Persistent Symptoms After Lyme Disease: Clinical Characteristics, Predictors, and Classification.

Persistent symptoms after an infection have been described for a number of infectious diseases, including Lyme disease. Studies have confirmed a moderate but consistent increase in the prevalence of such symptoms after Lyme disease, though the risk increase varies dependent on study design and the definition of persistent symptoms. Various possible predictors have been proposed, including a dysregulation of the immune system, metabolic changes, increased sensitization to pain signals, cognitive-behavioral factors, or-controversially-the persistence of the causative Borrelia bacteria or remnants thereof. Research on the precise roles of any of these factors is still ongoing. The lack of biological underpinning also makes it difficult to assess with certainty which patients' (generally nonspecific) persistent symptoms are etiologically related to the previous Lyme disease episode and which are not, particularly as these symptoms occur in the general population relatively frequently. The diagnostic criteria for posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome have shown their usefulness in both clinical and research settings but leave out a number of patients whose symptoms may fall just outside said criteria. Though the relationship between these symptoms and the previous Lyme disease episode may be very uncertain, we would argue that a uniform description and classification of these patients will aid in future research and patient management, regardless of the eventual underlying cause. Thus, we argue for an inclusive classification system for all persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme disease in order to promote validation of patient experiences and perspectives, while also maintaining scientific nuance regarding the very uncertain etiology of these patients' symptoms.

Treatment of post-treatment Lyme disease symptoms-a systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Residual symptoms after treatment of Lyme disease, sometimes called post-treatment Lyme disease symptoms (PTLDs), are a matter of ongoing controversy. To guide treatment recommendations, a systematic review was performed of the available literature on specific treatment for PTLDs. METHODS: A systematic literature search of MEDLINE and CENTRAL was performed. No restrictions on case definitions, study types or specific interventions were applied to enable a comprehensive overview of the available literature. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tools for randomized controlled trials. Certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Outcomes of interest were quality of life, fatigue, depression and cognition as well as adverse events. RESULTS: After screening 1274 records, eight eligible randomized controlled trials were included. Heterogeneity was observed regarding inclusion criteria, intervention, length of treatment and outcome measures. For efficacy outcomes, results are presented narratively due to heterogeneity. Eligible studies show no statistically significant difference between antibiotics and placebo regarding quality of life, cognition and depression. Results for fatigue were inconsistent whilst studies with low risk of bias showed no statistically significant difference between antibiotics and placebo. Meta-analysis of safety outcomes showed statistically significantly more adverse events for antibiotics compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Available literature on treatment of PTLDs is heterogeneous, but overall shows evidence of no effect of antibiotics regarding quality of life, depression, cognition and fatigue whilst showing more adverse events. Patients with suspected PTLDs should not be treated with antibiotics.

A prospective study of patients with post treatment Lyme disease syndrome treated with modified VFEM energy.

BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated a possible therapeutic benefit of VFEM (variable frequency electromagnetic energy) technology for the treatment of Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) or Chronic Lyme Disease (CLD). As a result, we prospectively enrolled 10 patients, all having significant debility, to determine to what extent we could improve their quality of life. Eight patients completed the 10 treatments. RESULTS: All eight patients had a significant improvement in quality of life within a 4-month time frame. CONCLUSION: VFEM is a stand-alone modality that appears to demonstrate a significant improvement in quality of life in PTLDS or CLD with little or no risk or side effects of treatment.

Systematic comparisons between Lyme disease and post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome in the U.S. with administrative claims data.

BACKGROUND: Post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) is used to describe Lyme disease patients who have the infection cleared by antibiotic but then experienced persisting symptoms of pain, fatigue, or cognitive impairment. Currently, little is known about the cause or epidemiology of PTLDS. METHODS: We conducted a data-driven study with a large nationwide administrative dataset, which consists of more than 98 billion billing and 1.4 billion prescription records between 2008 and 2016, to identify unique aspects of PTLDS that could have diagnostic and etiologic values. We defined PTLDS based on its symptomatology and compared the demographic, longitudinal changes of comorbidity, and antibiotic prescriptions between patients who have Lyme with absence of prolonged symptoms (APS) and PTLDS. FINDINGS: The age and temporal distributions were similar between Lyme APS and PTLDS. The PTLDS-to-Lyme APS case ratio was 3.42%. The co-occurrence of 3 out of 19 chronic conditions were significantly higher in PTLDS versus Lyme APS-odds ratio and 95% CI for anemia, hyperlipidemia, and osteoarthrosis were 1.46 (1.11-1.92), 1.39 (1.15-1.68), and 1.62 (1.23-2.12) respectively. We did not find significant differences between PTLDS and Lyme APS for the number of types of antibiotics prescribed (incidence rate ratio = 1.009, p = 0.90) and for the prescription of each of the five antibiotics (FDR adjusted p values 0.72-0.95). INTERPRETATION: PTLDS cases have more codes corresponding to anemia, hyperlipidemia, and osteoarthrosis compared to Lyme APS. Our finding of hyperlipidemia is consistent with a dysregulation of fat metabolism reported by other researchers, and further investigation should be conducted to understand the potential biological relationship between the two. FUNDING: Steven & Alexandra Cohen Foundation, Global Lyme Alliance, and the Pazala Foundation; National Institutes of Health R01ES032470.

Cost of illness in patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome in Belgium.

BACKGROUND: A proportion of patients with Lyme borreliosis (LB) report long-term persisting signs and symptoms, even after recommended antibiotic treatment, which is termed post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). Consensus on guidance regarding diagnosis and treatment is currently lacking. Consequently, patients suffer and are left searching for answers, negatively impacting their quality of life and healthcare expenditure. Yet, health economic data on PTLDS remain scarce. The aim of this article is therefore to assess the cost-of-illness related to PTLDS, including the patient perspective. METHODS: PTLDS patients (N = 187) with confirmed diagnosis of LB were recruited by a patient organization. Patients completed a self-reported questionnaire on LB-related healthcare utilization, absence from work and unemployment. Unit costs (reference year 2018) were obtained from national databases and published literature. Mean costs and uncertainty intervals were calculated via bootstrapping. Data were extrapolated to the Belgian population. Generalized linear models were used to determine associated covariates with total direct costs and out-of-pocket expenditures. RESULTS: Mean annual direct costs amounted to €4618 (95% CI €4070-5152), of which 49.5% were out-of-pocket expenditures. Mean annual indirect costs amounted to €36 081 (€31 312-40 923). Direct and indirect costs at the population level were estimated at €19.4 and 151.5 million, respectively. A sickness or disability benefit as source of income was associated with higher direct and out-of-pocket costs. CONCLUSIONS: The economic burden associated with PTLDS on patients and society is substantial, with patients consuming large amounts of non-reimbursed healthcare resources. Guidance on adequate diagnosis and treatment of PTLDS is needed.

The social representations of diagnosing Lyme disease.

Social science studies on the controversy surrounding Lyme disease (LD) focused on the opposition between the "mainstream" and biomedical approach on one side and the "Lyme-literate" one on the other side, the latter claiming the existence of the chronic form of LD. The qualitative and exploratory study 'C18-48 Quali-Explo-PIQTIQ' (2019) investigated the social representations of LD in patients bitten by a tick. Twenty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted in three French medical units. Thematic and patient trajectory analyses were performed. Our results showed that, after the tick bite, some patients presented an "illness without disease" condition, characterised by uncertainty. In some cases, they consulted "Lyme-literate" health providers and received a diagnosis of chronic LD. This diagnosis was obtained by prescribing unassessed biological testing, providing an objective result and clinical categorisation. Unlike literature on the "Lyme-literate" approach, this diagnostic procedure involved some biomedical operations.

Language Fluency Deficits in Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Recent neurocognitive studies of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) find consistent deficits in memory and processing speed. Language fluency deficits are observed as well but may be secondary to poor memory and slowing rather than an independent deficit. METHOD: This study performed a secondary analysis of data presented previously, including individuals with PTLDS and comparison samples of healthy volunteers (HC) and patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), to determine if language fluency deficits could be accounted for by poor performance in these other neurocognitive domains. RESULTS: Basic verbal abilities, memory, and processing speed were all significantly associated with fluency performance. MDD patients' fluency deficits relative to HC were accounted for by these covariates. However, PTLDS patients' poorer fluency performance relative to both other groups was not. CONCLUSIONS: Language fluency appears to be an independent area of neurocognitive deficit within the constellation of PTLDS symptoms.

Lyme borreliosis in Belgium: a cost-of-illness analysis.

BACKGROUND: Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most common tick-borne disease in Europe and North America, yet its economic burden remains largely unknown. This study aimed to estimate the economic cost associated with the different clinical manifestations of LB in Belgium. METHODS: An incidence approach and societal perspective were used to estimate the total cost-of-illness for LB in Belgium. Costs were calculated for patients with erythema migrans (EM) or disseminated/late LB, including patients who developed post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). Direct medical, direct non-medical (transportation & paid help) and indirect non-medical costs (productivity losses) were included in the analysis. Ambulatory cost data were collected through a prospective cohort study from June 2016 to March 2020, in which patients with LB were followed up 6 to 12 months after diagnosis. Hospitalization costs were retrieved from the Minimal Clinical Data registry, a mandatory registry for all Belgian hospitals, linked to the Minimal Financial Data registry. Costs were expressed in 2019 euros. RESULTS: The total annual cost associated with clinical manifestations of LB in Belgium was estimated at €5.59 million (95% UI 3.82-7.98). Of these, €3.44 million (95% UI 2.05-5.48) or 62% was related to disseminated/late LB diagnoses and €2.15 million (95% UI 1.30-3.26) to EM. In general, direct medical costs and productivity losses accounted for 49.8% and 46.4% of the total costs, respectively, while direct non-medical costs accounted for only 3.8%. The estimated mean costs were €193 per EM patient and €5,148 per disseminated/late LB patient. While patients with PTLDS seemed to have somewhat higher costs compared to patients without PTLDS, the number of patients was too small to have representative estimates. CONCLUSIONS: We estimate the total annual direct medical costs, direct non-medical and indirect non-medical costs associated with LB to exceed €5.5 million per year, almost evenly distributed between EM (40%) and disseminated/late LB (60%). EM costs 26 times less per patient but occurs also 16 times more frequently than disseminated/late LB. The cost burden remains limited by comparison to other infectious diseases due to the relative lower incidence.

Protein biomarker profiles in serum and CSF in 158 patients with PTLDS or persistent symptoms after presumed tick-bite exposure compared to those in patients with confirmed acute neuroborreliosis.

BACKGROUND: Current diagnostics for patients with lingering symptoms categorized as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) have their limitations and may be difficult to interpret. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate the feasibility of protein biomarker profiling as a diagnostic platform for this category of patients and to compare these results with similarly obtained results from a group of patients with acute neuroborreliosis. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Two groups of patient cohorts (Cohort 1 and 2) were analyzed for biomarkers in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); the results were used for group-level comparison. Cohort 1 comprised 158 adult patients selected from 224 previously diagnosed patients, who between October 2015 and December 2018, after referral, were enrolled and structurally investigated based on defined inclusion criteria. They displayed similar lingering symptoms, with a duration of at least 6 months, after presumed previous tick-borne infection (TBI) and are fully described in a previously published study originating from the Center for Vector-borne Infections (CVI), Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. Cohort 2, comprised 30 patients diagnosed at Uppsala University Hospital between 2016 and 2019 with laboratory-confirmed acute neuroborreliosis. Their proteomic results, based on serum and CSF analyses, were compared with the 158 patients in Cohort 1. The expression and the concentration of potential biomarkers in each patient's serum and CSF samples were measured based on two multiplex protein panels enabling simultaneous analysis of 92 inflammatory and neurology biomarkers. The PTLDS patient subgroup showed no nominally significant proteins compared to the other CVI patients in Cohort 1. However, CVI patients with signs of inflammation, which were evenly distributed in Cohort 1, showed 16 significantly (p <0.05) different proteins in both CSF and serum, but no association was seen with laboratory-confirmed exposure to Borrelia spp or other TBIs. When comparing the two cohorts, different protein profiles were observed, with 125/148 significantly different proteins in CSF and 93/174 in serum, in patients with laboratory confirmed acute neuroborreliosis, of which 6 in CSF and 6 in serum were significant at the p <0.001 level. CONCLUSIONS: In this first comprehensive inflammatory and neurological biomarker profile study no differences in biomarker profiles were detected between patients with PTLDS and patients with similar persisting symptoms but who did not meet the PTLDS criteria, regardless of whether laboratory verified previous exposure to Borrelia or other TBI's were present. However, the expressed markers differed from those found in patients with confirmed acute neuroborreliosis, which does not support the view that PTLDS reflects an ongoing Borrelia infection. Further studies are needed to understand and assess the usefulness of biosignatures of patients with PTLDS before they can be applied in a clinical setting.

Gene set predictor for post-treatment Lyme disease.

Lyme disease (LD) is tick-borne disease whose post-treatment sequelae are not well understood. For this study, we enrolled 152 individuals with symptoms of post-treatment LD (PTLD) to profile their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Combined with RNA-seq data from 72 individuals with acute LD and 44 uninfected controls, we investigated differences in differential gene expression. We observe that most individuals with PTLD have an inflammatory signature that is distinguished from the acute LD group. By distilling gene sets from this study with gene sets from other sources, we identify a subset of genes that are highly expressed in the cohorts but are not already established as biomarkers for inflammatory response or other viral or bacterial infections. We further reduce this gene set by feature importance to establish an mRNA biomarker set capable of distinguishing healthy individuals from those with acute LD or PTLD as a candidate for translation into an LD diagnostic.

A multimodal neuroimaging study of brain abnormalities and clinical correlates in post treatment Lyme disease.

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne infectious disease in the United States. Post-treatment Lyme disease (PTLD) is a condition affecting 10-20% of patients in which symptoms persist despite antibiotic treatment. Cognitive complaints are common among those with PTLD, suggesting that brain changes are associated with the course of the illness. However, there has been a paucity of evidence to explain the cognitive difficulties expressed by patients with PTLD. This study administered a working memory task to a carefully screened group of 12 patients with well-characterized PTLD and 18 healthy controls while undergoing functional MRI (fMRI). A subset of 12 controls and all 12 PTLD participants also received diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure white matter integrity. Clinical variables were also assessed and correlated with these multimodal MRI findings. On the working memory task, the patients with PTLD responded more slowly, but no less accurately, than did controls. FMRI activations were observed in expected regions by the controls, and to a lesser extent, by the PTLD participants. The PTLD group also hypoactivated several regions relevant to the task. Conversely, novel regions were activated by the PTLD group that were not observed in controls, suggesting a compensatory mechanism. Notably, three activations were located in white matter of the frontal lobe. DTI measures applied to these three regions of interest revealed that higher axial diffusivity correlated with fewer cognitive and neurological symptoms. Whole-brain DTI analyses revealed several frontal lobe regions in which higher axial diffusivity in the patients with PTLD correlated with longer duration of illness. Together, these results show that the brain is altered by PTLD, involving changes to white matter within the frontal lobe. Higher axial diffusivity may reflect white matter repair and healing over time, rather than pathology, and cognition appears to be dynamically affected throughout this repair process.

Non-specific symptoms and post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome in patients with Lyme borreliosis: a prospective cohort study in Belgium (2016-2020).

BACKGROUND: Patients with Lyme borreliosis (LB) may report persisting non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, widespread musculoskeletal pain or cognitive difficulties. When present for more than 6 months and causing a reduction in daily activities, this is often referred to as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). This study aimed to compare the occurrence of symptoms between LB patients and controls, to estimate the proportion of LB patients developing PTLDS and to identify risk factors. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was set up including three subpopulations: patients with an erythema migrans (EM) (i) or disseminated/late LB (ii) and a non-LB control group (iii). At 6- and 12-months follow-up, the occurrence of several symptoms, including six symptoms used to define PTLDS, i.e. muscle pain, joint pain, fatigue, memory problems, difficulties concentrating and problems finding words, and impact on daily activities, was compared between LB patients and controls. Finally, the proportion of LB patients developing PTLDS as defined by the Infectious Disease Society of America was estimated, including a time frame for symptoms to be present. RESULTS: Although the risk of presenting PTLDS-related symptoms was significantly higher in EM patients (n = 120) compared to controls (n = 128) at 6 months follow-up, the risk of presenting at least one of these symptoms combined with impact on daily activities was not significantly higher in EM patients, at either 6- or 12-months follow-up. A significant association was found between disseminated/late LB (n = 15) and the occurrence of any PTLDS-symptom with an impact on daily activities at both time points. The proportion of patients with PTLDS was estimated at 5.9% (95% CI 2.7-12.9) in EM patients and 20.9% (95% CI 6.8-64.4) in patients with disseminated/late LB (RR = 3.53, 95% CI 0.98-12.68, p = 0.053). No significant risk factors were identified, which may be explained by small sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, PTLDS was present in both LB cohorts, yet with a higher percentage in disseminated/late LB patients. Additional research is needed into risk factors for and causes of this syndrome. In addition, development and validation of standardized methods to assess the PTLDS case definition, easily applicable in practice, is of great importance.

Knowing the entire story - a focus group study on patient experiences with chronic Lyme-associated symptoms (chronic Lyme disease).

BACKGROUND: Healthcare providers frequently struggle to provide effective care to patients with chronic Lyme-associated symptoms (chronic Lyme disease, CLD), potentially causing these patients to feel misunderstood or neglected by the healthcare system. This study is the first to use a combined medical and communication science approach, and aims to assess patients' experiences with CLD & CLD-related care, identify themes and repertories in these patients' narrations, and provide potential ways to improve communication with them. METHODS: Informed by the principles of 'clean language', we conducted focus groups with self-identified CLD patients (N = 15). We asked participants about their experiences with CLD and CLD-related healthcare. We performed thematic analyses using a bottom-up approach based in discourse analysis. We also sought to identify specific types of verbalizations (repertoires) across themes. RESULTS: Participants thematised a heterogeneous set of CLD-associated symptoms, which they frequently labelled as 'invisible' to others. Their illness significantly affected their daily lives, impacting their work, social activities, relationships with loved ones, hobbies and other means of participating in society. Negative experiences with healthcare providers were near-universal, also in patients with short-lived CLD-associated symptoms. Verbalizations were notable for frequent use of communicative modes that implicitly create common ground between participants and that give a certain validity to personal experiences (impersonal 'you' and other forms of presupposition). CONCLUSION: Central themes found in CLD patients' communication are 1. the experience of significant symptoms, 2. for which adequate relief is only rarely found from conventional medical practitioners, and 3. that are largely invisible to the outside world. Verbalizing these themes, patients use various repertoires for their shared experiences, such as a feeling of abandonment or not being heard by the medical system, feelings of loss with respect to their previous health, and the idea that they might have been better off had they been diagnosed sooner. Working with these repertoires will enable healthcare providers to establish a shared perspective with their CLD patients, thus engaging in more fruitful doctor-patient communication. We hypothesize that these findings are not unique to CLD, but may also be applicable to other conditions with an uncertain aetiology, such as Long COVID.

Management and clinical outcomes of Lyme disease in acute care facilities in 2 endemic regions of Quebec, Canada: a multicentre retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Despite increases in cases of Lyme disease, little is known about the management and clinical course of the disease in Canada. We aimed to describe the management and clinical course of Lyme disease in patients treated in acute care facilities in Quebec and to assess adherence to the 2006 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guideline. METHODS: This retrospective multicentre cohort study included pediatric and adult patients with serologically confirmed Lyme disease treated in acute care facilities (12 community hospitals and 2 tertiary care centres) of 2 endemic regions of Quebec (Estrie and Montérégie), from 2004 to 2017. We considered drug choice, prescribed dose and treatment duration in assessing adherence of prescriptions to the 2006 IDSA guideline. The main outcome was complete resolution of symptoms at 3 months after the initiation of treatment. RESULTS: We included 272 patients from 14 institutions (age range 3-87 yr). Early disseminated Lyme disease (140 patients [51%]) was predominant. Adherence to the IDSA guideline was observed in 235 (90%) of the 261 cases with complete information, and adherence was stable over time (2004-2013: 57/64 [89%]; 2014-2015: 64/71 [90%]; 2016-2017: 114/126 [90%]; p = 0.8). Non-adherence to the guideline (n = 26) was predominantly due to longer-than-recommended treatment duration (16/26 [62%]). Resolution of objective signs at 3 months after treatment initiation occurred in 265 (99%) of 267 patients, whereas post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome was observed in 27 patients (10%) with increasing incidence over time (2004-2013: 3/65 [5%]; 2014-2015: 4/73 [5%]; 2016-2017: 20/129 [16%]; p = 0.02). INTERPRETATION: We observed clinical resolution of Lyme disease in 99% of the patients, and most treatments (90%) complied with the 2006 IDSA guideline. The incidence of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome increased over the study period, warranting further prospective studies.

Borreliella burgdorferi Antimicrobial-Tolerant Persistence in Lyme Disease and Posttreatment Lyme Disease Syndromes.

The annual incidence of Lyme disease, caused by tick-transmitted Borreliella burgdorferi, is estimated to be at least 476,000 cases in the United States and many more worldwide. Ten to 20% of antimicrobial-treated Lyme disease patients display posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS), a clinical complication whose etiology and pathogenesis remain uncertain. Autoimmunity, cross-reactivity, molecular mimicry, coinfections, and borrelial tolerance to antimicrobials/persistence have been hypothesized and studied as potential causes of PTLDS. Studies of borrelial tolerance/persistence in vitro in response to antimicrobials and experimental studies in mice and nonhuman primates, taken together with clinical reports, have revealed that B. burgdorferi becomes tolerant to antimicrobials and may sometimes persist in animals and humans after the currently recommended antimicrobial treatment. Moreover, B. burgdorferi is pleomorphic and can generate viable-but-nonculturable bacteria, states also involved in antimicrobial tolerance. The multiple regulatory pathways and structural genes involved in mediating this tolerance to antimicrobials and environmental stressors by persistence might include the stringent (rel and dksA) and host adaptation (rpoS) responses, sugar metabolism (glpD), and polypeptide transporters (opp). Application of this recently reported knowledge to clinical studies can be expected to clarify the potential role of bacterial antibacterial tolerance/persistence in Lyme disease and PTLDS.

Risk of post-treatment Lyme disease in patients with ideally-treated early Lyme disease: A prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Post-treatment Lyme disease (PTLD) is characterized by patient-reported symptoms after treatment for Borrelia burgdorferi infection. The primary aim of this study was to assess whether participants with a history of Lyme disease (LD) would be more likely to meet criteria for PTLD than those without a history of LD. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal, prospective study among 234 participants with and 49 participants without prior LD. All completed survey metrics for fatigue, pain, sleep, depression, and quality of life. An operationalized PTLD definition was applied to both cohorts, and the distributions of clinical outcomes and symptoms were examined. RESULTS: In total, 13·7% of participants with a history of prior LD met criteria for PTLD compared with 4·1% of those without a history of prior LD. Participants with prior LD were approximately 5·28 times as likely to meet PTLD criteria compared with those without prior LD (p = 0·042) and had 8-15 times as high odds of reporting moderate or severe fatigue and muscle pain (p = 0·002, 0·047, respectively). Risk of meeting PTLD criteria was also independently increased among females and those with higher exposure to previous traumatic life events. CONCLUSION: Participants ideally diagnosed and treated for prior LD reported more symptoms on standardized surveys and were more likely to meet criteria for PTLD than those without prior LD.

The Epistemic Fallacy: Unintended Consequences of Empirically Treating (Clinically Diagnosed) Chronic Lyme Disease in a Soldier.

OBJECTIVE: We document a military patient presenting with a diffuse set of symptoms suggestive of chronic Lyme disease (CLD) and the subsequent empiric treatment and health complications arising therein. The lay medical community, spurred by the internet, has ascribed these diffuse symptoms to various illnesses including CLD without confirmatory serological evidence of any underlying disease. With a growing community of patient advocates, CLD has become an illness with broad and highly generalized list of clinical symptoms and an absence of agreed-upon confirmatory laboratory tests. Further complicating matters, diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols differ between the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society guidelines. Clinicians also face serious challenges in diagnosing and treating patients who present with generalized symptoms and close to 50 diagnostic tests for Lyme disease available in North America. Further complicating the picture for military patients seeking medical confirmation of a disease and resolution of their symptoms, medical fitness boards use putative diagnoses as prima faciae evidence in disability. Here a military patient with a long list of complaints that defy any clear or easy diagnosis and treatment is discussed. However, these symptoms taken together with selectively summed notes in the medical record in the absence of convincing and clear laboratory confirmation are suggestive of CLD and its complications, but no resolution was ultimately reached. With the presumptive determination of a medical disability due to CLD by the medical board, the medical dismissal of this service member from active duty occurred.

Illness perceptions, coping, and health-related quality of life among individuals experiencing chronic Lyme disease.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to examine illness perceptions and coping in relation to the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among individuals experiencing chronic Lyme disease (CLD). METHODS: Participants were 82 individuals who had a confirmed diagnosis of Lyme disease and had been experiencing symptoms for 6 months or more. They were recruited through various online mechanisms (e.g., social media, online support groups), and they completed the consent form and questionnaires via Qualtrics. Participants completed questions about their demographics and health status as well as the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (Moss-Morris et al., 2002), the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997), and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36; Ware & Sherbourne, 1992). RESULTS: Illness perceptions and coping explained a significant amount of variance in HRQOL. Among the illness perceptions, the consequences and identity dimensions were most strongly associated with HRQOL. Behavioral disengagement and substance use were the coping strategies most strongly associated with the emotional health outcomes. DISCUSSION: Illness perceptions and coping are related to HRQOL among individuals with CLD. Given the increase in Lyme disease incidence and the chronicity of symptoms in some cases, it is critical to continue to examine the psychosocial factors associated with HRQOL in this population.

A Review of Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Chronic Lyme Disease for the Practicing Immunologist.

Lyme disease is an infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected Ixodes tick. The majority of patients recover without complications with antibiotic therapy. However, for a minority of patients, accompanying non-specific symptoms can persist for months following completion of therapy. The constellation of symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and musculoskeletal pain that persist beyond 6 months and are associated with disability have been termed post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS), a subset of a broader term "chronic Lyme disease." Chronic Lyme disease is a broad, vaguely defined term that is used to describe patients with non-specific symptoms that are attributed to a presumed persistent Borrelia burgdorferi infection in patients who may or may not have evidence of either previous or current Lyme disease. The diagnoses of chronic Lyme disease and of PTLDS have become increasingly relevant to the practice of immunologists due to referrals for consultation or for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment. This review aims to explore the relationship between chronic Lyme disease, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, and the immune system. Here, we review the current literature on (1) issues in conventional and alternative diagnostic testing for Lyme disease, (2) the hypothesis that B. burgdorferi infection can persist despite appropriate use of recommended antibiotics, (3) current theories regarding B. burgdorferi's role in causing both immune dysregulation and protracted symptoms, and (4) the use of IVIG for the treatment of Lyme disease.

Personal Agency and Community Resilience: Narratives of Women Navigating Health Care With Chronic Lyme Disease.

Chronic Lyme disease can manifest as a debilitating illness with symptoms that change over time. With its varied presentation, timeline variation, diagnostic difficulty, and lack of definitive treatment, clinical recognition of chronic Lyme disease remains controversial. At the same time, patients face challenges in finding a provider who is supportive and knowledgeable about diagnosing and treating Lyme. We examined the ways the medical system may have affected the lived experiences of chronic Lyme patients. In this article, we communicate the personal, health care, and community illness experiences of 14 women navigating the medical system with chronic Lyme disease through a qualitative community-based participatory research study using interviews and narrative reflection in a rural community setting. The women were interviewed by a researcher living with chronic Lyme disease and the transcripts were analyzed for themes. All participants described navigating multiple allopathic and nonallopathic care modalities to find satisfactory care. They struggled with physical and emotional burdens of chronic, nonlinear illness, as well as disbelief and discrimination by medical providers. Their lives followed patterns of illness and wellness, trust and mistrust of medical treatment, and community connection and disengagement. They learned to become their own advocates to seek affirmative care. They are aware of the controversial nature of their illness, and many have channeled their frustrations into caring for one another through their Lyme community. Women living with controversial diagnoses like chronic Lyme disease experience increased challenges navigating the medical system to find satisfactory care and thus create communities with each other for mutual aid and support. In understanding these challenges, the medical community can improve care for people living with contested chronic illnesses.