RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Human subjects with generalized growth hormone (GH) insensitivity due to GH receptor deficiency (GHRD)/Laron syndrome display a very low incidence of insulin resistance, diabetes, and cancer, as well as delayed age-related cognitive decline. However, the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in these subjects is poorly understood. Here, we have assessed cardiovascular function, damage, and risk factors in GHRD subjects and their relatives. METHODS: We measured markers of CVD in two phases: one in a cohort of 30 individuals (GHRD = 16, control relatives = 14) brought to USC (in Los Angeles, CA) and one in a cohort including additional individuals examined in Ecuador (where the subjects live) for a total of 44 individuals (GHRD = 21, control relatives = 23). Data were collected on GHRD and control groups living in similar geographical locations and sharing comparable environmental and socio-economic circumstances. RESULTS: Compared to controls, GHRD subjects displayed lower serum glucose, insulin, blood pressure, smaller cardiac dimensions, similar pulse wave velocity, lower carotid artery intima-media thickness, lower creatinine, and a non-significant but major reduction in the portion of subjects with carotid atherosclerotic plaques (7% GHRDs vs. 36%, Controls p = 0.1333) despite elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION: The current study indicates that individuals with GHRD have normal or improved levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors as compared to their relatives. FUNDING: This study was funded in part by NIH/NIA grant P01 AG034906 to V.D.L.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiaca , Síndrome de Laron , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/análisis , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/deficiencia , Grosor Intima-Media Carotídeo , Ecuador/epidemiología , Receptores de Somatotropina/genética , Receptores de Somatotropina/deficiencia , Análisis de la Onda del Pulso , Factores de Riesgo , Glucemia/metabolismo , Glucemia/análisis , Presión Sanguínea , Estudios de Casos y ControlesRESUMEN
The growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) signaling pathway emerged in recent years as a key determinant of aging and longevity. Disruption of this network in different animal species, including flies, nematodes and mouse, was consistently associated with an extended lifespan. Epidemiological analyses have shown that patients with Laron syndrome (LS), the best-characterized disease under the umbrella of the congenital IGF1 deficiencies, seem to be protected from cancer. While aging and cancer, as a rule, are considered diametrically opposite processes, modern lines of evidence reinforce the notion that aging and cancer might, as a matter of fact, be regarded as divergent manifestations of identical biochemical and cellular underlying processes. While the effect of individual mutations on lifespan and health span is very difficult to assess, genome-wide screenings identified a number of differentially represented aging- and longevity-associated genes in patients with LS. The present review summarizes recent data that emerged from comprehensive analyses of LS patients and portrays a number of previously unrecognized targets for GH-IGF1 action. Our article sheds light on complex aging and longevity processes, with a particular emphasis on the role of the GH-IGF1 network in these mechanisms.
Asunto(s)
Hormona de Crecimiento Humana , Síndrome de Laron , Neoplasias , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Envejecimiento/genética , Longevidad/genética , Hormona del Crecimiento , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismoRESUMEN
Laron syndrome (LS) is a rare autosomal recessively segregating disorder of severe short stature. The condition is characterized by short limbs, delayed puberty, hypoglycemia in infancy, and obesity. Mutations in growth hormone receptor (GHR) have been implicated in LS; hence, it is also known as growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (MIM-262500). Here we represent a consanguineous Pakistani family in which three siblings were afflicted with LS. Patients had rather similar phenotypic presentations marked with short stature, delayed bone age, limited extension of elbows, truncal obesity, delayed puberty, childish appearance, and frontal bossing. They also had additional features such as hypo-muscularity, early fatigue, large ears, widely-spaced breasts, and attention deficit behavior, which are rarely reported in LS. The unusual combination of the features hindered a straightforward diagnosis and prompted us to first detect the regions of shared homozygosity and subsequently the disease-causing variant by next generation technologies, like SNP genotyping and exome sequencing. A homozygous pathogenic variant c.508G>C (p.(Asp170His)) in GHR was detected. The variant is known to be implicated in LS, supporting the molecular diagnosis of LS. Also, we present detailed clinical, hematological, and hormonal profiling of the siblings.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Laron , Pubertad Tardía , Humanos , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Síndrome de Laron/diagnóstico , Mutación/genética , Obesidad , Pakistán , Receptores de Somatotropina/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Severe primary insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) deficiency (SPIGFD) is a rare growth disorder characterized by short stature (standard deviation score [SDS] ≤ 3.0), low circulating concentrations of IGF-I (SDS ≤ 3.0), and normal or elevated concentrations of growth hormone (GH). Laron syndrome is the best characterized form of SPIGFD, caused by a defect in the GH receptor (GHR) gene. However, awareness of SPIGFD remains low, and individuals living with SPIGFD continue to face challenges associated with diagnosis, treatment and care. OBJECTIVE: To gather perspectives on the key challenges for individuals and families living with SPIGFD through a multi-stakeholder approach. By highlighting critical gaps in the awareness, diagnosis, and management of SPIGFD, this report aims to provide recommendations to improve care for people affected by SPIGFD globally. METHODS: An international group of clinical experts, researchers, and patient and caregiver representatives from the SPIGFD community participated in a virtual, half-day meeting to discuss key unmet needs and opportunities to improve the care of people living with SPIGFD. RESULTS: As a rare disorder, limited awareness and understanding of SPIGFD amongst healthcare professionals (HCPs) poses significant challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of those affected. Patients often face difficulties associated with receiving a formal diagnosis, delayed treatment initiation and limited access to appropriate therapy. This has a considerable impact on the physical health and quality of life for patients, highlighting a need for more education and clearer guidance for HCPs. Support from patient advocacy groups is valuable in helping patients and their families to find appropriate care. However, there remains a need to better understand the burden that SPIGFD has on individuals beyond height, including the impact on physical, emotional, and social wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS: To address the challenges faced by individuals and families affected by SPIGFD, greater awareness of SPIGFD is needed within the healthcare community, and a consensus on best practice in the care of individuals affected by this condition. Continued efforts are also needed at a global level to challenge existing perceptions around SPIGFD, and identify solutions that promote equitable access to appropriate care. Medical writing support was industry-sponsored.
Asunto(s)
Enanismo , Síndrome de Laron , Humanos , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/uso terapéutico , Calidad de Vida , Síndrome de Laron/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Laron/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Enanismo/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos del CrecimientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Human growth hormone (hGH) plays a crucial role in growth by binding to growth hormone receptor (GHR) in target cells. Binding of GH molecules to their cognate receptors triggers downstream signaling pathways leading to the transcription of several genes, including insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Pathogenic variants in the GHR gene can result in structural and functional defects in the GHR protein, leading to Laron Syndrome (LS) with the primary clinical manifestation of short stature. So far, around 100 GHR variants have been reported, mostly biallelic, as causing LS. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on three siblings from an Iranian consanguineous family who presented with dwarfism. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the proband, revealing a novel homozygous missense variant in the GHR gene (NM_000163.5; c.610 T > A, p.(Trp204Arg)) classified as a likely pathogenic variant according to the recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG). Co-segregation analysis was investigated using Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: To date, approximately 400-500 LS cases with GHR biallelic variants, out of them 10 patients originating from Iran, have been described in the literature. Given the high rate of consanguineous marriages in the Iranian population, the frequency of LS is expected to be higher, which might be explained by undiagnosed cases. Early diagnosis of LS is very important, as treatment is available for this condition.
Asunto(s)
Enanismo , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana , Síndrome de Laron , Humanos , Receptores de Somatotropina/genética , Receptores de Somatotropina/metabolismo , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Síndrome de Laron/tratamiento farmacológico , Irán , Consanguinidad , Linaje , Enanismo/genética , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Many clinical and experimental studies have implicated the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) axis with the progression of cancer. The epidemiological finding that patients with Laron syndrome (LS), the best-characterized disease under the spectrum of congenital IGF-1 deficiencies, do not develop cancer is of major scientific and translational relevance. The evasion of LS patients from cancer emphasizes the central role of the GH-IGF-1 system in cancer biology. To identify genes that are differentially expressed in LS and that might provide a biological foundation for cancer protection, we have recently conducted genome-wide profiling of LS patients and normal controls. Analyses were performed on immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from individual patients. Bioinformatic analyses identified a series of genes that are either over- or under-represented in LS. Differential expression was demonstrated in a number of gene families, including cell cycle, metabolic control, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Jak-STAT and PI3K-AKT signaling, etc. Major differences between LS and controls were also noticed in pathways associated with cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, and autophagy. The identification of novel downstream targets of the GH-IGF-1 network highlights the biological complexity of this hormonal system and sheds light on previously unrecognized mechanistic aspects associated with GH-IGF-1 action in the cancer cell.
Asunto(s)
Hormona de Crecimiento Humana , Síndrome de Laron , Neoplasias , Humanos , Hormona del Crecimiento , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Síndrome de Laron/metabolismo , Neoplasias/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-QuinasasRESUMEN
Laron syndrome (LS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by low levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and high levels of growth hormone (GH) due to mutations in the growth hormone receptor gene (GHR). A GHR-knockout (GHR-KO) pig was developed as a model for LS, which displays many of the same features as humans with LS-like transient juvenile hypoglycemia. This study aimed to investigate the effects of impaired GHR signaling on immune functions and immunometabolism in GHR-KO pigs. GHR are located on various cell types of the immune system. Therefore, we investigated lymphocyte subsets, proliferative and respiratory capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), proteome profiles of CD4- and CD4+ lymphocytes and IFN-α serum levels between wild-type (WT) controls and GHR-KO pigs, which revealed significant differences in the relative proportion of the CD4+CD8α- subpopulation and in IFN-α levels. We detected no significant difference in the respiratory capacity and the capacity for polyclonal stimulation in PBMCs between the two groups. But proteome analysis of CD4+ and CD4- lymphocyte populations revealed multiple significant protein abundance differences between GHR-KO and WT pigs, involving pathways related to amino acid metabolism, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, insulin secretion signaling, and oxidative phosphorylation. This study highlights the potential use of GHR-KO pigs as a model for studying the effects of impaired GHR signaling on immune functions.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Laron , Receptores de Somatotropina , Humanos , Animales , Porcinos , Receptores de Somatotropina/genética , Receptores de Somatotropina/metabolismo , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Síndrome de Laron/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Proteoma , Hormona del Crecimiento/metabolismoRESUMEN
Meta-analyses from 2018-2022 have shown that obesity increases the risk of various cancers such as acute myeloid lymphoma, chronic myeloid lymphoma, diffuse beta cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, bladder, breast, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal, ovarian, esophageal, kidney, liver, prostate, thyroid, and uterus. Contextually, obesity, and its comorbidities, is the largest, most lethal pandemics in the history of mankind; hence, identification of underlying mechanisms is needed to adequately address this global health threat. Herein, we present the metabolic and hormonal mechanisms linked to obesity that might etiologically contribute to neoplasia, including hyperinsulinemia and putative places in the insulin-signaling pathway. Excess insulin, acting as a growth factor, might contribute to tumorigenesis, while abundant ATP and GDP supply the additional energy needed for proliferation of rapidly dividing cells. Our observations in the Ecuadorian cohort of subjects with Laron syndrome (ELS) prove that obesity does not always associate with increased cancer risk. Indeed, despite excess body fat from birth to death, these individuals display a diminished incidence of cancer when compared to their age- and sex-matched relatives. Furthermore, in cell cultures exposed to potent oxidizing agents, addition of ELS serum induces less DNA damage as well as increased apoptosis. ELS individuals have absent growth hormone (GH) counter-regulatory effects in carbohydrate metabolism due to a defective GH receptor. The corresponding biochemical phenotype includes extremely low basal serum concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I, lower basal glucose and triglyceride (TG) levels, and diminished glucose, TG, and insulin responses to orally administered glucose or to a mixed meal.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Laron , Neoplasias , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Ecuador , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Insulina , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/complicaciones , GlucosaRESUMEN
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins act downstream of cytokine receptors to facilitate changes in gene expression that impact a range of developmental and homeostatic processes. Patients harbouring loss-of-function (LOF) STAT5B mutations exhibit postnatal growth failure due to lack of responsiveness to growth hormone as well as immune perturbation, a disorder called growth hormone insensitivity syndrome with immune dysregulation 1 (GHISID1). This study aimed to generate a zebrafish model of this disease by targeting the stat5.1 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 and characterising the effects on growth and immunity. The zebrafish Stat5.1 mutants were smaller, but exhibited increased adiposity, with concomitant dysregulation of growth and lipid metabolism genes. The mutants also displayed impaired lymphopoiesis with reduced T cells throughout the lifespan, along with broader disruption of the lymphoid compartment in adulthood, including evidence of T cell activation. Collectively, these findings confirm that zebrafish Stat5.1 mutants mimic the clinical impacts of human STAT5B LOF mutations, establishing them as a model of GHISID1.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Laron , Pez Cebra , Animales , Humanos , Pez Cebra/genética , Factor de Transcripción STAT5/genética , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Mutación , Hormona del Crecimiento/genéticaRESUMEN
Pathway involving insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plays significant role in growth and development. Crucial role of IGF-1 was discovered inter alia through studies involving deficient patients with short stature, including Laron syndrome individuals. Noteworthy, despite disturbances in proper growth, elevated values for selected stem cell populations were found in IGF-1 deficient patients. Therefore, here we focused on investigating role of these cells-very small embryonic-like (VSEL) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), in the pathology. For the first time we performed long-term observation of these populations in response to rhIGF-1 (mecasermin) therapy. Enrolled pediatric subjects with IGF-1 deficiency syndrome were monitored for 4-5 years of rhIGF-1 treatment. Selected stem cells were analyzed in peripheral blood flow cytometrically, together with chemoattractant SDF-1 using immunoenzymatic method. Patients' data were collected for correlation of experimental results with clinical outcome. IGF-1 deficient patients were found to demonstrate initially higher levels of VSEL and HSC compared to healthy controls, with their gradual decrease in response to therapy. These changes were significantly associated with SDF-1 plasma levels. Correlations of VSEL and HSC were also reported in reference to growth-related parameters, and IGF-1 and IGFBP3 values. Noteworthy, rhIGF-1 was shown to efficiently induce development of Laron patients achieving at least proper rate of growth (compared to healthy group) in 80% of subjects. In conclusion, here we provided novel insight into stem cells participation in IGF-1 deficiency in patients. Thus, we demonstrated basis for future studies in context of stem cells and IGF-1 role in growth disturbances.
Asunto(s)
Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Síndrome de Laron , Humanos , Niño , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/farmacología , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Síndrome de Laron/terapia , Células Madre/metabolismoRESUMEN
The growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) cascade is central to the regulation of growth and metabolism. This article focuses on the history of the components of the IGF system, with an emphasis on the peptide hormones, IGF-I and -II, their cell surface receptors, and the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and IGFBP proteases that regulate the availability of the peptide hormones for interaction with their receptors in relevant target tissues. We describe landmark events in the evolution of the somatomedin hypothesis, including evidence that has become available from experiments at the molecular and cellular levels, whole animal and tissue-specific gene knockouts, studies of cancer epidemiology, identification of prismatic human cases, and short- and long-term clinical trials of IGF-I therapy in humans. In addition, this new evidence has expanded our clinical definition of GH insensitivity (GHI) beyond growth hormone receptor mutations (classic Laron syndrome) to include conditions that cause primary IGF deficiency by impacting post-receptor signal transduction, IGF production, IGF availability to interact with the IGF-I receptor (IGF-1R), and defects in the IGF-1R, itself. We also discuss the clinical aspects of IGFs, from their description as insulin-like activity, to the use of IGF-I in the diagnosis and treatment of GH deficiency, and to the use of recombinant human IGF-I for therapy of children with GHI.
Asunto(s)
Factor II del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Síndrome de Laron , Animales , Humanos , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/deficiencia , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/historia , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/fisiología , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/uso terapéutico , Síndrome de Laron/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Síndrome de Laron/historia , Síndrome de Laron/fisiopatología , Hormonas Peptídicas , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Transducción de Señal , Somatomedinas/deficiencia , Somatomedinas/historia , Somatomedinas/fisiología , Factor II del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/deficiencia , Factor II del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/historia , Factor II del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/fisiología , Factor II del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Normal growth and development in mammals are tightly controlled by numerous genetic factors and metabolic conditions. The growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) hormonal axis is a key player in the regulation of these processes. Dysregulation of the GH-IGF1 endocrine system is linked to a number of pathologies, ranging from growth deficits to cancer. Laron syndrome (LS) is a type of dwarfism that results from mutation of the GH receptor (GHR) gene, leading to GH resistance and short stature as well as a number of metabolic abnormalities. Of major clinical relevance, epidemiological studies have shown that LS patients do not develop cancer. While the mechanisms associated with cancer protection in LS have not yet been elucidated, genomic analyses have identified a series of metabolic genes that are over-represented in LS patients. We hypothesized that these genes might constitute novel targets for IGF1 action. With a fold-change of 11.09, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 (UGT2B15) was the top up-regulated gene in LS. The UGT2B15 gene codes for an enzyme that converts xenobiotic substances into lipophilic compounds and thereby facilitates their clearance from the body. We investigated the regulation of UGT2B15 gene expression by IGF1 and insulin. Both hormones inhibited UGT2B15 mRNA levels in endometrial and breast cancer cell lines. Regulation of UGT2B15 protein levels by IGF1/insulin, however, was more complex and not always correlated with mRNA levels. Furthermore, UGT2B15 expression was dependent on p53 status. Thus, UGT2B15 mRNA levels were higher in cell lines expressing a wild-type p53 compared to cells containing a mutated p53. Animal studies confirmed an inverse correlation between UGT2B15 and p53 levels. In summary, increased UGT2B15 levels in LS might confer upon patient's protection from genotoxic damage.
Asunto(s)
Glucuronosiltransferasa/metabolismo , Síndrome de Laron , Neoplasias , Animales , Glucuronosiltransferasa/genética , Glicosiltransferasas/metabolismo , Hormona del Crecimiento/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Síndrome de Laron/metabolismo , Mamíferos/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Uridina DifosfatoRESUMEN
The growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) endocrine axis is a central player in normal growth and metabolism as well as in a number of pathologies, including cancer. The GH-IGF1 hormonal system, in addition, has emerged as a major determinant of lifespan and healthspan. Laron syndrome (LS), the best characterized entity under the spectrum of the congenital IGF1 deficiencies, results from mutation of the GH receptor (GHR) gene, leading to dwarfism, obesity and other defects. Consistent with the key role of IGF1 in cellular proliferation, epidemiological studies have shown that LS patients are protected from cancer development. While reduced expression of components of the GH-IGF1 axis is associated with enhanced longevity in animal models, it is still unknown whether LS is associated with an increased lifespan. MicroRNAs (miRs) are endogenous short non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of complementary mRNAs. While a number of miRs involved in the regulation of IGF components have been identified, no previous studies have investigated the differential expression of miRs in congenital IGF1 deficiencies. The present study was aimed at identifying miRs that are differentially expressed in LS and that might account for the phenotypic features of LS patients, including longevity. Our genomic analyses provide evidence that miR-132-3p was highly expressed in LS. In addition, we identified SIRT1, a member of the sirtuin family of histone deacetylases, as a target for negative regulation by miR-132-3p. The data was consistent with the notion that low concentrations of IGF1 in LS lead to elevated miR-132-3p levels, with ensuing reduction in SIRT1 gene expression. The impact of the IGF1-miR-132-3p-SIRT1 loop on aging merits further investigation.
Asunto(s)
Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Síndrome de Laron/genética , MicroARNs/genética , Sirtuina 1/genética , Regulación hacia Arriba , Regiones no Traducidas 3' , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular , Femenino , Humanos , Longevidad , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in Western countries. The insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) axis has an important role in endometrial cancer biology and emerged as a promising therapeutic target in oncology. However, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers that may help in patient stratification and prognosis. Laron syndrome (LS) is a type of dwarfism that results from the mutation of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, leading to congenital IGF1 deficiency. While high circulating IGF1 is regarded as a risk factor in cancer, epidemiological studies have shown that LS patients are protected from cancer development. Recent genome-wide profilings conducted on LS-derived lymphoblastoid cells led to the identification of a series of genes whose over- or under-representation in this condition might be mechanistically linked to cancer protection. The olfactory receptor 5 subfamily H member 2 (OR5H2) was the top downregulated gene in LS, its expression level being 5.8-fold lower than in the control cells. In addition to their typical role in the olfactory epithelium, olfactory receptors (ORs) are expressed in multiple tissues and play non-classical roles in various pathologies, including cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate the regulation of OR5H2 gene expression by IGF1 in endometrial cancer. Data showed that IGF1 and insulin stimulate OR5H2 mRNA and the protein levels in uterine cancer cell lines expressing either a wild-type or a mutant p53. OR5H2 silencing led to IGF1R downregulation, with ensuing reductions in the downstream cytoplasmic mediators. In addition, OR5H2 knockdown reduced the proliferation rate and cell cycle progression. Analyses of olfr196 (the mouse orthologue of OR5H2) mRNA expression in animal models of GHR deficiency or GH overexpression corroborated the human data. In summary, OR5H2 emerged as a novel target for positive regulation by IGF1, with potential relevance in endometrial cancer.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Endometriales/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Receptores Odorantes/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/metabolismo , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/patología , Neoplasias Endometriales/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Síndrome de Laron/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Laron syndrome (LS) is a disease caused by growth hormone receptor (GHR) defects. It is characterized by severe postnatal growth retardation and distinctive facial features. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case report, we describe the clinical and biochemical characteristics of two siblings with LS, a sister and a brother, and identify a homozygous c.344A> C (p.Asn115Thr) variant in GHR. The sister was 11 years 9 months old with a height of 127.5 cm (-3.86 SDS), and the brother was 14 years 10 months old with a height of 139 cm (-4.27 SDS). Their phenotype did not have features suggesting classical LS. CONCLUSION: In the current literature, there are three cases with the same missense variant. Our cases differ from them in clinical (higher height SDS, mild dysmorphism including a broad forehead, malar hypoplasia, prominent columella and chin, thick lips) and biochemical characteristics. Here, we present the variable expressivity in the two siblings.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Síndrome de Laron/patología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Mutación Missense , Gravedad del Paciente , Fenotipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Receptores de Somatotropina/genética , Hermanos , TurquíaRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) in children is characterized by short stature, functional insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I deficiency, and normal or elevated serum growth hormone (GH) concentrations. The clinical and genetic etiology of GHI is expanding. OBJECTIVE: We undertook genetic characterization of short stature patients referred with suspected GHI and features which overlapped with known GH-IGF-I axis defects. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2020, our center received 149 GHI referrals for genetic testing. Genetic analysis utilized a combination of candidate gene sequencing, whole exome sequencing, array comparative genomic hybridization, and a targeted whole genome short stature gene panel. RESULTS: Genetic diagnoses were identified in 80/149 subjects (54%) with 45/80 (56%) having known GH-IGF-I axis defects (GHR nâ =â 40, IGFALS nâ =â 4, IGFIR nâ =â 1). The remaining 35/80 (44%) had diagnoses of 3M syndrome (nâ =â 10) (OBSL1 nâ =â 7, CUL7 nâ =â 2, and CCDC8 nâ =â 1), Noonan syndrome (nâ =â 4) (PTPN11 nâ =â 2, SOS1 nâ =â 1, and SOS2 nâ =â 1), Silver-Russell syndrome (nâ =â 2) (loss of methylation on chromosome 11p15 and uniparental disomy for chromosome 7), Class 3-5 copy number variations (nâ =â 10), and disorders not previously associated with GHI (nâ =â 9) (Barth syndrome, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II, achondroplasia, glycogen storage disease type IXb, lysinuric protein intolerance, multiminicore disease, macrocephaly, alopecia, cutis laxa, and scoliosis syndrome, and Bloom syndrome). CONCLUSION: We report the wide range of diagnoses in 149 patients referred with suspected GHI, which emphasizes the need to recognize GHI as a spectrum of clinical entities in undiagnosed short stature patients. Detailed clinical and genetic assessment may identify a diagnosis and inform clinical management.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores/análisis , Estatura , Hibridación Genómica Comparativa , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN , Trastornos del Crecimiento/patología , Síndrome de Laron/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Pruebas Genéticas , Trastornos del Crecimiento/complicaciones , Trastornos del Crecimiento/genética , Trastornos del Crecimiento/metabolismo , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactante , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Síndrome de Laron/complicaciones , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Síndrome de Laron/metabolismo , Masculino , Pronóstico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Purpose: Laron syndrome (LS) is a severe growth disorder caused by GHR gene mutation or post-receptor pathways defect. The clinical features of these patients collected in our present study were summarized, GHR gene variants were investigated and further in vitro functional verification was carried out. Methods: Four patients with LS were collected, their clinical characteristics were summarized, genomic DNA was extracted, and GHR gene was amplified and sequenced. GHR wild type (GHR-WT) and mutant GHR expression plasmids were constructed, and transiently transfected into HepG2 cells and HEK293T cells to observe the subcellular distribution of the GHR protein by immunofluorescence and to determine the expression of GHR and its post-receptor signaling pathway changes by Western blotting. Results: All of the four patients were male, and the median height was -4.72 SDS. Four GHR gene variants including c.587A>C (p.Y196S), c.766C>T (p.Q256*), c.808A>G (p.I270V) and c.1707-1710del (p.E570Afs*30) were identified, and the latter two were novel mutations. The results of mutant GHR plasmids transfection experiments and immunofluorescence assay showed that the subcellular distribution of GHR-Q256* and GHR-E570Afs*30 mutant proteins in HepG2 and HEK293T cells presented with a unique ring-like pattern, gathering around the nucleus, while GHR-Y196S mutant protein was evenly distributed on HepG2 cell membrane similar to GHR-WT. The GHR protein levels of HepG2 cells transiently transfected with GHR-Y196S, GHR-Q256* and GHR-E570Afs*30 were all significantly lower when compared with cells transfected with GHR-WT (P<0.05). Further mutant GHR post-receptor signal transduction investigation demonstrated that GH induced phosphorylated STAT5 levels of HepG2 cells transfected with three mutant plasmids were all significantly decreased in comparison with that of GHR-WT (P<0.05). Conclusions: Two novel GHR gene mutations (I270V and E570Afs*30) were found in our patients with LS. GHR mutations influenced the subcellular distribution and GHR protein levels, then led to the impaired post-receptor signal transduction, suggesting that the GHR mutations contributed to the pathological condition of LS patients.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , China , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Células HEK293 , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Síndrome de Laron/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Laron/patología , Masculino , MutaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The European Increlex® Growth Forum Database Registry monitors the effectiveness and safety of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF1; mecasermin, Increlex®) therapy in patients with severe primary IGF1 deficiency (SPIGFD). We present data from patients with and without a reported genetic diagnosis of Laron syndrome (LS). DESIGN: Ongoing, open-label, observational registry (NCT00903110). METHODS: Children and adolescents receiving rhIGF1 therapy from 10 European countries were enrolled in 2008-2017 (n = 242). The treatment-naïve/prepubertal (NPP) cohort (n = 138) was divided into subgroups based on reported genetic diagnosis of LS (n = 21) or non-LS (n = 117). Multivariate analysis of the NPP-non-LS subgroup was conducted to identify factors predictive of growth response (first-year-height standard deviation score (SDS) gain ≥ 0.3). Assessments included change in height and weight over 5 years and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Height SDS gain from baseline was greater in the NPP-LS than the NPP-non-LS subgroup after 1 years' treatment (P < 0.05). In the NPP-non-LS subgroup, 56% were responders; young age at baseline was a positive independent predictive factor (P < 0.001). NPP-non-LS-responders and the NPP-LS subgroup had a similar mean age (6.07 years vs 7.00 years) at baseline and height SDS gain in year 1 (0.64 vs 0.70), although NPP-non-LS-responders were taller (P < 0.001) at baseline. BMI SDS changes did not differ across subgroups. Treatment-emergent AEs were experienced by 65.3% of patients; hypoglycaemia was most common. CONCLUSIONS: In most NPP children with SPIGFD, with or without LS, rhIGF1 therapy promotes linear growth. The safety profile was consistent with previous studies.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Crecimiento/tratamiento farmacológico , Pérdida Auditiva Sensorineural/tratamiento farmacológico , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/deficiencia , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/uso terapéutico , Síndrome de Laron/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Estatura , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Niño , Femenino , Crecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Hipoglucemia/sangre , Hipoglucemia/inducido químicamente , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Seguridad del Paciente , Pubertad , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) syndrome, first described in 1966, is classically associated with monogenic defects in the GH receptor (GHR) gene which result in severe post-natal growth failure as consequences of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) deficiency. Over the years, recognition of other monogenic defects downstream of GHR has greatly expanded understanding of primary causes of GHI and growth retardation, with either IGF-I deficiency or IGF-I insensitivity as clinical outcomes. Mutations in IGF1 and signaling component STAT5B disrupt IGF-I production, while defects in IGFALS and PAPPA2, disrupt transport and release of circulating IGF-I, respectively, affecting bioavailability of the growth-promoting IGF-I. Defects in IGF1R, cognate cell-surface receptor for IGF-I, disrupt not only IGF-I actions, but actions of the related IGF-II peptides. The importance of IGF-II for normal developmental growth is emphasized with recent identification of defects in the maternally imprinted IGF2 gene. Current application of next-generation genomic sequencing has expedited the pace of identifying new molecular defects in known genes or in new genes, thereby expanding the spectrum of GH and IGF insensitivity. This review discusses insights gained and future directions from patient-based molecular and functional studies.