RESUMEN
Global changes in climate are contributing to modified Phlebotomine sand fly presence and activity, and the distribution of the pathogens they transmit (e.g., Leishmania and Phlebovirus), and are leading to their possible extension toward northern France. To predict the evolution of these pathogens and control their spread, it is essential to identify and characterize the presence and abundance of potential vectors. However, there are no recent publications describing sand fly species distribution in France. Consequently, we carried out a systematic review to provide distribution and abundance maps over time, along with a simplified dichotomous key for species in France. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines, resulting in 172 relevant capture reports from 168 studies out of the 2646 documents retrieved, of which 552 were read and 228 analyzed. Seven species were recorded and categorized into three groups based on their abundance: low abundance species, abundant but little-studied species, and abundant vector species. Sand flies are certainly present throughout France but there is a greater diversity of species in the Mediterranean region. Phlebotomus perniciosus and Ph. ariasi are the most abundant and widely distributed species, playing a role as vectors of Leishmania. Sergentomyia minuta, though very abundant, remains under-studied, highlighting the need for further research. Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. perfiliewi, Ph. sergenti, and Ph. mascittii are present in low numbers and are less documented, limiting understanding of their potential role as vectors. This work provides the necessary basis for comparison of field data generated in the future.
Title: Répartition et abondance des phlébotomes en France : revue systématique. Abstract: Les changements globaux du climat contribuent à modifier la présence et l'activité des phlébotomes, ainsi que la répartition des pathogènes qu'ils transmettent (par exemple Leishmania et Phlebovirus), et conduisent à leur éventuelle extension vers le nord de la France. Pour prédire l'évolution de ces pathogènes et contrôler leur propagation, il est essentiel d'identifier et de caractériser la présence et l'abondance des vecteurs potentiels. Il n'existe cependant aucune publication récente décrivant la répartition des espèces de phlébotomes en France. Par conséquent, nous avons réalisé une revue systématique pour fournir des cartes de répartition et d'abondance dans le temps, ainsi qu'une clé dichotomique simplifiée pour les espèces françaises. La revue a respecté les lignes directrices PRISMA, aboutissant à 172 rapports de capture pertinents provenant de 168 études sur les 2 646 documents récupérés, dont 552 ont été lus et 228 analysés. Sept espèces ont été recensées et classées en trois groupes en fonction de leur abondance : les espèces de faible abondance, les espèces abondantes mais peu étudiées et les espèces vectrices abondantes. Les phlébotomes sont certes présents partout en France mais on trouve une plus grande diversité d'espèces dans le bassin méditerranéen. Phlebotomus perniciosus et Ph. ariasi sont les espèces les plus abondantes et les plus largement réparties, jouant un rôle de vecteurs de Leishmania. Sergentomyia minuta, bien que très abondant, reste sous-étudié, ce qui souligne la nécessité de recherches plus approfondies. Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. perfiliewi, Ph. sergenti et Ph. mascittii sont présents en faibles nombres et sont moins documentés, ce qui limite la compréhension de leur rôle potentiel en tant que vecteurs. Ce travail fournit la base nécessaire pour la comparaison des données de terrain générées à l'avenir.
Asunto(s)
Insectos Vectores , Phlebotomus , Psychodidae , Francia , Animales , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Phlebotomus/clasificación , Phlebotomus/parasitología , Psychodidae/parasitología , Psychodidae/clasificación , Distribución Animal , Leishmaniasis/transmisión , Leishmaniasis/epidemiología , Densidad de Población , Leishmania , Región Mediterránea , Cambio ClimáticoRESUMEN
Sand flies, vectors capable of transmitting Leishmania spp. and causing leishmaniasis, have been a concern in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, where canine leishmaniasis (CanL) has been documented since 1985. Notably, there has been a surge in CanL cases since 2017, with two autochthonous cases of human visceral leishmaniasis reported in the area in 2021. This study aimed to identify the sand fly fauna potentially involved in disease transmission. Modified Centers for Disease Control light traps were deployed in three neighborhoods of the city where CanL cases had been previously reported, spanning January 2021 to December 2022. Of the 89 collections conducted, 119 sand flies belonging to five species were captured: Pintomyia fischeri (76/119, 63.86%), Migonemyia migonei (23/119, 19.33%), Lutzomyia longipalpis (16/119, 13.45%), Brumptomyia sp. (2/119, 1.68%), and Psathyromyia lanei (2/119, 1.68%), predominantly between February and April in 2021 and 2022. Polymerase chain reaction testing on all female specimens yielded negative results for Leishmania spp. DNA. Although Leishmania spp. was not detected in these vectors, these findings underscore the imperative to implement measures aimed at curtailing the proliferation of these insects.
Asunto(s)
Insectos Vectores , Leishmaniasis , Psychodidae , Estaciones del Año , Animales , Psychodidae/clasificación , Psychodidae/parasitología , Brasil , Femenino , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Leishmaniasis/transmisión , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: Sandflies are vector insects associated with terrestrial forest ecosystems; in the Ecuadorian Andes, they participate in the transmission of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. This geographical area represents an opportunity to evaluate the role of sandflies as bioindicators of the degree of intervention of tropical humid forest ecosystems (THF) associated with changes in the ecology of the local landscape. METHODS: CDC-light traps were used for collecting adult sandflies in February 2020 in a humid tropical forest within the Chocó Biosphere Reserve. All species were identified using morphological keys. Analysis data about abundance, richness, species accumulation, diversity index, species composition communities, species sex proportion, spatial sandflies environmental, Renyi's Diversity Profile were performed to compare six spatial habitats in Mashpi locality, Ecuador. RESULTS: Sandflies were collected (n-1435); the main species are represented by Trichophoromyia reburra, Nyssomyia trapidoi, Psathyromyia aclydifera, Psychodopygus panamensis and Lutzomyia hartmanni. Only Th. reburra is associated with not intervened forest, while the other three species are associated with intervened forest within Mashpi in the Choco Biosphere Reserve. The secondary forest has major sandflies' richness, while the primary forest exhibits major abundance. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION: Th. reburra is a sandfly restricted to the Andean Forest and is a bioindicator of the high environmental health quality of the forest, while Ny. trapidoi and Pa. aclydifera are bioindicators of environmental disturbances in the forest. Additionally, Ps. panamensis, Lu. hartmanni and Ny. trapidoi are bioindicators of human impact and the risk of leishmaniasis.
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Ecosistema , Bosques , Insectos Vectores , Psychodidae , Animales , Psychodidae/fisiología , Psychodidae/clasificación , Insectos Vectores/fisiología , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Ecuador , Masculino , Femenino , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/transmisión , Biodiversidad , HumanosRESUMEN
Phlebotomine sand flies are critical vectors of Leishmania parasites, impacting public health significantly. This study focused on assessing the diversity of sand flies in a rural area of El Carmen de Bolívar Municipality, northern Colombia, employing rarefaction curves and Hill numbers to understand potential vector communities and inform environmental management. From January 2018 to April 2019 (five samplings), sand flies were collected using CDC light traps with blue LED in domestic/peridomestic/sylvatic ecotopes, identifying species per Young and Duncan (1994) and Galati (2003). Hill numbers provided diversity estimates across samples, while Principal Component Analysis correlated with environmental factors with phlebotomine species presence and abundance. 8,784 phlebotomine individuals were collected; 56.4 % females and 43.6% males (ratio 3:2). These individuals belonged to eight species: Pintomyia evansi, Psychodopygus panamensis, Lutzomyia gomezi, Micropygomyia cayennensis, Evandromyia dubitans, Psathyromyia aclydifera, Pintomyia serrana, and Pintomyia rangeliana; with Pi. evansi being the most abundant species (74.39 %; 6,530 exemplars). The ANOVA showed no significant differences between phlebotomine sand flies abundances across ecotopes (p = 0.018). Species of epidemiological relevance as Pi. evansi and Lu. gomezi not show a positive correlation with environmental variables evaluated, only Ps. panamensis was positively correlated with precipitation. However, the study emphasizes the need for a continuous sand fly monitoring and research to enhance leishmaniasis control strategies, highlighting the necessity to expand knowledge on phlebotomine diversity and environmental interactions to understand vector ecology and disease dynamics better.
Asunto(s)
Insectos Vectores , Leishmania , Leishmaniasis , Psychodidae , Animales , Colombia , Psychodidae/clasificación , Psychodidae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Femenino , Masculino , Leishmania/clasificación , Leishmaniasis/transmisión , BiodiversidadRESUMEN
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by different species of Leishmania is transmitted by Phlebotominae sandflies. This disease remains a public health concern in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine Leishmania infection in sandflies and reservoir rodents in six rural regions of Nahavand, located in western Iran. From May to October 2022, sandflies and rodents were collected and identified at the species level. Additionally, rodents' skin lesions and earlobe specimens were collected separately for microscopic and molecular examination. All specimens were tested for Leishmania DNA by PCRs targeting the parasite's ITS-2 and 18S rRNA gene and positive were Sanger sequenced. A total of 3396 sandflies belonging to seven subgenera and 11 species, i.e., Phlebotomus papatasi (42.7%), P. major (20.6%), P. mascitti (0.3%), P. neglectus (0.2%), P. alexandri (0.2%), P. turanicus (0.3%), Sergentomyia murgabiensis (18.1%), S. dentata (10.5%), S. theodori (5.8%), S. antennata (1.1%), and S. pawlowski (0.1%) were identified. Based on the species population, 29 pools of sandflies were examined for the presence of Leishmania DNA using conventional PCR (cPCR), and individual DNAs were tested when positive. Leishmania major DNA was detected in two P. papatasi and Leishmania sp. in one P. major individual sandfly. This is the first report of Leishmania infection in sandflies from Hamadan province. The captured rodents (n = 61) belonged to four families and seven species, i.e., Arvicola amphibius (37.7%), Mus musculus (29.5%), Microtus socialis (13.1%), Apodemus sylvaticus (11.5%), Talpa davidiana (4.9%), Apodemus witherbyi (1.6%), and Rattus norvegicus (1.6%). Microscopic and molecular examinations of the rodent lesions and earlobes scored negative results. The presence of Leishmania in the Phlebotominae sandflies in Nahavand indicates a potential threat to humans and animals in the region. Regular monitoring and examination of the sandflies' population and timely diagnosis and treatment of new patients are strongly recommended.
Asunto(s)
ADN Protozoario , Leishmania , Psychodidae , ARN Ribosómico 18S , Roedores , Animales , Irán , Psychodidae/parasitología , Psychodidae/clasificación , Roedores/parasitología , Leishmania/genética , Leishmania/clasificación , Leishmania/aislamiento & purificación , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , ADN Protozoario/genética , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/parasitología , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/transmisión , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/veterinaria , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The sand fly Nyssomyia neivai is one of the most abundant species in Southern Brazil. It is frequently found in areas that are foci of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Santa Catarina, caused by Leishmania infantum. In this region, the main vector of L. infantum, Lutzomyia longipalpis, has not been detected. In the absence of L. longipalpis, this study aimed to identify the sand fly fauna and diagnose any potential Leishmania spp. infection in sand flies and in dogs in a region of Southern Brazil that experienced a recent canine visceral leishmaniasis outbreak. METHODS: This report includes a survey of the sand fly fauna at the Zoonosis Control Center of the Municipality of Tubarão (Santa Catarina, Brazil). Molecular tests were conducted to investigate Leishmania spp. natural infection in sand flies using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In positive females, in addition to morphological identification, molecular analysis through DNA barcoding was performed to determine the sand fly species. Additionally, the dogs were tested for the presence of Leishmania spp. using a non-invasive technique for the collection of biological material, to be assessed by PCR. RESULTS: A total of 3419 sand flies, belonging to five genera, were collected. Nyssomyia neivai was the most abundant species (85.8%), followed by Migonemyia migonei (13.3%), Pintomyia fischeri (0.8%), Evandromyia edwardsi (< 0.1%), and species of the genus Brumptomyia. (0.1%). Out of the 509 non-engorged females analyzed by PCR, two (0.4%) carried L. infantum DNA. The naturally infected females were identified as Ny. neivai, in both morphological and molecular analysis. In addition, two out of 47 conjunctival swabs from dogs tested positive for L. infantum, yielding an infection rate of 4.2%. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the presence of Ny. neivai naturally infected with L. infantum in an area where dogs were also infected by the parasite, suggesting its potential role as a vector in Southern Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Insectos Vectores , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniasis Visceral , Psychodidae , Animales , Perros , Leishmania infantum/genética , Leishmania infantum/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil/epidemiología , Psychodidae/parasitología , Psychodidae/clasificación , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis Visceral/veterinaria , Leishmaniasis Visceral/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis Visceral/parasitología , Leishmaniasis Visceral/transmisión , Femenino , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Arthropods vector a multitude of human disease-causing organisms, and their geographic ranges are shifting rapidly in response to changing climatic conditions. This is, in turn, altering the landscape of disease risk for human populations that are brought into novel contact with the vectors and the diseases they carry. Sand flies in the genera Lutzomyia and Pintomyia are vectors of serious disease-causing agents such as Leishmania (the etiological agent of leishmaniasis) and may be expanding their range in the face of climate change. Understanding the climatic conditions that vector species both tolerate physiologically and prefer behaviorally is critical to predicting the direction and magnitude of range expansions and the resulting impacts on human health. Temperature and humidity are key factors that determine the geographic extent of many arthropods, including vector species. METHODS: We characterized the habitat of two species of sand flies, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Pintomyia evansi. Additionally, we studied two behavioral factors of thermal fitness-thermal and humidity preference in two species of sand flies alongside a key aspect of physiological tolerance-desiccation resistance. RESULTS: We found that Lu. longipalpis is found at cooler and drier conditions than Pi. evansi. Our results also show significant interspecific differences in both behavioral traits, with Pi. evansi preferring warmer, more humid conditions than Lu. longipalpis. Finally, we found that Lu. longipalpis shows greater tolerance to extreme low humidity, and that this is especially pronounced in males of the species. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results suggest that temperature and humidity conditions are key aspects of the climatic niche of Lutzomyia and Pintomyia sand flies and underscore the value of integrative studies of climatic tolerance and preference in vector biology.
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Ecosistema , Humedad , Psychodidae , Temperatura , Animales , Psychodidae/fisiología , Psychodidae/clasificación , Femenino , Masculino , Insectos Vectores/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pressatia choti is a common sand fly found in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, which is suspected to be involved in the transmission of Leishmania braziliensis. Herein, we aimed to establish a Pr. choti laboratory colony. METHODS: Wild-caught female sand flies were blood fed on hamsters and maintained under controlled conditions (temperature: 26 °C; relative humidity: 70%). RESULTS: Of the 301 collected female sandflies, 288 were identified as Pr. choti. The life cycle duration ranged from 31 to 56 days. CONCLUSIONS: We successfully established a Pr. choti colony, whose biological parameters were similar to those of other neotropical sand flies.
Asunto(s)
Insectos Vectores , Leishmania braziliensis , Psychodidae , Animales , Psychodidae/clasificación , Psychodidae/parasitología , Femenino , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Brasil , CricetinaeRESUMEN
Aiming to compare and update the sand fly fauna of Portão de Pedra site, Sumidouro District, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and considering the environmental changes occurred, the biology and ecology of the local sandfly species were examined five years later as a complementary study carried. Captures were made in the cave, surroundings of cave and forest of the region, from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. Among the 2323 sandflies of eigth species of the Lutzomyia were captured: L. gasparviannai, L. edwardsi, L. tupynambai, L. hirsuta, L. whitmani, L. migonei, L. intermedia, Lutzomyia. sp and one species of the Brumptomyia Kind: B. brumpti. In 2009 and 2010 were collected 1756 samples from ten species of the former genus and two of the second. L. gasparviannai was predominant, in the three collection sites, in both periods. Five species implicated as vectors of Leishmania: L. intermedia, L. whitmani, L. migonei, L. hirsuta and L. davisi have been collected in the area. Poisson regression and ANOVA were used to perform statistical analysis of species most relevant. The record of L. intermedia and a case of American tegumentary leishmaniasis are relevant to the public health of municipality and of state of Rio de Janeiro.
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Insectos Vectores , Psychodidae , Animales , Psychodidae/clasificación , Brasil , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Densidad de Población , Femenino , Masculino , Estaciones del Año , EcosistemaRESUMEN
This study updates knowledge on historical geographic distribution of sand fly species through identifying altitudinal and bioclimatic patterns in leishmaniasis endemic areas in Mexico. We analyze and identify sand fly specimens obtained through national efforts by the Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE, Mexico), collected between 1995 and 2001, 2008-2012, and 2017-2023, and add bibliographic information (427 additional records). After a principal components analysis of WorldClim variables and altitudinal ranges, variables that better explain the distribution of sand fly species were chosen (BIO6, BIO12, and BIO16, explaining 72 % of variation). A total of 1,187 specimens of 22 species were retrieved from eight states, providing 29 new municipalities and 48 new localities, being Lutzomyia cruciata, Micropygomyia chiapanensis, and Psathyromyia shannoni the most common species. We presented new historical records of distribution for sand fly species from Morelos (3), Oaxaca (7) and Tabasco (1). The 82.7 % of sand fly species analyzed were distributed in areas with altitudinal ranges below 420 m. The anthropophilic species Psathyromyia shannoni, and Lutzomyia cruciata showed the greatest variability regarding altitudinal range, and climatic preferences, while several wild species showed abiotic preferences. It is likely that the effect of urbanization and climate change generate new beneficial biotopes for the proliferation of the vector sand fly species. Complementary studies that consider seasonality, vegetation types, and change in land use could provide new information to better understand the spread of vector-borne diseases.
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Altitud , Leishmaniasis , Psychodidae , Animales , México/epidemiología , Psychodidae/clasificación , Psychodidae/fisiología , Leishmaniasis/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis/transmisión , Insectos Vectores/fisiología , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Clima , Distribución Animal , Enfermedades Endémicas , Humanos , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
Leishmaniasis is considered one of the neglected tropical diseases in the world. Although Bhutan is a member of the visceral leishmaniasis elimination consortium in South Asia, not much attention has been accorded to the disease because of its low incidence. The vector that transmits Leishmania remains poorly understood. In this backdrop, sand-fly surveys were regularly conducted at multiple sites where leishmaniasis cases have been reported in Bhutan. Collections were made using CDC light traps and cattle-baited net traps in 15 villages from February 2019 to May 2022. Six species of Phlebotomus and four species of Sergentomyia were identified from these sites that included two Phlebotomus and three Sergentomyia species discovered for the first time in Bhutan. Sand-fly density varied significantly from village to village, and it showed strong seasonality with peak numbers collected from June to October and almost zero from December to February. Overall, sand-fly density was highest in the basements of the houses and were higher outdoors than indoors. Cattle-baited net traps collected few sand flies during the surveillance period. This work constituted the first systematic sand-fly population surveillance conducted in Bhutan and will provide a baseline for future vector ecology and Leishmania epidemiological studies.
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Insectos Vectores , Phlebotomus , Psychodidae , Estaciones del Año , Animales , Bután/epidemiología , Phlebotomus/fisiología , Phlebotomus/clasificación , Insectos Vectores/fisiología , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Psychodidae/clasificación , Psychodidae/fisiología , Leishmaniasis/transmisión , Leishmaniasis/epidemiología , Bovinos , Humanos , Femenino , Distribución Animal , Leishmaniasis Visceral/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis Visceral/transmisiónRESUMEN
Morphological characteristics of eggshells are important in sand fly ootaxonomy. In this study, eggshells from Phlebotomus stantoni Newstead, Sergentomyia khawi (Raynal), and Grassomyia indica (Theodor) sand flies collected in Chiang Mai province, Thailand were examined and characterized using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, eggshell morphology of these three species was described for the first time. Each gravid female was forced to lay eggs by decapitation and the eggs were collected for SEM analysis. Egg laying females were identified by morphological examination and molecular typing using cytochrome b (Cytb) as a molecular marker. The chorionic sculpturing of Ph. stantoni eggs combines two patterns on the same egg: unconnected parallel ridges and reticular patterns. Sergentomyia khawi and Gr. indica have similar chorionic polygonal patterns, but their exochorionic morphology and aeropylar area are different. Results indicate that eggshell morphological characteristics such as chorionic pattern, exochorionic morphology, inter-ridge/boundary area, aeropylar area (including the number of aeropyles) and basal layer, can be useful to develop morphological identification keys of eggs. These can serve as an additional tool to distinguish species of sand flies. In addition, the chorionic sculpturing of the eggs of the three species of sand flies observed by LM is useful for species identification in gravid females with spermathecae obscured by eggs.
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Citocromos b/ultraestructura , Cáscara de Huevo/ultraestructura , Psychodidae/ultraestructura , Especificidad de la Especie , Animales , Corion/química , Corion/ultraestructura , Citocromos b/química , Citocromos b/aislamiento & purificación , Cáscara de Huevo/anatomía & histología , Huevos , Femenino , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Oviposición/fisiología , Psychodidae/anatomía & histología , Psychodidae/clasificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been declared as one of the six major tropical diseases by the World Health Organization. This disease has been successfully controlled in China, except for some areas in the western region, such as the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, where both anthroponotic VL (AVL) and desert type zoonotic VL (DT-ZVL) remain endemic with sporadic epidemics. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, an eleven-year survey (2004-2014) of Leishmania species, encompassing both VL types isolated from patients, sand-fly vectors and Tarim hares (Lepus yarkandensis) from the Xinjiang Autonomous Region was conducted, with a special emphasis on the hares as a potential reservoir animal for DT-ZVL. Key diagnostic genes, ITS1, hsp70 and nagt (encoding N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase) were used for phylogenetic analyses, placing all Xinjiang isolates into one clade of the L. donovani complex. Unexpectedly, AVL isolates were found to be closely related to L. infantum, while DT-ZVL isolates were closer to L. donovani. Unrooted parsimony networks of haplotypes for these isolates also revealed their relationship. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The above analyses of the DT-ZVL isolates suggested their geographic isolation and independent evolution. The sequence identity of isolates from patients, vectors and the Tarim hares in a single DT-ZVL site provides strong evidence in support of this species as an animal reservoir.
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Liebres/parasitología , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Leishmania/clasificación , Leishmaniasis Visceral/parasitología , Leishmaniasis Visceral/veterinaria , Psychodidae/parasitología , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , China/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Leishmania/genética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Filogenia , Psychodidae/clasificación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Lutzomyia umbratilis is the main vector of Leishmania guyanensis in the Brazilian Amazon and in neighboring countries. Previous biological and molecular investigations have revealed significant differences between L. umbratilis populations from the central Brazilian Amazon region. Here, a phylogeographic survey of L. umbratilis populations collected from nine localities in the Brazilian Amazon was conducted using two mitochondrial genes. Statistical analyses focused on population genetics, phylogenetic relationships and species delimitations. COI genetic diversity was very high, whereas Cytb diversity was moderate. COI genealogical haplotypes, population structure and phylogenetic analyses identified a deep genetic differentiation and three main genetic groups. Cytb showed a shallower genetic structure, two main haplogroups and poorly resolved phylogenetic trees. These findings, allied to absence of isolation by distance, support the hypothesis that the Amazon and Negro Rivers and interfluves are the main evolutionary forces driving L. umbratilis diversification. The main three genetic groups observed represent three evolutionary lineages, possibly species. The first lineage occurs north of the Amazon River and east of Negro River, where Le. guyanensis transmission is intense, implying that L. umbratilis is an important vector there. The second lineage is in the interfluve between north of Amazon River and west of Negro River, an area reported to be free of Le. guyanensis transmission. The third lineage, first recorded in this study, is in the interfluve between south of Amazonas River and west of Madeira River, and its involvement in the transmission of this parasite remains to be elucidated.
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Evolución Biológica , Insectos Vectores/genética , Leishmania guyanensis/patogenicidad , Leishmaniasis Mucocutánea/transmisión , Filogenia , Psychodidae/genética , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Citocromos b/genética , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Variación Genética , Haplotipos , Humanos , Proteínas de Insectos/genética , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Leishmania guyanensis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Leishmaniasis Mucocutánea/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis Mucocutánea/parasitología , Mitocondrias/enzimología , Mitocondrias/genética , Filogeografía , Psychodidae/clasificación , Ríos/parasitologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodiae) in the Republic of Moldova have been understudied for decades. Our study provides a first update on their occurrence, species composition and bloodmeal sources after 50 years. METHODS: During 5 seasons (2013-2017), 58 localities from 20 regions were surveyed for presence of sand flies using CDC light traps and manual aspirators. Species identification was done by a combination of morphological and molecular approaches (DNA barcoding, MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling). In engorged females, host blood was identified by three molecular techniques (RFLP, cytb sequencing and MALDI-TOF peptide mass mapping). Population structure of most abundant species was studied by cox1 haplotyping; phylogenetic analyses of ITS2 and cox1 genetic markers were used to resolve relationships of other detected species. RESULTS: In total, 793 sand flies were collected at 30 (51.7%) localities from 12 regions of Moldova. Three species were identified by an integrative morphological and molecular approach: Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perfiliewi and Phlebotomus sp. (Adlerius), the first being the most abundant and widespread, markedly anthropophilic based on bloodmeal analyses, occurring also indoors and showing low population structure with only five haplotypes of cox1 detected. Distinct morphological and molecular characters of Phlebotomus sp. (Adlerius) specimens suggest the presence of a yet undescribed species. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed the presence of stable sand fly populations of three species in Moldova that represent a biting nuisance as well as a potential threat of pathogen transmission and shall be further studied.
Asunto(s)
Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Leishmaniasis/transmisión , Psychodidae/clasificación , Animales , Femenino , Haplotipos , Especificidad del Huésped , Humanos , Insectos Vectores/genética , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Masculino , Moldavia/epidemiología , Phlebotomus/clasificación , Phlebotomus/genética , Phlebotomus/fisiología , Filogenia , Psychodidae/genética , Psychodidae/fisiología , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización DesorciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis are among the most important canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBPs) of zoonotic concern in Europe. In endemic areas for both of these CVBPs, the use of systemic ectoparasiticides, such as afoxolaner (NexGard®; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health), may have the potential for controlling these infections. The aim of this study was to assess, for the first time, the insecticidal efficacy of NexGard® in decreasing the transmission of D. immitis and L. infantum to sheltered dogs living in a hyperendemic area, compared to the year before treatment, as well as its impact on the abundance of mosquito and sand fly populations. METHODS: All dogs (n = 179) enrolled in the study were divided into two groups based on their infection status at enrollment: a non-infected group (G1) and an infected group (G2; infected with D. immitis, L. infantum or both). The study was conducted from March 2020 to March 2021. In order to exclude all animals infected with L. infantum and D. immitis before March 2020 (sampling time: T0), dogs in G1 were sampled in June (T1; i.e. T0 + 90 days) and in October 2020 (T2; i.e. T0 + 210 days). From March to September 2020, all animals (G1 and G2) were weighed and treated monthly with NexGard®. Animals in G1 were tested for the last time in March 2021 (T3; i.e. T0 + 330 days) for assessing post-treatment incidence rate of infection and prevention efficacy. RESULTS: The post-treatment incidence of D. immitis was 3.7% (1/27; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2-18.1) and that of L. infantum was 3.6% (3/83; 95% CI: 1.0-10.1). Considering the annual incidence in 2019 and 2020, the protective efficacy against D. immitis and L. infantum infections was 94.2 and 64%, respectively. Of the female mosquitoes collected (n = 146), only one pool out of 50 tested positive for D. immitis DNA, whereas out of 1252 female Sergentomya minuta specimens collected, only four tested positive for L. infantum (0.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Afoxolaner is efficacious in decreasing the rate of transmission of both D. immitis and L. infantum; however, comparison of the pre- and post-treatment period demonstrated that there was a significant difference only in the seasonal incidences of D. immitis infection. Preventive measures are recommended throughout the year in endemic areas to reduce the risk of pathogen transmission to animals and humans.
Asunto(s)
Dirofilaria immitis/efectos de los fármacos , Dirofilariasis/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Perros/prevención & control , Isoxazoles/uso terapéutico , Leishmania infantum/efectos de los fármacos , Leishmaniasis Visceral/veterinaria , Naftalenos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Dirofilariasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Dirofilariasis/transmisión , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Perros/transmisión , Perros , Enfermedades Endémicas/veterinaria , Femenino , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Isoxazoles/farmacología , Isoxazoles/normas , Leishmaniasis Visceral/tratamiento farmacológico , Leishmaniasis Visceral/prevención & control , Leishmaniasis Visceral/transmisión , Mosquitos Vectores/clasificación , Naftalenos/farmacología , Naftalenos/normas , Psychodidae/clasificación , Tiempo (Meteorología)RESUMEN
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease associated with poverty and is endemic in 56 countries worldwide. Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia are the most affected countries in South America. In Colombia, the National Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA) consolidates epidemiological information and monitors all VL cases nationwide. However, to date, no studies have investigated the occurrence of VL in Colombia using metadata analysis. We studied the demographic data, the spatial and temporal distribution of VL cases, and the association with vector distribution of Leishmania species in Colombia from 2007 to 2018. We found 306 VL cases reported to SIVIGILA for this period, with a coverage of 25.5 cases/year, and a mortality of 2.28% (seven deaths). The highest number of confirmed cases (N = 52) occurred in 2007; the lowest (N = 9) occurred in 2012. The cases were reported mainly in children (< 7 years) affiliated with the subsidized health regimen. Regarding the geographic distribution, the cases were reported by 42 municipalities distributed in 10 departments. The occurrence of VL cases toward the northeast of Colombia, and the distribution of vectors, such as Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lu. evansi, may be changing the panorama of VL in the country. We conclude that VL, mainly in recent years, shows a temporal and spatial variability associated with the occurrence of cases in new settings. Our findings increase our understanding and knowledge of this disease, and suggest the need to monitor and prioritize areas with changes in geographic expansion to improve prevention and control actions in the country.
Asunto(s)
Leishmaniasis Visceral/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Colombia/epidemiología , Humanos , Lactante , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Leishmania/clasificación , Leishmania/aislamiento & purificación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psychodidae/clasificación , Psychodidae/parasitología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Análisis Espacial , Especificidad de la Especie , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Two new species of Bruchomyiinae Macquart from Brazil are described and illustrated. Laurenceomyia peixotoi Santos, Brazil Pinto sp. nov. to Amazon Forest and Boreofairchildia alexanderi Santos, Brazil Pinto sp. nov. to Atlantic Forest.
Asunto(s)
Psychodidae/clasificación , Animales , Brasil , BosquesRESUMEN
Psychodid specimens were sorted from samples collected during fieldwork in areas in and around the Caucasus Mountains in 2019. Thornburghiella montana sp. nov. (from Georgia) and Pericoma inopinata sp. nov. (from Azerbaijan and Georgia) are described. Differential diagnoses are given and diagnostic characters illustrated.
Asunto(s)
Psychodidae/clasificación , Distribución Animal , Animales , Azerbaiyán , GeorgiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The municipality of Caratinga is an important endemic area for American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) and no epidemiological studies were performed during the past two decades. Here, we analyzed the epidemiological situation and the geographical distribution of ATL cases in the municipality of Caratinga from 2007 to 2018 using geographic information systems (GIS). Also, we evaluated the impact of several demographic parameters in ATL distribution and the sand flies incriminated in its transmission. METHODS: All demographic information (gender, age, educational level, clinical form, diagnostic criteria and case evolution) used in this study was retrieved from the public health archives and confirmed in the State Health Services databases. All cases were analyzed using GIS software based on ATL distribution. Also, non-systematic sand fly collections and molecular detection of Leishmania were performed in the hotspots. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: During the period, ATL cases continued and increased especially in the past years (2016-2018). Hotspots included urban Caratinga areas and the districts of Patrocínio de Caratinga and Sapucaia. The species Nyssomyia whitmani, Nyssomyia intermedia, Migonemyia migonei and Evandromyia cortelezzii complex were captured. However, ITS1-PCR did not detect Leishmania DNA in those insects. Based on our analyses, urbanization of ATL in Caratinga has occurred in the past years. Due to the increase in the number of cases and vectors presence, it is recommended that health authorities focus on control measures in the most affected areas (Patrocínio of Caratinga and Sapucaia districts and urban Caratinga).