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This study aimed to investigate the effects of rolipram, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on brain tissue regeneration. Trimethyltin-injected mice, an animal model of hippocampal tissue regeneration, was created by a single injection of trimethyltin chloride (2.2â mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Daily rolipram administration (10â mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was performed from the day after trimethyltin injection until the day before sampling. In Experiment 1, brain samples were collected on day 7 postinjection of trimethyltin following the forced swim test. In Experiment 2, bromodeoxyuridine (150â mg/kg, intraperitoneally/day) was administered on days 3-5 and sampling was on day 21 postinjection of trimethyltin. Samples were routinely embedded in paraffin and sections were obtained for histopathological investigation. In Experiment 1, rolipram-treated mice showed shortened immobility times in the forced swim test. Histopathology revealed that rolipram treatment had improved the replenishment of neuronal nuclei-positive neurons in the dentate gyrus, which was accompanied by an increase in the percentage of phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein-positive cells. In addition, rolipram had decreased the percentage of ionized calcium-binding adapter protein 1-positive microglia with activated morphology and the number of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-expressing cells. In Experiment 2, double immunofluorescence for bromodeoxyuridine/neuronal nuclei revealed an increase of double-positive cells in rolipram-treated mice. These results demonstrate that rolipram effectively promotes brain tissue regeneration by enhancing the survival of newborn neurons and inhibiting neuroinflammation.
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Hipocampo , Rolipram , Compuestos de Trimetilestaño , Animales , Compuestos de Trimetilestaño/toxicidad , Rolipram/farmacología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/patología , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Ratones , Masculino , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/patología , Regeneración Nerviosa/efectos de los fármacos , Regeneración Nerviosa/fisiología , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/patología , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Microglía/patologíaRESUMEN
Autosomal Dominant Osteopetrosis type II (ADO2) is a rare bone disease of impaired osteoclastic bone resorption caused by heterozygous missense mutations in the chloride channel 7 (CLCN7). Adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the formation of cAMP, is critical for lysosomal acidification in osteoclasts. We found reduced cAMP levels in ADO2 osteoclasts compared to wild-type (WT) osteoclasts, leading us to examine whether regulating cAMP would improve ADO2 osteoclast activity. Although forskolin, a known activator of adenylate cyclase and cAMP levels, negatively affected osteoclast number, it led to an overall increase in ADO2 and WT osteoclast resorption activity in vitro. Next, we examined cAMP hydrolysis by the phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) proteins in ADO2 versus WT osteoclasts. QPCR analysis revealed higher expression of the three major PDE4 subtypes (4a, 4b, 4d) in ADO2 osteoclasts compared in WT, consistent with reduced cAMP levels in ADO2 osteoclasts. In addition, we found that the PDE4 antagonists, rolipram and roflumilast, stimulated ADO2 and WT osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, roflumilast and rolipram displayed a concentration-dependent increase in osteoclast resorption activity which was greater in ADO2 than WT osteoclasts. Moreover, treatment with roflumilast rescued cAMP levels in ADO2 OCLs. The key findings from our studies demonstrate that osteoclasts from ADO2 mice exhibit reduced cAMP levels and PDE4 inhibition rescues cAMP levels and ADO2 osteoclast activity dysfunction in vitro. The mechanism of action of PDE4 inhibitors and their ability to reduce the high bone mass of ADO2 mice in vivo are currently under investigation. Importantly, these studies advance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the ADO2 osteoclast dysfunction which is critical for the development of therapeutic approaches to treat clinically affected ADO2 patients.
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Aminopiridinas , Benzamidas , Resorción Ósea , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4 , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Rolipram/farmacología , Rolipram/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/farmacología , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Adenilil Ciclasas/metabolismo , Resorción Ósea/tratamiento farmacológico , Resorción Ósea/metabolismo , Canales de Cloruro/genética , CiclopropanosRESUMEN
This study aimed to examine the effect of Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibition on Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) and its potential cell signaling pathway in the ovarian ischemia reperfusion (OIR) model. Thirty adult female rats were divided into five groups: Group 1; Control: Sham operation, Group 2; OIR that 3 hour ischemia followed by 3 hour reperfusion, Group 3; OIR + Rolipram 1 mg/kg, Group 4; OIR + Rolipram 3 mg/kg, Group 5; OIR + Rolipram 5 mg/kg. Rolipram was administered intraperitoneally to the rats in groups 3-4 and 5 at determined doses 30 minutes before reperfusion. From ovary tissue; Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), Nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AQP5 levels were measured by ELISA. We also measured the level of AQP5 in ovary tissue by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In the OIR groups; TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-6, MAPK inflammatory levels increased, and cAMP and AQP5 levels decreased, which improved with the administration of rolipram doses. Also histopathological results showed damaged ovarian tissue after OIR, while rolipram administration decrased tissue damage in a dose dependent manner. We propose that the protective effect of PDE4 inhibition in OIR may be regulated by AQP5 and its potential cell signaling pathway and may be a new target in OIR therapy. However, clinical studies are needed to appraise these data in humans.
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Acuaporina 5 , Ovario , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4 , Daño por Reperfusión , Rolipram , Animales , Femenino , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/farmacología , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/uso terapéutico , Daño por Reperfusión/tratamiento farmacológico , Daño por Reperfusión/metabolismo , Daño por Reperfusión/patología , Rolipram/farmacología , Rolipram/uso terapéutico , Ovario/efectos de los fármacos , Ovario/patología , Ovario/metabolismo , Ovario/irrigación sanguínea , Acuaporina 5/metabolismo , Ratas , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 4/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Sleep deprivation (SD) is widely acknowledged as a significant risk factor for cognitive impairment. In this study, intraperitoneal caffeine administration significantly ameliorated the learning and memory (L/M) deficits induced by SD and reduced aggressive behaviors in adult zebrafish. SD led to a reduction in protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation, phosphorylated-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), and c-Fos expression in zebrafish brain. Notably, these alterations were effectively reversed by caffeine. In addition, caffeine mitigated neuroinflammation induced by SD, as evident from suppression of the SD-mediated increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Caffeine restored normal O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) levels while reversing the increased expression of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in zebrafish brain after SD. Intriguingly, rolipram, a selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, effectively mitigated cognitive deficits, restored p-CREB and c-Fos levels, and attenuated the increase in GFAP in brain induced by SD. In addition, rolipram reversed the decrease in O-GlcNAcylation and OGT expression as well as elevation of OGA expression following SD. Treatment with H89, a PKA inhibitor, significantly impaired the L/M functions of zebrafish compared with the control group, inducing a decrease in O-GlcNAcylation and OGT expression and, conversely, an increase in OGA expression. The H89-induced changes in O-GlcNAc cycling and L/M dysfunction were effectively reversed by glucosamine treatment. H89 suppressed, whereas caffeine and rolipram promoted O-GlcNAc cycling in Neuro2a cells. Our collective findings underscore the interplay between PKA signaling and O-GlcNAc cycling in the regulation of cognitive function in the brain, offering potential therapeutic targets for cognitive deficits associated with SD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our observation highlights the intricate interplay between cAMP/PKA signaling and O-GlcNAc cycling, unveiling a novel mechanism that potentially governs the regulation of learning and memory functions. The dynamic interplay between these two pathways provides a novel and nuanced perspective on the molecular foundation of learning and memory regulation. These insights open avenues for the development of targeted interventions to treat conditions that impact cognitive function, including SD.
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Disfunción Cognitiva , Isoquinolinas , Privación de Sueño , Sulfonamidas , Animales , Privación de Sueño/tratamiento farmacológico , Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Cafeína/farmacología , Rolipram , Acetilglucosamina/metabolismo , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Cognición , Disfunción Cognitiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferasas/genética , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to investigate the functional role of phosphodiesterase enzymes (PDE) in the isolated porcine ureter. Distal ureteral strips were mounted in organ baths and pre-contracted with 5-HT (100 µM). Upon generation of stable phasic contractions, PDE-4 and PDE-5 inhibitors were added cumulatively to separate tissues. PDE-4 inhibitors, such as rolipram (10 nM and greater) and roflumilast (100 nM and greater), resulted in significant attenuation of ureteral contractile responses, while a higher concentration of piclamilast (1 µM and greater) was required to induce a significant depressant effect. The attenuation effect by rolipram was abolished by SQ22536 (100 µM). PDE-5 inhibitors, such as sildenafil and tadalafil, were not nearly as effective and were only able to suppress the 5-HT-induced contractions at higher concentrations of 1 µM. Rolipram significantly enhanced the depressant effect of forskolin, while sodium nitroprusside-induced attenuation of contractile responses remained unchanged in the presence of tadalafil. In summary, our study demonstrates that PDE-4 inhibitors are effective in attenuating 5-HT-induced contractility in porcine distal ureteral tissues, while PDE-5 inhibitors are less effective. These findings suggest that PDE-4 inhibitors, such as rolipram, may hold promise as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of ureteral disorders attributable to increased intra-ureteral pressure.
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Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4 , Uréter , Animales , Porcinos , Rolipram/farmacología , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 4 , Isoenzimas , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 5/farmacología , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/farmacología , Uréter/fisiología , Serotonina/farmacología , TadalafiloRESUMEN
DO-2 is a highly selective MNNG HOS transforming (MET) inhibitor. This deuterated drug is thought to diminish the formation of the Aldehyde Oxidase 1 inactive metabolite M3. For various reasons, quantification of DO-2 and its metabolites M3 and DO-5 is highly relevant. In this study, we present an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to quantify DO-2, M3 and DO-5. Rolipram served as the internal standard. Aliquots of 25 µL were mixed with 100 µL internal standard consisting of 10 ng/mL rolipram in acetonitrile. Separation of the analytes was achieved on an Acquity UPLC ® HSS T3 column, utilizing gradient elution with water/formic acid and acetonitrile/formic acid at a flow-rate of 0.400 mL/min. Calibration curves were linear in the range of 1.00 - 1000 ng/mL for DO-2 and DO-5, and 2.00 - 2000 ng/mL for M3 in human plasma. The within-run and between-run precisions of DO-2, DO-5 and M3, also at the level of the LLQ, were within 12.1%, while the accuracy ranged from 89.5 to 108.7%. All values for accuracy, within-run and between-run precisions met the criteria set by the Food and Drug Administration. The method was effectively employed in the analysis of samples obtained from a clinical trial.
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Formiatos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Humanos , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Rolipram , Acetonitrilos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodosRESUMEN
AIM: Circulated histones play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and severe trauma, and it is one of the potential molecular targets for therapeutics. Recently, we reported that histone is one of the causative agents for urinary L-FABP increase. However, the mechanism is still unclear, especially in severe cases. We further investigated the mechanism of urinary L-FABP increase using a more severe mouse model with histone-induced kidney injury. This study also aims to evaluate the therapeutic responsiveness of urinary L-FABP as a preliminary study. METHODS: Human L-FABP chromosomal transgenic mice were administrated 30 mg/kg histone from a tail vein with a single dose. We also performed a comparative study in LPS administration model. For the evaluation of the therapeutic responsiveness of urinary L-FABP, we used heparin and rolipram. RESULTS: The histological change with cast formation as a characteristic of the models was observed in proximal tubules. Urinary L-FABP levels were significantly elevated and these levels tended to be higher in those with more cast formation. Heparin and rolipram had the ameliorative effect of the cast formation induced by histone and urinary L-FABP levels significantly decreased. CONCLUSION: Histone is one of the causative agents for the increase of urinary L-FABP at an early stage of AKI. In addition, it suggested that urinary L-FABP may be useful as a subclinical AKI marker reflecting kidney damage induced by histone. Furthermore, urinary L-FABP reflected the degree of the damage after the administration of therapeutic agents such as heparin and PDE4 inhibitor.
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Lesión Renal Aguda , Histonas , Ratones , Animales , Humanos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Rolipram , Riñón/patología , Lesión Renal Aguda/inducido químicamente , Lesión Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Ratones Transgénicos , Proteínas de Unión a Ácidos Grasos/genética , Proteínas de Unión a Ácidos Grasos/orina , Biomarcadores/orina , Heparina , HígadoRESUMEN
Vesicular carriers of drugs are popular for specific targeting and delivery. The most popular vesicles among these are liposomes. However, they suffer from some inherent limitations. In this work, alternative vesicles with enhanced stability, i.e., niosomes and bilosomes have been prepared, characterized, and their delivery efficiency studied. Bilosomes have the additional advantage of being able to withstand the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The taurine-derived bile salt (NaTC) was incorporated into the bilosome bilayer. The inspiration behind NaTC insertion is the recent reports on antiaging action and immune function of taurine. Fluorescence probing was used to study the vesicle environment. The entrapment and subsequent release of the important cAMP-specific PDE4 inhibitor/drug Rolipram, which has antibreast cancer properties, was assessed on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Rolipram has important therapeutic applications, one of the most significant in recent times being the treatment of Covid-19-triggered pneumonia and cytokine storms. As for cancer chemotherapy, the localization of drug, targeted delivery, and sustained release are extremely important issues, and it seemed worthwhile to explore the potential of the bilosomes and niosomes to entrap and release Rolipram. The important finding is that niosomes perform much better than bilosomes in the hormone-responsive breast cancer mileau MCF-7. Moreover, there was a 4-fold decrease in the IC50 of Rolipram encapsulated in niosomes compared to Rolipram alone. On the other hand, bilosome-encapsulated Rolipram shows higher IC50 value. The results can be further understood by molecular docking studies.
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Neoplasias de la Mama , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4 , Humanos , Femenino , Rolipram/farmacología , Rolipram/uso terapéutico , Liposomas , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/farmacología , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/uso terapéutico , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , TaurinaRESUMEN
Activation and transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into migratory myofibroblasts is a key process in liver fibrogenesis. Cell migration requires an active remodeling of the cytoskeleton, which is a tightly regulated process coordinated by Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and the Rho family of small GTPases. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) promotes assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers by regulating cytoskeleton organization. GEF exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) has been implicated in modulating TGFß1 and Rho signaling; however, its role in HSC migration has never been examined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzymes in regulating EPAC1 signaling, HSC migration, and fibrogenesis. We show that PDE4 protein expression is increased in activated HSCs expressing alpha smooth muscle actin and active myosin light chain (MLC) in fibrotic tissues of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis livers and mouse livers exposed to carbon tetrachloride. In human livers, TGFß1 levels were highly correlated with PDE4 expression. TGFß1 treatment of LX2 HSCs decreased levels of cAMP and EPAC1 and increased PDE4D expression. PDE4 specific inhibitor, rolipram, and an EPAC-specific agonist decreased TGFß1-mediated cell migration in vitro. In vivo, targeted delivery of rolipram to the liver prevented fibrogenesis and collagen deposition and decreased the expression of several fibrosis-related genes, and HSC activation. Proteomic analysis of mouse liver tissues identified the regulation of actin cytoskeleton by the kinase effectors of Rho GTPases as a major pathway impacted by rolipram. Western blot analyses confirmed that PDE4 inhibition decreased active MLC and endothelin 1 levels, key proteins involved in cytoskeleton remodeling and contractility. The current study, for the first time, demonstrates that PDE4 enzymes are expressed in hepatic myofibroblasts and promote cytoskeleton remodeling and HSC migration. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Actinas , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 4 , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Actinas/metabolismo , Movimiento Celular , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 4/genética , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 4/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/patología , Fibrosis , Células Estrelladas Hepáticas/metabolismo , Cirrosis Hepática/patología , Proteómica , Rolipram/metabolismoRESUMEN
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in immediate axonal damage and cell death, as well as a prolonged secondary injury consist of a cascade of pathophysiological processes. One important aspect of secondary injury is activation of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) that leads to reduce cAMP levels in the injured spinal cord. We have developed an amphiphilic copolymer, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine (PgP) that can deliver Rolipram, the PDE4 inhibitor. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of rolipram loaded PgP (Rm-PgP) on secondary injury and motor functional recovery in a rat moderate contusion SCI model. We observed that Rm-PgP can increase cAMP level at the lesion site, and reduce secondary injury such as the inflammatory response by macrophages/microglia, astrogliosis by activated astrocytes and apoptosis as well as improve neuronal survival at 4 weeks post-injury (WPI). We also observed that Rm-PgP can improve motor functional recovery after SCI over 4 WPI.
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Contusiones , Nanopartículas , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal , Ratas , Animales , Rolipram/farmacología , Rolipram/uso terapéutico , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Recuperación de la Función , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/tratamiento farmacológico , Contusiones/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, exhibiting a high rate of recurrence and poor prognosis. Surgery and chemoradiation with temozolomide (TMZ) represent the standard of care, but, in most cases, the tumor develops resistance to further treatment and the patients succumb to disease. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of well-tolerated, effective drugs that specifically target chemoresistant gliomas. NEO214 was generated by covalently conjugating rolipram, a PDE4 (phosphodiesterase 4) inhibitor, to perillyl alcohol, a naturally occurring monoterpene related to limonene. Our previous studies in preclinical models showed that NEO214 harbors anticancer activity, is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and is remarkably well tolerated. In the present study, we investigated its mechanism of action and discovered inhibition of macroautophagy/autophagy as a key component of its anticancer effect in glioblastoma cells. We show that NEO214 prevents autophagy-lysosome fusion, thereby blocking autophagic flux and triggering glioma cell death. This process involves activation of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) activity, which leads to cytoplasmic accumulation of TFEB (transcription factor EB), a critical regulator of genes involved in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and consequently reduced expression of autophagy-lysosome genes. When combined with chloroquine and TMZ, the anticancer impact of NEO214 is further potentiated and unfolds against TMZ-resistant cells as well. Taken together, our findings characterize NEO214 as a novel autophagy inhibitor that could become useful for overcoming chemoresistance in glioblastoma.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; BAFA1: bafilomycin A1; BBB: blood brain barrier; CQ: chloroquine; GBM: glioblastoma; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MGMT: O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC: MTOR complex; POH: perillyl alcohol; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TMZ: temozolomide.
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Glioblastoma , Glioma , Humanos , Glioblastoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Temozolomida/farmacología , Temozolomida/uso terapéutico , Autofagia/genética , Rolipram/metabolismo , Rolipram/farmacología , Rolipram/uso terapéutico , Muerte Celular , Monoterpenos/farmacología , Monoterpenos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos/uso terapéutico , Glioma/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Sirolimus/farmacología , Cloroquina/farmacología , Cloroquina/uso terapéutico , Lisosomas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is the most prevalent complication of diabetes. Pharmacological treatments for DN are often limited in efficacy, so the development of new agents to alleviate DN is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rolipram, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor (PDE-4I), and pentoxifylline, a general PDE inhibitor, using a rat model of DN. In this study, a diabetic rat model was established by i.p. injection of STZ (55 mg/kg). Rats were treated with rolipram (1 mg/kg), pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg), and combination of rolipram (0.5 mg/kg) and pentoxifylline (50 mg/kg), orally for 5 weeks. After treatments, sensory function was assessed by hot plate test. Then rats were anesthetized and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP, adenosine diphosphate and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels, Cytochrome c release, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 proteins expression in DRG neurons were assessed by biochemical and ELISA methods, and western blot analysis. DRG neurons were histologically examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining method. Rolipram and/or pentoxifylline significantly attenuated sensory dysfunction by modulating nociceptive threshold. Rolipram and/or pentoxifylline treatment dramatically increased the cAMP level, prevented mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and degeneration of DRG neurons, which appears to be mediated by inducing ATP and MMP, improving cytochrome c release, as well as regulating the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins, and improving morphological abnormalities of DRG neurons. We found maximum effectiveness with rolipram and pentoxifylline combination on mentioned factors. These findings encourage the use of rolipram and pentoxifylline combination as a novel experimental evidence for further clinical investigations in the treatment of DN.
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Diabetes Mellitus , Neuropatías Diabéticas , Pentoxifilina , Ratas , Animales , Pentoxifilina/farmacología , Pentoxifilina/uso terapéutico , Rolipram/farmacología , Rolipram/metabolismo , Rolipram/uso terapéutico , Neuropatías Diabéticas/metabolismo , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Citocromos c/metabolismo , Ganglios Espinales/metabolismo , Proteína X Asociada a bcl-2/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa/farmacología , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis , Neuronas/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Mitocondrias , Diabetes Mellitus/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer disease (AD) and depression often cooccur, and inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) has been shown to ameliorate neurodegenerative illness. Therefore, we explored whether PDE4 inhibitor rolipram might also improve the symptoms of comorbid AD and depression. METHODS: APP/PS1/tau mice (10 months old) were treated with or without daily i.p. injections of rolipram for 10 days. The animal groups were compared in behavioral tests related to learning, memory, anxiety, and depression. Neurochemical measures were conducted to explore the underlying mechanism of rolipram. RESULTS: Rolipram attenuated cognitive decline as well as anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. These benefits were attributed at least partly to the downregulation of amyloid-ß, Amyloid precursor protein (APP), and Presenilin 1 (PS1); lower tau phosphorylation; greater neuronal survival; and normalized glial cell function following rolipram treatment. In addition, rolipram upregulated B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and downregulated Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) to reduce apoptosis; it also downregulated interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α to restrain neuroinflammation. Furthermore, rolipram increased cAMP, PKA, 26S proteasome, EPAC2, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 while decreasing EPAC1. CONCLUSIONS: Rolipram may mitigate cognitive deficits and depression-like behavior by reducing amyloid-ß pathology, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis. These effects may be mediated by stimulating cAMP/PKA/26S and cAMP/exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC)/ERK signaling pathways. This study suggests that PDE4 inhibitor rolipram can be an effective target for treatment of comorbid AD and depression.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4 , Ratones , Animales , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/farmacología , Rolipram/farmacología , Ratones Transgénicos , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/farmacología , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias , Presenilina-1/metabolismo , Presenilina-1/farmacología , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Trastornos de la Memoria/tratamiento farmacológico , Apoptosis , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
Rolipram is a selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor. The effect of rolipram on the metastasis of choriocarcinoma is barely known. Here, we evaluated the role of rolipram in the migration and invasion of human choriocarcinoma cells in vitro. Human choriocarcinoma cells lines JEG3 and JAR were used in this study. The expression profile of PDE4 subfamily members in choriocarcinoma cells was evaluated using real-time PCR. The migration and invasion properties of choriocarcinoma cells before and after inhibition of PDE4 by rolipram or RNAi-directed knockdown were evaluated in vitro. Expression levels of MMP9, TIMP1, E-cadherin, vimentin, TGFß1, SMAD1, and SMAD4 of choriocarcinoma cells were compared before and after rolipram treatment, RNAi-directed knockdown of PDE4D, and overexpression of PDE4D. We found PDE4D was the most commonly expressed isoform of PDE4 both in JEG3 and JAR cells. Rolipram and knockdown of PDE4D were efficient to inhibit the migration and invasion of choriocarcinoma cells in vitro, accompanied by decreased expression of MMP9 and TIMP1. Furthermore, rolipram and knockdown of PDE4D promoted the expression of E-cadherin but reduced the expression of vimentin in choriocarcinoma cells, and overexpression of PDE4D decreased the expression of E-cadherin but promoted the expression of vimentin. Rolipram suppressed migration and invasion of human choriocarcinoma cells in vitro, possibly by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition through PDE4 inhibition.
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Coriocarcinoma , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4 , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Rolipram/farmacología , Rolipram/metabolismo , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 4/genética , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/genética , Vimentina , Línea Celular Tumoral , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/farmacologíaRESUMEN
In vitro maturation of porcine oocytes is characterized by asynchronous cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation, leading to less competent oocytes supporting embryo development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of rolipram and cilostamide as cyclic Adenine monophosphate (cAMP) modulators to find the maximum cAMP levels that temporarily arrest meiosis. We determined the optimal time to maintain functional gap junction communication during pre-in vitro maturation to be four hours. Oocyte competence was evaluated by the level of glutathione, reactive oxygen species, meiotic progression, and gene expression. We evaluated embryonic developmental competence after parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer. The combined treatment group showed significantly higher glutathione and lower reactive oxygen species levels and a higher maturation rate than the control and single treatment groups. Cleavage and blastocyst formation rates in parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos were higher in two-phase in vitro maturation than in the other groups. The relative levels of BMP15and GDF9 expression were increased in two-phase in vitro maturation. Somatic cell nuclear transfer blastocysts from two-phase in vitro maturation oocytes showed a lower level of expression of apoptotic genes than the control, indicating better pre-implantation developmental competence. The combination of rolipram and cilostamide resulted in optimal synchrony of cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation in porcine in vitro matured oocytes and there by enhanced the developmental competence of pre-implantation embryos.
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Técnicas de Maduración In Vitro de los Oocitos , Oocitos , Animales , Porcinos , Técnicas de Maduración In Vitro de los Oocitos/métodos , Rolipram/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Oocitos/metabolismo , Desarrollo Embrionario , Blastocisto/metabolismo , Glutatión/metabolismoRESUMEN
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is associated with kidney dysfunction and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Here, we evaluated the effects of the phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitors rolipram and roflumilast on a doxorubicin-induced NS model. Early-stage rolipram treatment preserved glomerular filtration barrier function, as indicated by reduced serum protein and albumin loss and the prevention of hypercholesterolemia. These effects were associated with reduced glomerular and tubular lesions and abrogated renal cell apoptosis. In addition, rolipram treatment reduced inflammation, which was characterized by a decrease in macrophage accumulation and reduced levels of CCL2 and TNF in the kidneys. Rolipram also reduced renal fibrosis, which was associated with decreased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) area and increased metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) activity in renal tissue. Late-stage rolipram or roflumilast treatment preserved glomerular filtration barrier function, as characterized by reduced serum albumin loss, decreased proteinuria, and the prevention of hypercholesterolemia. Importantly, only roflumilast treatment was associated with a reduction in glomerular and tubular lesions at this time point. In addition, both rolipram and roflumilast reduced renal tissue fibrosis and MMP9 activity in renal tissue.
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Hipercolesterolemia , Enfermedades Renales , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4 , Ratones , Animales , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/farmacología , Rolipram/farmacología , Rolipram/uso terapéutico , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 4/metabolismo , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz , Riñón/metabolismo , Enfermedades Renales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , FibrosisRESUMEN
The intracellular signaling pathways that regulate myometrial contractions can be targeted by drugs for tocolysis. The agents, 2-APB, glycyl-H-1152, and HC-067047, have been identified as inhibitors of uterine contractility and may have tocolytic potential. However, the contraction-blocking potency of these novel tocolytics was yet to be comprehensively assessed and compared to agents that have seen greater scrutiny, such as the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, aminophylline and rolipram, or the clinically used tocolytics, nifedipine and indomethacin. We determined the IC50 concentrations (inhibit 50% of baseline contractility) for 2-APB, glycyl-H-1152, HC-067047, aminophylline, rolipram, nifedipine, and indomethacin against spontaneous ex vivo contractions in pregnant human myometrium, and then compared their tocolytic potency. Myometrial strips obtained from term, not-in-labor women, were treated with cumulative concentrations of the contraction-blocking agents. Comprehensive dose-response curves were generated. The IC50 concentrations were 53 µM for 2-APB, 18.2 µM for glycyl-H-1152, 48 µM for HC-067047, 318.5 µM for aminophylline, 4.3 µM for rolipram, 10 nM for nifedipine, and 59.5 µM for indomethacin. A single treatment with each drug at the determined IC50 concentration was confirmed to reduce contraction performance (AUC) by approximately 50%. Of the three novel tocolytics examined, glycyl-H-1152 was the most potent inhibitor. However, of all the drugs examined, the overall order of contraction-blocking potency in decreasing order was nifedipine > rolipram > glycyl-H-1152 > HC-067047 > 2-APB > indomethacin > aminophylline. These data provide greater insight into the contraction-blocking properties of some novel tocolytics, with glycyl-H-1152, in particular, emerging as a potential novel tocolytic for preventing preterm birth.
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Nacimiento Prematuro , Tocolíticos , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Humanos , Femenino , Tocolíticos/farmacología , Nifedipino/farmacología , Nifedipino/metabolismo , Miometrio/metabolismo , Rolipram/metabolismo , Rolipram/farmacología , Aminofilina/metabolismo , Aminofilina/farmacología , Nacimiento Prematuro/metabolismo , Contracción Uterina , Indometacina/metabolismo , Indometacina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy aiming to promote fear extinction is a useful treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the mechanisms underlying fear extinction and effective methods used to promote fear extinction in PTSD are still lacking. In this study, we displayed dysfunctions of cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and calcium signaling in peripheral serum of PTSD patients using bioinformatics analysis. Later, we confirmed the dysfunctions of cAMP-PKA, AKT/mTOR and calcium signaling in the hippocampus of PTSD mice. Moreover, the reduction of calpain1 in the hippocampus enhanced fear memory acquisition. Single activation of PKA by systemic application of rolipram (ROL) or meglumine cyclic adenylate (M-cAMP) before re-exposure promoted fear extinction and improved anxiety-like behavior in PTSD mice. Moreover, systemic application of ROL before re-exposure improved hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) signaling and calpain1/AKT/mTOR signaling. Interestingly, the effects of activation of PKA could be partially blocked by TrkB antagonist, ANA-12 and mTOR inhibitor, RAPA. Finally, intranasal administration of ROL could also adjust the abnormality of fear memory and improve anxiety-like behaviors in PTSD mice. Collectively, activation of PKA could promote fear extinction, which correlated with the reduction of anxiety-like behavior. The mechanisms were related to the BDNF/TrkB and calpain1/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. PKA activation might be a useful complementary therapy for PE in the symptom elimination of PTSD.
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Miedo , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático , Ratones , Animales , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo , Extinción Psicológica , Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR , Rolipram , Señalización del Calcio , Adenosina , MamíferosRESUMEN
Levosimendan (up to 10 µM) given alone failed to increase force of contraction in isolated electrically stimulated (1 Hz) left atrial (LA) preparations from wild-type mice. Only in the additional presence of 0.1 µM rolipram, an inhibitor of the activity of phosphodiesterase IV, levosimendan increased force of contraction in LA and increased the phosphorylation state of phospholamban at amino acid serine 16. Levosimendan alone increased the beating rate in isolated spontaneously beating right atrial preparations from mice and this effect was potentiated by rolipram. The positive inotropic and the positive chronotropic effects of levosimendan in mouse atrial preparations were attenuated by 10 µM propranolol. Finally, we studied the contractile effects of levosimendan in isolated electrically stimulated (1 Hz) right atrial preparations from the human atrium (HAP), obtained during cardiac surgery. We detected concentration-dependent positive inotropic effects of levosimendan alone that reached plateau at 1 µM levosimendan in HAP (n = 11). Levosimendan shortened time of tension relaxation in HAP. Cilostamide (1 µM), an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase III, or propranolol (10 µM) blocked the positive inotropic effect of levosimendan in HAP. Levosimendan (1 µM) alone increased in HAP the phosphorylation state of phospholamban. In conclusion, we present evidence that levosimendan acts via phosphodiesterase III inhibition in the human atrium leading to phospholamban phosphorylation and thus explaining the positive inotropic effects of levosimendan in HAP.
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Fibrilación Atrial , Propranolol , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Simendán/farmacología , Rolipram/farmacología , Fosforilación , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 3/metabolismo , Propranolol/farmacología , Contracción Miocárdica , Cardiotónicos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Calcineurin (Cn), a phosphatase important for synaptic plasticity and neuronal development, has been implicated in the etiology and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. Forebrain-specific conditional Cn knockout mice have been known to exhibit multiple behavioral phenotypes related to these disorders. In this study, we investigated whether Cn mutant mice show pseudo-immaturity of the dentate gyrus (iDG) in the hippocampus, which we have proposed as an endophenotype shared by these disorders. Expression of calbindin and GluA1, typical markers for mature DG granule cells (GCs), was decreased and that of doublecortin, calretinin, phospho-CREB, and dopamine D1 receptor (Drd1), markers for immature GC, was increased in Cn mutants. Phosphorylation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) substrates (GluA1, ERK2, DARPP-32, PDE4) was increased and showed higher sensitivity to SKF81297, a Drd1-like agonist, in Cn mutants than in controls. While cAMP/PKA signaling is increased in the iDG of Cn mutants, chronic treatment with rolipram, a selective PDE4 inhibitor that increases intracellular cAMP, ameliorated the iDG phenotype significantly and nesting behavior deficits with nominal significance. Chronic rolipram administration also decreased the phosphorylation of CREB, but not the other four PKA substrates examined, in Cn mutants. These results suggest that Cn deficiency induces pseudo-immaturity of GCs and that cAMP signaling increases to compensate for this maturation abnormality. This study further supports the idea that iDG is an endophenotype shared by certain neuropsychiatric disorders.