Addressing depression and comorbid health conditions through solution-focused brief therapy in an integrated care setting: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Co-occurring physical and mental health conditions are common, but effective and sustainable interventions are needed for primary care settings. PURPOSE: Our paper analyzes the effectiveness of a Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) intervention for treating depression and co-occurring health conditions in primary care. We hypothesized that individuals receiving the SFBT intervention would have statistically significant reductions in depressive and anxiety symptoms, systolic blood pressure (SBP), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), and body mass index (BMI) when compared to those in the control group. Additionally, we hypothesized that the SFBT group would have increased well-being scores compared to the control group. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted at a rural federally qualified health center. Eligible participants scored ≥ 10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and met criteria for co-occurring health conditions (hypertension, obesity, diabetes) evidenced by chart review. SFBT participants (n = 40) received three SFBT interventions over three weeks in addition to treatment as usual (TAU). The control group (n = 40) received TAU over three weeks. Measures included depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7), well-being (Human Flourishing Index), and SFBT scores, along with physical health outcomes (blood pressure, body mass index, and hemoglobin A1c). RESULTS: Of 80 consented participants, 69 completed all measures and were included in the final analysis. 80% identified as female and the mean age was 38.1 years (SD = 14.5). Most participants were white (72%) followed by Hispanic (15%) and Black (13%). When compared to TAU, SFBT intervention participants had significantly greater reductions in depression (baseline: M = 18.17, SD = 3.97, outcome: M = 9.71, SD = 3.71) and anxiety (baseline: M = 14.69, SD = 4.9, outcome: M = 8.43, SD = 3.79). SFBT intervention participants also had significantly increased well-being scores (baseline: M = 58.37, SD = 16.36, outcome: M = 73.43, SD = 14.70) when compared to TAU. Changes in BMI and blood pressure were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The SFBT intervention demonstrated efficacy in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms and increasing well-being but did not affect cardio-metabolic parameters over a short period of intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was pre-registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05838222 on 4/20/2023. *M = Mean, SD = Standard deviation.

Mindless to Mindful Parenting? Videofeedback-Enhanced Psychotherapy for Violence-Exposed Mothers and Their Young Children.

This article presents a frequent dilemma of treatment-seeking mothers suffering from complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is related to exposure to maltreatment and other forms of interpersonal violence. Namely, that complex PTSD symptoms, including dissociative states in mothers that are triggered by normative child emotion dysregulation, aggression, and distress during early childhood, hinder the development of a productive psychotherapeutic process in more traditional psychodynamic psychotherapies for mothers and children. The article thus presents clinician-assisted videofeedback exposure (CAVE) that characterizes a recently manualized brief psychotherapy for this population, called CAVE-approach therapy (CAVEAT). CAVEAT can be used on its own or to preface a deeper process using child-parent psychotherapy or other non-videofeedback-enhanced psychodynamic models. A clinical illustration is provided.

[ORPHYS - Treatment Manual for a Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in Patients with Serious Physical Illness]. / ORPHYS ­ Behandlungsmanual für eine psychodynamische Kurzzeitpsychotherapie bei schwerer körperlicher Erkrankung.

The diagnosis of a life-threatening illness may lead to a breakdown of psychological processing patterns and a reactualization of existential conflicts. The sudden loss of continuity, physical integrity and social roles can overwhelm patients' ability to cope psychologically. Psychosocial and medical care is likely compromised if patients suffer from affective disorders or symptoms of existential distress. Psychodynamic treatments may strengthen the experience of closeness and connectedness in order to cope with losses and enable farewell processes. ORPHYS describes a short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (12-24 sessions) that aims to address the existential distress of seriously physically ill patients by taking into account relational conflicts at the end of life. The combination of supportive and expressive treatment techniques that focus on patients' subjective experience and illness situation may enable patients to integrate painful affective states and to explore their relationship and coping patterns. ORPHYS can thus facilitate a shared mourning process, in which the intense desire for connectedness at the end of life and the reality of dying can be reconciled.

Change in Defense Mechanisms During a Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

ABSTRACT: Defense mechanisms (DMs) are strategies used by the individuals to protect the ego. Therefore, compulsive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be recognized as DMs. We analyzed how DMs changed in a brief cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for OCD. This was a quasi-experimental study with 92 OCD patients (aged 18-60 years). We used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview to confirm OCD diagnosis, and we assessed the DMs with the Defense Style Questionnaire at three time points. Through a latent change score modeling, we found that the mature mechanism presented a constant change during the therapy. This mechanism increased in average 0.37 points at each measured moment of CBT, showing a linear trajectory. Neurotic and immature mechanisms showed no significant changes during therapy. The increased use of the mature mechanism can be an indicator of improvement in OCD treatment, showing that patients intensified their more adaptive responses to conflicts.

Well-Being Therapy for Fibromyalgia: A Case Report.

ABSTRACT: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by chronic widespread pain, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances, significantly impairing quality of life and psychological well-being. Well-being therapy (WBT) is a brief psychotherapeutic intervention aimed at increasing well-being and optimizing functioning, which has proven effective in treating various conditions involving pain and psychological or psychiatric symptoms. We describe a case study of a 22-year-old university student experiencing FMS, highlighting the far-reaching effects of the condition on her quality of life. After eight sessions of WBT, there was a marked improvement in subjective well-being and euthymia, as well as a decrease in pain perception, improved ability to manage stress, reduced allostatic overload despite the presence of stressors, improved social relationships, and increased self-efficacy. The positive effects of WBT continued at 3-month follow-up, suggesting that WBT may represent a short-term effective intervention for patients with FMS.

Rapid-Access Focused Treatment: Clinical Considerations for Brief Psychotherapy in Outpatient Psychiatry.

Demand for mental health treatment surged after the COVID-19 pandemic intensified existing issues of limited access to care and long wait times. Programs that deliver high-quality treatment in a brief format are appealing in that they could reduce wait times for care and increase the number of patients served. The Rapid-Access Focused Treatment (RAFT) program was developed with the overarching goals of delivering brief, evidence-informed interventions in a timely and patient-centered manner, reducing wait times, and improving access to psychiatric specialty services. In this article, the authors describe the pilot implementation of the RAFT program in an outpatient psychiatry clinic, provide guidelines for identification of appropriate patients, and discuss lessons learned from two case examples that illustrate variations in the trajectory of brief treatment. Recommendations for the effective implementation of brief therapy models in an outpatient setting are provided.

Efficacy of two brief trauma-focussed writing interventions in comparison to positive experiences writing: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There is emerging literature regarding the efficacy of trauma-focussed writing therapies (TF-WTs) for posttraumatic stress. Such therapies have the potential to reduce posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in a brief time frame and can be delivered remotely. There remains a need for further research assessing the efficacy of different types of TF-WTs, as well comparing them to alternative control conditions not previously assessed. The present study assessed two TF-WTs that had differing writing instructions in comparison to an intervention that involved writing about positive experiences. METHODS: Adult community participants (n = 83) with subthreshold or clinical PTSD symptoms were randomized to one of three conditions (two of which involved trauma-focussed writing, and the other involved writing about positive experiences). All conditions involved three weekly telehealth-delivered writing appointments. Outcomes were measured using the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21), and were evaluated at baseline, one-week post-intervention, and five-weeks post-intervention. This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR Protocol 12620001065987). RESULTS: There was no evidence that the two TF-WTs were more efficacious in reducing PTSS or producing clinically meaningful change in comparison to positive experiences writing. Instead, a significant reduction from baseline to follow-up in PTSS, depression, anxiety and stress was observed in all three conditions. LIMITATIONS: The results should be interpreted with consideration of the modest sample size and absence of longer-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Three-session trauma-focussed writing delivered via telehealth may not be superior to writing about positive experiences.

A brief mindfulness-based intervention for stress, pain, emotion and attention regulation in military service members with mild traumatic brain injury.

AIM: The primary aim of this study was to conduct an open pilot clinical trial of a brief mindfulness-based intervention for persistent postconcussion symptoms that occur after mild traumatic brain injury in military service members. For many service members, operational tempo and other time constraints may prevent them from completing a standard mindfulness-based stress reduction course. Thus, this study sought to examine the effectiveness of a five-session intervention called mindfulness-based stress, pain, emotion, and attention regulation (MSPEAR). METHODS: Participants were active duty service members with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and persisting postconcussion symptoms, all of whom were recruited from an outpatient TBI rehabilitation program at a military treatment facility. Of the 38 service members that were initially enrolled, 25 completed the 5-session MSPEAR intervention, and 20 returned for a 5-week follow-up evaluation. Questionnaires assessing perceived stress, positive affect, pain interference and catastrophizing, sleep disturbances, perceived behavioral and attention regulation, self-efficacy and satisfaction with life were administered at preintervention, postintervention, and at 5-week follow-up intervals. Neuropsychological testing at preintervention and 5-week follow-up included performance validity measures, attention, working memory, and executive function measures. T-tests were run to compare for questionnaire measures at preintervention (Time 1) to postintervention (Time 2). Repeated analysis of variances were conducted to compare questionnaire and neuropsychological measures at Time 1, Time 2, and at Time 3 which is the 5-week follow-up. RESULTS: Improvements in perceived stress, positive affect, behavioral regulation, metacognition, sleep disturbance, self-efficacy, and satisfaction with life were found immediately after the MSPEAR intervention and were maintained at the 5-week follow-up. Magnification and helplessness aspects of pain catastrophizing improved when comparing preintervention to the 5-week follow-up. Pain interference was not significantly different across study assessment times. Neuropsychological testing revealed improvements in sustained attention, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control when comparing preintervention to the 5-week follow-up assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The MSPEAR intervention appears to show promise as a brief and effective therapy for specific postconcussion symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury in military service members. Each of the components of MSPEAR including stress, pain catastrophizing, emotion and attention regulation showed improvements in this study, and bears further investigation in a larger scale, preferably randomized controlled trial in those active duty military service members who experience persisting symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury.

[Imagination supported by brief therapies]. / L'imagination soutenue par les thérapies brèves.

While we dream during sleep, our psyche gives free rein to its imagination during waking phases. During nursing interviews, should the patient be allowed to mobilize this imaginative capacity? One answer may come from the Palo Alto school of thought, which uses the imagination in a relational space, so that it becomes an active element in psychic change. In the practice of mental health nursing, it is possible to mobilize this imaginative part, supported by brief therapies, and turn it into a therapeutic path.

A Brief Cognitive Analytic Therapy-Informed Approach for Young People That Have Self-Injured (CATCH-Y): A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) presents an increasingly prevalent problem for young people; however, there remains a scarce evidence base for effective, scalable treatments for adolescents. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a brief, cognitive analytic therapy (CAT)-informed intervention for young people who engage in NSSI (CATCH-Y). METHODS: A case series design recruited 13 young people who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria to participate in the five-session intervention. Eligible participants were aged 13-17 years (M = 15.15, SD = 1.28) and had engaged in NSSI at least once in the previous 6 months. Feasibility and acceptability were measured via recruitment, retention, qualitative feedback and missing data. The secondary outcome measures of personal recovery and motivation were administered pre- and post-assessment, with measures of depressive symptoms and urges to self-injure. RESULTS: The intervention was found to be largely feasible and acceptable with high rates of recruitment, retention and pre-/post-assessment data completeness. Measures showed preliminary support for positive change in rates of NSSI, urges to self-harm, low mood and personal recovery, although results were mixed. Completion rates for remote assessments were low. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support further evaluation of the CATCH-Y intervention on a larger scale. In-person assessments may be preferable to remote to ensure good completion rates.

Changes in mentalization in patients with personality disorders during sequential brief-Adlerian psychodynamic psychotherapy: The role of therapists' technique and countertransference.

Mentalization, that is the capacity to understand our and others' behaviors in terms of intentional mental states, represents one of the core features of personality disorders (PDs) and can be related to therapists' countertransference (CT) and interventions. AIMS: The aim of the present work was to study the relationship between therapists' technique, therapists' CT, and patients' mentalization, in a sample of patients with PDs undergoing a 40-session program of sequential brief-adlerian psychodynamic psychotherapy, a psychodynamic therapeutic model specifically developed for the treatment of PDs in public mental health services. METHOD: Eighty-seven patients with PD and their therapists completed ratings of mentalization (mentalization imbalances scale and reflective functioning questionnaire), CT (therapist response questionnaire), and therapists' intervention (comparative psychotherapy process scale) at five different time points (Sessions 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40). RESULTS: Results showed that patients' mentalizing problematics decreased over time. Moreover, we found a reduction of therapists' disengaged CT, and an increase in positive CT over time. Regarding therapists' techniques, psychodynamic-interpersonal interventions were on average higher than cognitive-behavioral, but both techniques were used increasingly over time. Our results also showed significant and clinically coherent interactions between therapist's CT and techniques and between patient's mentalization imbalance and therapist's response. Our results highlighted the importance of early stages in therapy, since the most significant relationships between the various process variables (patient's mentalizing imbalances, therapist's techniques, and emotional responses) are observed between t1 and t2, corresponding to the initial phases of the treatments. Clinical implications will be discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of a novel, brief psychological therapy (Managing Unusual Sensory Experiences) for hallucinations in first episode psychosis (MUSE FEP): Findings from an exploratory randomised controlled trial.

Hallucinations are a common feature of psychosis, yet access to effective psychological treatment is limited. The Managing Unusual Sensory Experiences for First-Episode-Psychosis (MUSE-FEP) trial aimed to establish the feasibility and acceptability of a brief, hallucination-specific, digitally provided treatment, delivered by a non-specialist workforce for people with psychosis. MUSE uses psychoeducation about the causal mechanisms of hallucinations and tailored interventions to help a person understand and manage their experiences. We undertook a two-site, single-blind (rater) Randomised Controlled Trial and recruited 82 participants who were allocated 1:1 to MUSE and treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 40) or TAU alone (n = 42). Participants completed assessments before and after treatment (2 months), and at follow up (3-4 months). Information on recruitment rates, adherence, and completion of outcome assessments was collected. Analyses focussed on feasibility outcomes and initial estimates of intervention effects to inform a future trial. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry 16793301. Criteria for the feasibility of trial methodology and intervention delivery were met. The trial exceeded the recruitment target, had high retention rates (87.8%) at end of treatment, and at follow up (86.6%), with good acceptability of treatment. There were 3 serious adverse events in the therapy group, and 5 in the TAU group. Improvements were evident in both groups at the end of treatment and follow up, with a particular benefit in perceived recovery in the MUSE group. We showed it was feasible to increase access to psychological intervention but a definitive trial requires further changes to the trial design or treatment.

Acceptability and feasibility of a short-term group therapy for people with borderline personality disorder symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the acceptance, feasibility and safety of a short-term group program for adults (18 years and older) and youth (16 to 18 years) with borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms. Termed Road Maps, the content and development were informed by common treatment factors identified from evidence-based therapies for BPD. METHOD: Two-hundred and eight people consented to participate in the research trial and completed baseline measures. Intervention participants rated the acceptability and subjective experience of the group. Attrition rates informed feasibility, and serious adverse events were tracked to identify potential harms. RESULTS: Participant post-group ratings of the group's acceptability and subjective experience were above average across both adult and youth populations. Attrition rate after commencement of group was 38% for adults and 27% among youth. The incidence rate of emergency department presentations was reduced by 41% in the 6 months post-group, relative to 6 months pre-group. CONCLUSIONS: The current study provides preliminary support for the acceptability and feasibility of a short-term group therapy program for people with a diagnosis of BPD. Road Maps may be a useful intermediate intervention in a broader model of stepped care. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, https://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12622000849796.aspx, (ACTRN12622000849796).

Measuring the utility of brief psychological intervention in psychiatric hospitals: A call for change.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the known importance of regularly monitoring progress when delivering psychological interventions, this is not mandated or seemingly even common practice on Australian inpatient psychiatric wards. Barriers for why this might be the case are described, an argument made to rise above them, and a call for research in this area is made. CONCLUSIONS: Failure to find ways to collect, analyse and be transparent with data around brief inpatient psychological interventions can diminish treatment outcomes and leaves us open to criticism as a profession.

The effects of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on self-care and mental health among older adults at risk of coronary heart disease: A randomized controlled trial.

This study tested the effectiveness of a nursing program developed based on Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) in improving self-care skills and mental health among community-dwelling older adults at risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 120 older adults were randomly assigned to either an SFBT group or a control group. Participants' self-care ability, depressive symptoms, and anxiety at baseline and post-intervention were assessed using the Self-care Ability Scale for the Elderly (SASE), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), respectively. The t-test, Mann-Whitney U, and chi-square tests were conducted for group comparisons. After 6 months of intervention, the intervention group had significantly higher self-concept, self-skills, self-care awareness, and health knowledge scores than the baseline and the control group (all P-values < 0.05). The intervention group had significantly lower depression and anxiety scores than the baseline and the control group (all P-values < 0.05). SFBT is effective in improving older adults' self-care and mental health and may be widely applied among older adults to prevent CHD and promote well-being in the future.

Young adults' change talk within brief motivational intervention in the emergency department and booster sessions is associated with a decrease in heavy drinking over 1 year.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the effect of change talk (CT) within successive brief motivational interventions (BMIs) as a mechanism of change for alcohol use. METHOD: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial in which 344 young adults (18-35 years old) admitted to a Swiss emergency department with alcohol intoxication received either BMI (N = 171) or brief advice (N = 173). Participants with a baseline audio-recorded BMI were included (N = 140; median age 23 [Q1-Q3: 20-27], 72.9% men). Up to three booster sessions by phone were offered at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Percent CT and CT Average Strength were used as predictor variables. The outcome was the number of heavy drinking days (HDD) over the 30 days prior to research assessments at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. A latent growth curve modeling framework was first used to estimate predictor and outcome variable growth parameters (i.e., intercept and slope) over time, and then to regress HDD growth parameters on CT growth parameters. RESULTS: CT increased specifically from baseline to the 1-week booster session and thereafter remained stable. Higher baseline CT was associated with lower HDD at 1 month (Percent CT: b = -0.04, 95% confidence interval [-0.06, -0.01]; Average Strength: b = -0.99 [-1.67, -0.31]). An increase in CT from baseline to the 1-week booster session was related to a decrease in HDD from 1 month to 12 months (Percent CT: b = -0.08 [-0.14, -0.03]; Average Strength: b = -2.29 [-3.52, -1.07]). CONCLUSIONS: Both baseline CT and CT trajectory over the first week are meaningful predictors of HDD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Testing the efficacy of narrator empathy, self-disclosure, gender, and use of brief motivational interviewing techniques in a brief internet-based intervention for alcohol use.

OBJECTIVE: Nonspecific relational factors, such as therapist empathy, play an important role in therapy effectiveness. Building on this literature, some researchers have attempted to incorporate relational factors into electronic brief interventions (e-BIs) by using interactive narrators to guide participants through the intervention. However, few studies have examined which characteristics of these interactive narrators increase intervention acceptability and efficacy. The present study sought to systematically manipulate animated narrator characteristics in an e-BI and to examine their effects on respondents' alcohol use and subjective reactions. METHOD: Participants (N = 348) were randomly assigned to 1-16 possible combinations of four narrator-level characteristics in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial trial evaluating narrator empathy, self-disclosure, gender, and the use of brief motivational interviewing (BMI) techniques. We measured main and interaction effects of these characteristics on the primary outcome of typical drinks per week at 1-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included maximum drinks, alcohol consequences, and subjective reactions to the intervention, with additional secondary analyses evaluating moderation by participant gender. RESULTS: Participants showed reductions in all alcohol outcomes. These reductions were stronger for participants exposed to either narrator disclosure or BMI techniques (vs. neither). Participants in the high empathy condition rated the intervention as more supportive, while those exposed to BMI techniques reported feeling more criticized by the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Specific narrator-level characteristics, such as narrator self-disclosure and empathy, may improve the efficacy or acceptability of e-BIs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Solutions Trial: Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) in 10-17-year-olds presenting at police custody: a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Within England, children and young people (CYP) who come into police custody are referred to Liaison and Diversion (L&D) teams. L&D teams have responsibility for liaising with healthcare and other support services while working to divert CYP away from the criminal justice system but have traditionally not provided targeted psychological interventions to CYP. Considering evidence that Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) leads to a reduction in internalising and externalising behaviour problems in CYP, the aim of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) was to determine whether there is a difference between services as usual (SAU) plus SFBT offered by trained therapists working within a L&D team, and SAU alone, in reducing offending behaviours in 10-17-year-olds presenting at police custody. METHODS: Design: two-arm individually RCT with internal pilot and process evaluation. PARTICIPANTS: N = approximately 448 CYP aged 10-17 years presenting at one of three police custody suites in the area served by Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust (LSCFT) who are referred to the L&D team. Participants will be recruited and allocated to intervention:control on a 1:1 basis. Interviews will be performed with 30-40 CYP in the intervention arm, 15 CYP in the control arm, up to 20 parents/guardians across both arms, up to 15 practitioners, and up to 10 site staff responsible for screening CYP for the trial. Intervention and control: Those allocated to the intervention will be offered SAU plus SFBT, and control participants will receive SAU only. PRIMARY OUTCOME: CYP frequency of offending behaviours assessed through the Self-Report Delinquency Measure (SRDM) at 12 months post-randomisation. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: criminal offence data (national police database); emotional and behavioural difficulties (self-report and parent/guardian reported); gang affiliation (self-report). Process evaluation: evaluation of acceptability and experiences of the CYP, parents/guardians, site staff and practitioners; fidelity of SFBT delivery. DISCUSSION: This two-arm individually RCT will evaluate the effectiveness of SFBT in reducing offending behaviours in CYP presenting at police custody suites within the area served by LSCFT. Our process evaluation will assess the fidelity of delivery of SFBT, the factors affecting implementation, the acceptability of SFBT in CYP aged 10-17 years and recruitment and reach. We will also examine systems and structures for future delivery, therefore assessing overall scalability. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov  ISRCTN14195235 . Registered on June 16, 2023.

Brief cognitive behavioural therapy for eating disorders symptomatology among a mixed sample of adolescents and young adults in primary care: A non-randomised feasibility and pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Brief and accessible therapies for people with an eating disorder is an important health target. Ten-session cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT-T) is a brief treatment evaluated in people with a non-underweight eating disorder. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of CBT-T for young people in primary care. METHOD: This cohort pilot study used group (adolescents vs. young adults) by time (over four time points) Generalised Linear Mixed Model analysis. Participants included 13-25-year-olds attending an early intervention mental health service, receiving 10 sessions of CBT-T. Feasibility was assessed using recruitment, retention and satisfaction. Eating and other pathology measures were administered at baseline, weeks four and 10, and 12-week follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 63 commencing treatment, 38 completed 10 CBT-T sessions (60%). Most (94%) reported high treatment satisfaction. Significant reductions in eating pathology, depression and stress were found. Age group did not yield differences in CBT-T outcome, with large to very large effect sizes across outcome variables. Anxiety was associated with attrition. CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary support for the use of CBT-T in primary care, across adolescence and early adulthood. Findings require replication in other clinical settings and comparison to other clinical approaches and control populations.

The effect of individual short- and long-term psychotherapy on perceived social support: analysis of secondary outcomes of a randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: Social support is important for maintaining and restoring psychological well-being but the effects of individual psychotherapies on perceived social support are not well known. In this analysis of secondary outcomes from a randomized clinical study, we compared the effects of long-term psychotherapy and two short-term psychotherapies on social support during a 5-year follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Altogether 326 adult outpatients suffering from depressive and/or anxiety disorders were randomly assigned to long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (LPP, n = 126), short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (SPP, n = 101) and solution-focused therapy (SFT, n = 97). Outcome was measured by the global index and six subscores of the self-reported Brief Inventory of Social Support and Integration scale (BISSI) at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years after the beginning of the therapy. RESULTS: Social support improved in all therapy groups and the improvement was relatively stable, lasting several years after the end of therapy. Little difference in improvement was observed either between therapy orientations or durations. CONCLUSIONS: While no major differences were observed between treatment groups, the slight differences call for further research to verify these findings and to better understand how different therapies may improve perceived social support.