADD 183-208).

The extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in gastric adenocarcinomas assessed by tissue microarray.

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the immunoexpression of FasL, Fas, FADD, cleaved caspase 8, and cleaved caspase 3 in gastric cancer. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded gastric adenocarcinoma tissues from 87 patients, including adjacent normal tissues, were included on tissue microarray by immunohistochemistry. The tumor and the adjacent normal tissues were positive for FasL in 66.7% and 90.6%, for Fas in 52.8% and 52.4%, for FADD in 67.4% and 82.3%, for cleaved caspase 8 in 27.9% and 37.7%, and for cleaved caspase 3 in 33.7% and 8.3%, respectively. FasL and the FADD from tumor were statistically different in relation to the histological type. Cleaved caspase 8 was statistically different in relation to clinical stage (p=0.031). The FADD from normal tissue was statistically different in relation to age (p=0.039), sex (p=0.055), clinical stage (p=0.019), and Fas was different in relation to tumor size (p=0.012). In the tumor, we observed a correlation between FasL and Fas, FasL and FADD, and FasL and cleaved caspase 3. In the adjacent normal tissue, a correlation was observed between FasL and Fas, FasL and FADD. There was no association of another marker with sex, age, clinical stage, and survival. Our results suggest that these proteins mediate the early extrinsic apoptotic pathway in gastric cancer and adjacent normal mucosa. FasL protein binds to Fas protein and subsequently binds to death receptor FADD signaling activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. In this phase, there was inhibition of caspase 8 and, consequently, decreased apoptosis.

The inhibitor of growth 1 (ING1) is involved in trichostatin A-induced apoptosis and caspase 3 signaling in p53-deficient glioblastoma cells.

Prognosis for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is poor. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACi) like trichostatin A (TSA) are promising alternatives to conventional treatment. Deficient tumor suppressor functions, such as TP53 mutations and p14(ARF)/p16(INK4a) deletions, are characteristic for GBM and can cause resistance to DNA damaging agents such as cisplatin and to HDACi like TSA. The type II tumor suppressor Inhibitor of growth 1 (ING1) is involved in DNA damage response and histone modification. We have previously shown that ING1 is downregulated in GBM and involved in glioma-induced angiogenesis and in cisplatin-induced apoptosis in malignant glioma cells. Hence, the goal of our present study was to investigate whether TSA affects ING1 protein expression and also whether modulating ING1 levels affects TSA-induced apoptosis in malignant glioma cells that contain deficient p53 function and inactive pl4(ARF)/p16(INK4a) signaling. If so, we asked, which apoptotic pathway might be the major mediator beyond this interaction. To test whether ING1 proteins function in TSA-induced apoptosis in GBM, we analyzed TSA effects in LN229 GBM cells, which harbor TP53 mutations and INK4a deletion, following ING1 knockdown by siRNA. Expression of ING1, acetylated core histones H3 and H4, and the proapoptotic proteins caspase 3 and Fas-associated death domain (FADD) was determined by Western blotting. Percentages of apoptotic cells were obtained by flow cytometry. TSA induced the major ING1 isoform p33(ING1b) and increased levels of both histone acetylation and apoptosis in LN229 cells. ING1 knockdown cells revealed marked resistance to TSA-induced apoptosis, impairment of caspase 3 activation, and suppression of FADD. The data suggest that ING1 contributes to TSA-induced apoptosis in GBM cells with deficient p53 and p14(ARF)/p16(INK4a) functions, possibly by regulating FADD/caspase 3 signaling.

Specific reduction of fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) plays a major role in the execution of apoptosis. Attenuation of apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer. Through systemic examination of FADD in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and adjacent nontumor kidney tissues from 85 patients, we demonstrated a significant reduction of FADD in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) compared to the respective nontumor kidney tissues. In human kidney, FADD is expressed in both the proximal and distal tubules. As ccRCC originates from the proximal tubular epithelium, reduction of FADD in ccRCC indicates that FADD-mediated apoptosis may inhibit ccRCC tumorigenesis.

The effects of resveratrol and tannic acid on apoptosis in colon adenocarcinoma cell line.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of resveratrol and tannic acid on apoptosis, and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak) and fas associated death domain (FADD) proteins in the CaCo-2 cell line. METHODS: In the present study, resveratrol and tannic acid were administrated in the CaCo-2 cell line at doses of 25, 50, and 100 microM. The CaCo-2 cells were grown and cultured in the Medical Biology Department, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey in 2007. The effects of these agents on apoptotic index were determined by Apop Taq peroxidase kit and their effects on the ratios of Bak and FADD proteins by the immunohistochemical staining method at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Stained and non-stained cells in 30 separate areas of the 3 separate chamber slides, prepared for each group, were counted. The percentage of apoptosis, and Bak and FADD proteins was calculated with the control. Mean +/- standard error values were calculated for the 3 experiments. RESULTS: Apoptotic index, Bak protein percentage ratio, and FADD protein percentage ratio values in all groups that received tannic acid and resveratrol increased when compared within the groups. This increase was found to be time and dose independent in all parameters. CONCLUSION: Cells undergo apoptosis in 2 pathways (mitochondrial and death receptor) in resveratrol and tannic acid induced CaCo-2 cells.

Cortactin expression predicts poor survival in laryngeal carcinoma.

Amplification of the 11q13 region is one of the most frequent aberrations in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region (HNSCC). Amplification of 11q13 has been shown to correlate with the presence of lymph node metastases and decreased survival. The 11q13.3 amplicon carries numerous genes including cyclin D1 and cortactin. Recently, we reported that FADD becomes overexpressed upon amplification and that FADD protein expression predicts for lymph node positivity and disease-specific mortality. However, the gene within the 11q13.3 amplicon responsible for this correlation is yet to be identified. In this paper, we compared, using immunohistochemical analysis for cyclin D1, FADD and cortactin in a series of 106 laryngeal carcinomas which gene correlates best with lymph node metastases and increased disease-specific mortality. Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that high expression of cyclin D1 (P=0.016), FADD (P=0.003) and cortactin (P=0.0006) predict for increased risk to disease-specific mortality. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that only high cortactin expression correlates with disease-specific mortality independent of cyclin D1 and/or FADD. Of genes located in the 11q13 amplicon, cortactin expression is the best predictor for shorter disease-specific survival in late stage laryngeal carcinomas.

A monoclonal-antibody-based ELISA for the detection of human FADD (Fas-associated death domain).

FADD (Fas-associated death domain) has been widely expressed in various tissues and its expression has been recently demonstrated to correlate with tumour progression and prognosis. Currently, measurement of FADD expression mainly depends on Western-blot or immunohistochemical approaches. To develop a conventional sandwich ELISA avenue for the detection of FADD protein to supplement Western blotting or immunohistochemistry, a series of mAbs (monoclonal antibodies) specific for FADD protein, designated 3A3, 3F9, 3G4, 4B9, 4G1, 7A8, 7B8 and 7F4, were produced by fusing mouse s/p20 myeloma cells with the spleen cells of a mouse immunized with the Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant His(6)-FADD protein. On the basis of the characterization of these mAbs, purified 3F9 was selected as the capture antibody and the biotin-conjugated 3A3 was selected as the detection antibody in sandwich ELISA. The limit of detection for the ELISA was 0.3 ng of purified His(6)-FADD (FADD tagged with hexahistidine), and it could detect both recombinant and native human FADD protein. Furthermore, the positive reaction of the ELISA could be blocked by rabbit anti-FADD sera. All of these results indicated that the ELISA developed in the present paper could be a promising tool for detection of FADD protein.

M4 and M5 acute myeloid leukaemias display a high sensitivity to Bortezomib-mediated apoptosis.

The present study explored the sensitivity of leukaemic blasts derived from 30 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients to Bortezomib. Bortezomib induced apoptosis of primary AML blasts: 18/30 AMLs were clearly sensitive to the proapoptotic effects of Bortezomib, while the remaining cases were moderately sensitive to this molecule. The addition of tumour necrosis factor-related-apoptosis-inducing ligand, when used alone, did not induce apoptosis of AML blasts and further potentiated the cytotoxic effects of Bortezomib. The majority of AMLs sensitive to Bortezomib showed immunophenotypic features of the M4 and M5 French-American-British classification subtypes and displayed myelomonocytic features. All AMLs with mutated FLT3 were in the Bortezomib-sensitive group. Biochemical studies showed that: (i) Bortezomib activated caspase-8 and caspase-3 and decreased cellular FLICE [Fas-associated death domain (FADD)-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme]-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) levels in AML blasts; (ii) high c-FLIP levels in AML blasts were associated with low Bortezomib sensitivity. Finally, analysis of the effects of Bortezomib on leukaemic cells displaying high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity suggested that this drug induced in vitro killing of leukaemic stem cells. The findings of the present study, further support the development of Bortezomib as an anti-leukaemic drug and provide simple tools to predict the sensitivity of AML cells to this drug.

Expression of antiapoptotic and proapoptotic molecules in diabetic retinas.

PURPOSE: To investigate the expression of the antiapoptotic and proapoptotic markers in diabetic retinas. METHODS: In total, 12 donor eyes from six subjects with diabetes mellitus, and 10 eyes from five nondiabetic subjects without known ocular disease serving as control subjects were examined. Immunohistochemical techniques were used with antibodies directed against cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), Akt (protein kinase B), Mcl-1, Bad, cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), tumour necrosis factor receptor-1-associated death domain protein (TRADD), and Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD). RESULTS: In retinas from all subjects without diabetes, cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for the antiapoptotic molecules Cox-2, Akt, and Mcl-1 was noted in ganglion cells. Cytoplasmic immunostaining for Cox-2 was also noted in the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Weak immunoreactivity for the mitochondrial apoptogenic proteins cytochrome c, and AIF was noted in the inner segments of photoreceptors, in the inner one-third of the outer plexiform layer, in cells in the inner nuclear layer, in the inner plexiform layer, and in ganglion cells. There was no immunoreactivity for the other antibodies tested. All diabetic retinas showed de novocytoplasmic immunoreactivity for Bad in ganglion cells, and in occasional cells in the inner nuclear layer. Upregulation of cytochrome cand AIF immunoreactivity was noted. Cox-2, Akt, and Mcl-1 immunoreactivity was not altered in the diabetic retinas. There was no immunoreactivity for TRADD, and FADD. CONCLUSIONS: Ganglion cells in diabetic and nondiabetic retinas express the antiapoptotic molecules Cox-2, Akt, and Mcl-1. Retinal ganglion cells express the proapoptotic molecule Bad in response to diabetes-induced neuronal injury. Diabetic retinas show upregulation of the mitochondrial proteins cytochrome c, and AIF.