Relación entre adicción a Internet y madurez psicológica en adolescentes del Perú / Relationship between Internet Addiction and Psychological Maturity in Adolescents from Peru

Introducción: Internet es un recurso indispensable para las personas, permite acceder a contenidos académicos, comunicacionales, sociales y otros; sin embargo, su uso indiscriminado genera conductas antisociales, bajo rendimiento académico, inadecuadas relaciones interpersonales y costo social. Los adolescentes se encuentran en riesgo por estar en el proceso de madurez y desarrollo psicoemocional. Objetivo: Describir la relación entre la adicción a Internet y la madurez psicológica en adolescentes del Perú. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, diseño descriptivo correlacional, transversal en colegios de Lima, Cusco, Iquitos, Pucallpa, San Martin, Tacna y Tumbes, Lima-Perú, en el año 2019. Muestra de 1707 estudiantes de tercer, cuarto y quinto de secundaria. Se usó como técnica la encuesta y como instrumentos válidos y confiables el Test de Adicción a Internet y el Cuestionario de Madurez Psicológica. Los datos fueron procesados mediante programa Excel y SPSS versión 25. Para el análisis de datos se usó la estadística descriptiva e inferencial: Coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y U de Mann Whitney. Resultados: El nivel de adicción a Internet según dimensiones alcanzó nivel promedio en Costa, Sierra y Selva: tolerancia (57,67 por ciento, 56,08 por ciento, 38,78 por ciento), uso excesivo (58,20 por ciento, 42,91 por ciento, 44,27 por ciento), retirada (58,86 por ciento, 52,03 por ciento, 40,92 por ciento) y consecuencias negativas (59,13 por ciento, 52,71 por ciento, 49,31 por ciento); igualmente para madurez psicológica: orientación al trabajo (53,44 por ciento, 37,04 por ciento, 51,59 por ciento), autonomía (43,58, 34,46 por ciento, 45,95 por ciento) e identidad (65,50 por ciento, 53,74 por ciento, 57,25 por ciento). Conclusiones: Existe relación significativa e inversa entre la adicción a Internet y la madurez psicológica de los adolescentes, al igual que en todas sus dimensiones(AU)

Introduction: The Internet is an indispensable resource for people, since it allows access to academic, communicational, social and other contents. However, its indiscriminate use leads to antisocial behavior, poor academic performance and inadequate interpersonal relationships, as well as it has social costs. Adolescents are at risk because they are in the process of maturity and psychoemotional development. Objective: To describe the relationship between Internet addiction and psychological maturity in adolescents in Peru. Methods: Quantitative study, with a descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional design, carried out in 2019 in schools from Lima, Cusco, Iquitos, Pucallpa, San Martin, Tacna and Tumbes, Lima-Peru. The sample was made up of 1707 students in their third, fourth or fifth high school years. The survey was used as a technique, while the Internet Addiction Test and the Psychological Maturity Questionnaire were used as valid and reliable tools. The data were processed using Excel and the SPSS (version 25). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis: Pearson's correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U. Results: Internet addiction, according to the analyzed dimensions, reached the average level in Costa, Sierra and Selva: tolerance (57.67 percent, 56.08 percent, 38.78 percent), excessive use (58.20 percent, 42.91 percent, 44.27 percent), withdrawal (58.86 percent, 52.03 percent, 40.92 percent) and negative consequences (59.13 percent, 52.71 percent, 49.31 percent). The same phenomenon manifested for psychological maturity: work orientation (53.44 percent, 37.04 percent, 51.59 percent), autonomy (43.58, 34.46 percent, 45.95 percent) and identity (65.50 percent, 53.74 percent, 57.25 percent). Conclusions: There is a significant and inverse relationship between Internet addiction and psychological maturity in adolescents, as well as in all its dimensions(AU)

Physical and psychological health at adolescence and home care use later in life.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relation between physical and psychological health indicators at adolescence (age 18) and household, personal, and nursing home care use later in life at ages 57-69 years. METHODS: Using medical examinations on men born in 1944-1947 who were evaluated for military service at age 18 in the Netherlands, we link physical and psychological health assessments to national administrative microdata on the use of home care services at ages 57-69 years. We postulate a panel probit model for home care use over these years. In the analyses, we account for selective survival through correlated panel probit models. RESULTS: Poor mental health and being overweight at age 18 are important predictors of later life home care use. Home care use at ages 57-69 years is also highly related to and interacts with father's socioeconomic status and recruits' education at age 18. DISCUSSION: Specific health characteristics identified at age 18 are highly related to the later utilization of home-care at age 57-69 years. Some characteristics may be amenable to early life health interventions to decrease the future costs of long-term home care.

Dá el primer paso y los caminos aparecerán: Percepciones de los/as adolescentes sobre el taller de Orientación Vocacional Ocupacional / Take the first step and the paths will appear: Perceptions of adolescents about the vocational orientation workshop

El Equipo de Psicopedagogía del Área Programática del Hospital Vélez Sarsfield, implementa desde el año 1998 procesos de Orientación Vocacional Ocupacional (OVO) en el marco de la Atención Primaria de la Salud (APS), la cual tiene como objetivo generar la participación, autogestión y responsabilidad en el cuidado de la salud de la población en general. El proceso de OVO busca que los/as estudiantes sean protagonistas de su elección, pudiendo llegar a tomar decisiones autónomas y significativas respecto a su futuro y, de esta manera, optimizar así su calidad de vida. Particularmente en este contexto de pandemia por Covid19, se decidió re-pensar de qué modo continuar con la oferta de esta actividad a pesar del impedimento de llevarlos a cabo de forma presencial; se consideró necesario mantener estos espacios donde se pudiera acompañar a los/as adolescentes ante la incertidumbre de la elección de una carrera o trabajo. Por tal motivo, se pensó en la idea de diseñar y llevar a cabo un Taller de OVO de forma virtual y acotado en cantidad de encuentros. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las percepciones de los/as adolescentes que iniciaron y culminaron el Taller de Orientación Vocacional Ocupacional, realizado de manera virtual en el periodo de octubre a diciembre de 2020, en relación al dispositivo de Orientación Vocacional Ocupacional. (AU)

Trajectories of Online Racial Discrimination and Psychological Functioning Among African American and Latino Adolescents.

This study investigated trajectories of individual and vicarious online racial discrimination (ORD) and their associations with psychological outcomes for African American and Latinx adolescents in 6th-12th grade (N = 522; Mgrade  = 9th) across three waves. Data were analyzed using growth mixture modeling to estimate trajectories for ORD and to determine the effects of each trajectory on Wave 3 depressive symptoms, anxiety, and self-esteem. Results showed four individual and three vicarious ORD trajectories, with the majority of participants starting out with low experiences and increasing over time. Older African American adolescents and people who spend more time online are at greatest risk for poor psychological functioning.

Conceptualization and Measurement of Adolescent Prosocial Behavior: Looking Back and Moving Forward.

The struggle to cast a net around the numerous ways prosocial behavior is expressed lends itself to the absence of widely accepted methods of measurement. Additionally, research intent on evaluating the psychometric properties of current approaches has been somewhat limited. Weaving together seminal as well as contemporary research, the current review focuses on how these conceptual and measurement issues pertain to adolescent studies (in an intentional effort to offset the somewhat disproportionate focus directed toward prosocial development in infants, children, and adults). Recommendations to address current limitations and attain a more nuanced understanding of the construct are presented and discussed.

Ambulatory Assessment of Adolescent Coping: It's a Complicated Process.

Scholars have long-called for researchers to treat coping as a process that is measured over an arc of time. Ambulatory assessment (AA) offers an appealing tool for capturing the dynamic process of adolescent coping. However, challenges in capturing the coping process are not altogether circumvented with AA designs. We conducted a scoping review of the AA literature on adolescent coping and draw from 60 studies to provide an overview of the field. We provide critiques of different AA approaches and highlight benefits and costs associated with various types of measurement within AA. We also speak to considerations of participant burden and compliance. We conclude with recommendations for developmental scholars seeking to deploy AA to capture this quintessential process among adolescents.

Health complaints among adolescents in Norway: A twenty-year perspective on trends.

PURPOSE: Examine time trends in health complaints among adolescents in Norway between 1994 and 2014 and among population subgroups, e.g., age and gender, as well as their interactions. METHODS: Norwegian data on 11-16-year-olds were drawn from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey (HBSC) and analyzed for 1994 (n = 4,952), 1998 (n = 5,026), 2002 (n = 5,023), 2006 (n = 4,711), 2010 (n = 4,342) and 2014 (n = 3,422). Design adjusted linear regression that accounts for clustering effects was used to examine mean scores of two subscales of the HBSC-symptom checklist: psychological and somatic health complaints. RESULTS: Psychological and somatic health complaints among adolescents in Norway followed somewhat different trajectories, but the mean scores of both types of health complaints appeared to increase during the 20-year period. For psychological health complaints, there was a three-way interaction between age, gender and time, indicating that increasing trends in health complaints depended on both age and gender, in which older adolescent girls had a greater increase over time relative to younger adolescents and boys. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study, together with earlier findings, suggest that there has been an increasing trend in health complaints among adolescents in Norway from 1994 to 2014, especially among older adolescent girls. Future research should examine if trends in health complaints also depend on gender and age in other contexts. This will help the planning and implementation of tailored and effective interventions.

Future Directions in Father Inclusion, Engagement, Retention, and Positive Outcomes in Child and Adolescent Research.

Fathers make important and unique contributions to positive child development. In spite of these findings, the research literature has lagged in the study of the role and impact of fathers on child development and in the development of effective approaches and interventions for fathers. Parameters for additional study include the inclusion of fathers in treatment outcome studies, the engagement of fathers within studies once included, the retention of fathers in interventions and studies once engaged, and the appropriate measurement of father-related outcomes. A systematic review of 64 studies indicated that there is evidence that fathers have been included within multiple studies aimed at improving parenting but that there are relatively fewer studies of other targeted outcomes such as coparenting. A set of recommendations for future directions in the next generation of father-focused studies in the child and adolescent psychology literature is presented, with an emphasis on improving study of the parameters of inclusion, engagement, retention, and measurement of outcomes.

Evidence Base Update of Psychosocial Treatments for Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Evaluating, Improving, and Transporting What Works.

Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic and impairing condition that often persists into adulthood. This review refreshes the state of support for psychosocial treatments and the predictors or moderators that relate to their efficacy and evaluates how the literature has improved since the last update in 2014. A secondary goal is to propose an additional framework for the categorization of studies based on central research questions rather than treatment format. Psychosocial treatment studies conducted since the last review are described and evaluated according to methodological rigor and evidence-based classification using the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology evidence-based treatment evaluation criteria. Findings again converge in support of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as an effective and appropriate first-line treatment for youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Family-focused CBT is now well-established. A number of other treatments including CBT+ D-Cycloserine, CBT+ Sertraline, CBT+ positive family interaction therapy, and technology-based CBT are now probably efficacious. Demographic, clinical, and family factors are consistent predictors of CBT outcome with conflicting findings for neurocognitive predictors. The field has advanced significantly since the last review, but there is still room for improvement. Some of the conclusions that can be drawn may be limited by our evaluation criteria. Future directions are proposed to advance treatment outcome research beyond a focus on which treatments work to exploring factors that account for how and why they work.

The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence Exposure in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Developmental Psychopathology Approach.

Despite increased attention on parental intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure, a relative paucity of research has examined the developmental consequences of this traumatic experience within a life span approach. The aim of the present study was to examine how parental IPV exposure may relate to mental health during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Furthermore, we examined whether the impact of parental IPV exposure was unique from more commonly studied maltreatment experiences, specifically neglect and physical abuse. A large, racially and ethnically diverse sample (Nbaseline = 1,042; 56% female; Mage = 15.1, SD = 0.79; 31.4% Hispanic, 29.4% White, 27.9% African American, 3.6% Asian, 7.7% biracial or other) of adolescents completed a baseline assessment for parental physical IPV exposure and maltreatment as well as measures for symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress, and substance use, annually for 6 consecutive years. Mixed-level modeling was used to examine how parental IPV exposure was uniquely associated with different patterns of mental health across developmental epochs. Findings demonstrated a multifaceted relation with mental health. For internalizing symptoms, the effect was pronounced during adolescence, and neglect increased the risk for depression symptomatology. Meanwhile, parental-IPV-exposed adolescents were at increasing risk for substance use as they aged into adulthood. Symptom levels and trajectories were independent and distinct from maltreatment experiences. This study helps illuminate parental IPV exposure's unique influence on well-being during vulnerable developmental periods. It also calls attention to the importance of developing suitable intervention/prevention programs to target this vulnerable population.

Decreases in psychological well-being among American adolescents after 2012 and links to screen time during the rise of smartphone technology.

In nationally representative yearly surveys of United States 8th, 10th, and 12th graders 1991-2016 (N = 1.1 million), psychological well-being (measured by self-esteem, life satisfaction, and happiness) suddenly decreased after 2012. Adolescents who spent more time on electronic communication and screens (e.g., social media, the Internet, texting, gaming) and less time on nonscreen activities (e.g., in-person social interaction, sports/exercise, homework, attending religious services) had lower psychological well-being. Adolescents spending a small amount of time on electronic communication were the happiest. Psychological well-being was lower in years when adolescents spent more time on screens and higher in years when they spent more time on nonscreen activities, with changes in activities generally preceding declines in well-being. Cyclical economic indicators such as unemployment were not significantly correlated with well-being, suggesting that the Great Recession was not the cause of the decrease in psychological well-being, which may instead be at least partially due to the rapid adoption of smartphones and the subsequent shift in adolescents' time use. (PsycINFO Database Record

The increase in symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood among Icelandic adolescents: time trend between 2006 and 2016.

Background: Both research and popular media reports suggest that adolescent mental health has been deteriorating across societies with advanced economies. This study sought to describe the trends in self-reported symptoms of depressed mood and anxiety among Icelandic adolescents. Methods: Data for this study come from repeated, cross-sectional, population-based school surveys of 43 482 Icelandic adolescents in 9th and 10th grade, with six waves of pooled data from 2006 to 2016. We used analysis of variance, linear regression and binomial logistic regression to examine trends in symptom scores of anxiety and depressed mood over time. Gender differences in trends of high symptoms were also tested for interactions. Results: Linear regression analysis showed a significant linear increase over the course of the study period in mean symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood for girls only; however, symptoms of anxiety among boys decreased. The proportion of adolescents reporting high depressive symptoms increased by 1.6% for boys and 6.8% for girls; the proportion of those reporting high anxiety symptoms increased by 1.3% for boys and 8.6% for girls. Over the study period, the odds for reporting high depressive symptoms and high anxiety symptoms were significantly higher for both genders. Girls were more likely to report high symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood than boys. Conclusions: Self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood have increased over time among Icelandic adolescents. Our findings suggest that future research needs to look beyond mean changes and examine the trends among those adolescents who report high symptoms of emotional distress.

Capitalizing on Scientific Advances to Improve Access to and Quality of Children's Mental Health Care.

The majority of mental health problems begin in childhood or adolescence. The potential benefits of early identification and treatment of such problems are well established, and models of effective mental health interventions for children have proliferated in recent decades. However, barriers in access to care and challenges in assuring delivery of high-quality care significantly limit the public health impact of services for children and families. Specifically, the majority of children who need mental health care do not receive it, and when children are in care, many do not receive interventions that are most likely to have the greatest positive impact. A commitment to social justice requires significant improvement in access to care and quality of care to maximize human potential. The purpose of this manuscript is to highlight promising scientific advances in the development of effective mental health services for children and families, as well as the vexing challenges of actually delivering these services to those most in need. Key challenges to be discussed include disparities in access to care and quality of care, including race/ethnic disparities and complexities of navigating the multi-sector mental health service system for children, and difficulties in implementing effective intervention models more consistently in community care. The authors will propose practice and policy reform recommendations to address these challenges. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[Psychotherapic interventions for bipolar disorder in children and adolescents]. / Interventions psychothérapiques dans le trouble bipolaire chez l'enfant et l'adolescent.

OBJECTIVE: To review the options for psychosocial interventions in pediatric bipolar disorders. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review of randomized clinical trials and open-label studies was conducted. RESULTS: Randomized controlled trials show that psychosocial interventions involving families (i.e. family-focused treatment) or individual and family therapy (i.e. multi- or individual-family psychoeducational psychotherapy, child- and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy) may be effective through added benefit to pharmacotherapy. All these interventions share numerous common therapeutic elements such as psychoeducation and skills training. Individual interventions (i.e. interpersonal and social rhythm therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy) are to date less well documented. However that may be, outcome studies remain few, and numerous methodological limitations (small sample sizes, designs not very rigorous) restrict the interpretability and generalisability of their results. In addition, most studies were conducted in specialty centers with highly trained therapists, and the feasibility and acceptability of these interventions in practice settings remain to be shown. CONCLUSION: Despite recent developments in identifying effective psychosocial interventions, numerous critical gaps remain, and more longitudinal studies are needed to clarify how these interventions work.

Future Directions in Sleep and Developmental Psychopathology.

It is critical for psychologists to gain a better understanding about the intersection between sleep and developmental psychopathology. However, while many strive to answer the question of whether sleep causes developmental psychopathology, or vice versa, ultimately the relationship between sleep and developmental psychopathology is complex and dynamic. This article considers future directions in the field of clinical child and adolescent psychology that go beyond this mechanistic question, highlighting areas important to address for clinicians and researchers who strive to better understand how best to serve children and adolescents with developmental psychopathology. Questions are presented about what is normal in terms of sleep across development, the role of individual variability in terms of sleep needs and vulnerability to sleep loss, and how sleep may serve as a risk or resilience factor for developmental psychopathology, concluding with considerations for interventions.

[Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa in school children and adolescents. Clinical picture and interdisciplinary management]. / Epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria bei Schulkindern und Adoleszenten. Klinik und interdisziplinäres Management.

Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa (EB) represents a clinically heterogeneous group of congenital blistering disorders requiring multiprofessional care. EB is associated with a broad spectrum of potentially severe complications often reaching their full extent during school age and adolescence. This review aims at summarizing cutaneous manifestations of EB as well as extracutaneous complications of this complex disease and their interdisciplinary management.

[Connective tissue diseases in adolescents]. / Kollagenosen bei Jugendlichen.

In this article we provide a brief review of systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile dermatomyositis, systemic scleroderma, and mixed connective tissue disease in adolescents. As skin manifestations often belong to the presenting symptoms and may have a significant impact on the quality of life, dermatologists play an important role in the management of patients with connective tissue diseases. Early diagnosis and therapy onset are crucial for the patients' long-term outcome.

[Erythematosquamous dermatoses in adolescence]. / Erythematosquamöse Erkrankungen in der Adoleszenz.

Erythematosquamous dermatoses in adolescents comprise a wide range of differential diagnoses. Age-typical variations of the clinical manifestation, the need to differentiate common conditions from rare diseases as well as the tremendous psychosocial impact which the patients perceive especially in this vulnerable period of life can become major challenges for pediatric dermatologists. This article summarizes key features of common erythematosquamous dermatoses and less frequent skin diseases occurring during adolescence.