Effect of lozenge surface texture, taste and acidity on salivary flow rate: A crossover preclinical trial in healthy subjects.

Dry mouth is a multifaceted condition which is caused by reduced salivary secretion. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of different lozenge surface textures, tastes and acidity levels on stimulated salivary secretion for increased oral moistening in participants without hyposalivation. This randomized, double-blind, clinical crossover trial with before and after comparison involved 33 healthy volunteers. Five lozenges, including a baseline control (C), apple (A), sour (S), sour apple (SA) and granular pectin (P) were tested on five different days with all the subjects. Salivary flow, pH value, and subjective feeling (visual analog scale) were measured before and after consuming the lozenge each day. Throughout all trial days the unstimulated whole salivary flow (UWSF) averaged 0.65 ± 0.26 ml/min. Lozenges S, SA, and P showed higher stimulated whole salivary flow (SWSF) than C (P < 0.001) by more than 0.5 ml/min. Lozenge P, with a rough surface, demonstrated the highest difference between UWSF and SWSF, 2.41 ± 0.69 ml/min. The stimulated saliva with the lozenges containing acidifiers (S, SA and P) was more than 1.4 pH units lower compared to lozenges C and A (P < 0.001). Subjects reported the strongest subjective feeling of increased saliva with lozenges SA and P. Overall lozenges SA and P provided the best objective results in enhancing salivary flow rate and subjective feeling of increased salivary flow.

Immediate effects of photobiomodulation on saliva production. / Efeitos imediatos da fotobiomodulação na produção de saliva.

PURPOSE: To verify the immediate effects of photobiomodulation on the production of salivary flow and the correlation of demographic, anthropometric and medication use data. METHODS: The study included 100 healthy individuals, aged between 18 and 76 years (mean 27.2 years), randomly split into an experimental group and a placebo group. Assessments of anthropometric measurements, self-perception of saliva production and sialometry were performed. Next, LASER irradiation was carried out at an infrared wavelength (808 nanometers) with 100 milliwatts (mw) of power at five intraoral points: on the sublingual glands and bilaterally on the submandibular and parotid glands, at doses of 9, 18 and 24 joules (J). Sialometry was repeated after each application. The control group received the same procedures with placebo equipment. RESULTS: There was a statistical association in the self-perception of reduced saliva in the experimental group for the 24J dose and in sialometry and in the reduction in salivary flow for the 18J and 24J doses and an increase to 9J, in both groups. There was no association when comparing the experimental and placebo groups. Multiple multinomial regression analysis revealed that the reduction or increase in salivary flow is independent of demographic, anthropometric and medication use variables. CONCLUSION: The bioinhibitory action of photobiomodulation on healthy salivary glands occurred at a dose of 18J and 24J, while the biostimulant action happened at a dose of 9J, regardless of demographic, anthropometric variables and medication use. The self-perception of reduced salivary flow occurred at 24J.

OBJETIVO: Verificar os efeitos imediatos da fotobiomodulação na produção do fluxo salivar e a correlação dos dados demográficos, antropométricos e de uso de medicamentos. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 100 indivíduos saudáveis, com idade entre 18 e 76 anos (média 27,2 anos), divididos de forma randomizada em grupo experimental e grupo placebo. Foram realizadas as avaliações das medidas antropométricas, autopercepção da produção de saliva e a sialometria. Na sequência, realizou-se a irradiação do LASER no comprimento de onda infravermelho (808 nanômetros) com 100 miliwatts (mw) de potência em cinco pontos intraorais: nas glândulas sublingual e bilateralmente nas submandibulares e parótidas, nas doses 9, 18 e 24 joules (J). A sialometria foi repetida após cada aplicação. O grupo controle recebeu os mesmos procedimentos com equipamento placebo. RESULTADOS: Houve associação estatística na autopercepção de redução da saliva no grupo experimental para a dose de 24J e na sialometria e na redução do fluxo salivar para as doses 18J e 24J e aumento para 9J, em ambos os grupos. Não houve associação quando comparado entre os grupos experimental e placebo. A análise de regressão multinomial múltipla revelou que a redução ou o aumento do fluxo salivar independe das variáveis demográficas, antropométricas e uso de medicamentos. CONCLUSÃO: A ação bioinibitória da fotobiomodulação sobre as glândulas salivares saudáveis ocorreu em dose de 18J e 24J, já ação bioestimulante na dose 9J, independe das variáveis demográficas, antropométricas e uso de medicamentos. A autopercepção da redução do fluxo salivar ocorreu em 24J.

A novel test for hyposalivation using a sugar cube.

BACKGROUND: Hyposalivation is a highly prevalent condition in old persons. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess a novel tool for the diagnosis of hyposalivation using a sugar cube and to compare its reliability to other validated test methods. METHODS: Five tests were performed: unstimulated salivary flow test by draining method (USFT), oral moisture device Mucus® (MCS), sugar cube test (SCT), stimulated salivary flow test by chewing gum (CG) and Saxon test (SX). The sugar cube test consisted in measuring the time needed to disintegrate a standard-sized sugar cube N°4 (5.6 g) placed beneath the tongue. Bivariate correlation analyses were performed. ROC curve analysis and the Youden Index were used to determine the cut-off value. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated according to the determined cut-off point. RESULTS: A total of 121 participants were recruited, with an average age of 49.8 ± 18.2 years. The USFT was best correlated with the SCT. No correlation was found between SCT and the stimulated saliva tests (CG, SX) as well as the MCS test. According to the Youden index, 140 s is appropriate to diagnose hyposalivation. Sensitivity of .64 and specificity of .91 were found for SCT using USFT as gold standard. The mean subjective evaluation score of the SCT was 3.1 ± 1, significantly higher than USFT 2.6 ± 1.1 (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The sugar cube test proved to be a useful method for assessing unstimulated salivation, reducing test execution time and causing less participant discomfort than the gold standard unstimulated salivary flow test.

Parotid hypersalivation after inferior salivatory nucleus glutamate/NMDA receptor excitation in the rat.

Although salivation is essential during eating behavior, little is known about the brainstem centers that directly control the salivary glands. With regard to the inferior salivatory nucleus (ISN), the site of origin of the parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies that innervate the parotid glands, previous anatomical studies have located it within the rostrodorsal medullary reticular formation. However, to date there is no functional data that shows the secretory nature of the somas grouped in this region. To activate only the somas and rule out the activation of the efferent fibers from and the afferent fibers to the ISN, in exp. 1, NMDA neurotoxin was administered to the rostrodorsal medullary region and the secretion of saliva was recorded during the following hour. Results showed an increased secretion of parotid saliva but a total absence of submandibular-sublingual secretion. In exp. 2, results showed that the hypersecretion of parotid saliva after NMDA microinjection was completely blocked by the administration of atropine (a cholinergic blocker) but not after administration of dihydroergotamine plus propranolol (α and ß-adrenergic blockers, respectively). These findings suggest that the somata of the rostrodorsal medulla are secretory in nature, controlling parotid secretion via a cholinergic pathway. The data thus functionally supports the idea that these cells constitute the ISN.

In females, salivary secretion was significantly lower in patients with severe reflux esophagitis than in healthy controls.

BACKGROUND: The salivary secretion in patients with mild reflux esophagitis (RE) and non-erosive reflux disease is significantly lower in females, but not in males. However, sex differences in salivary secretion in patients with severe RE remain unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated sex differences in saliva secretion in patients with severe RE. METHODS: Subjects consisted of 23 male patients with severe RE, 24 male healthy controls (HCs), 26 female patients with severe RE, and 25 female HCs. Saliva secretion was assessed as follows: each patient chewed sugarless gum for 3 min prior to endoscopy, and the amount and pH of saliva secreted before and after acid loading as an index of the acid-buffering capacity were measured. RESULTS: In males, no significant differences were observed in the amount of saliva secretion, salivary pH, or the acid-buffering capacity between severe RE patients and HCs. In females, the amount of saliva secretion (severe RE: 2.4 [1.8-4.1], HCs: 5.3 [3.4-7.5], p = 0.0017), salivary pH (severe RE: 7.0 [6.7-7.3], HCs: 7.2 [7.1-7.3], p = 0.0455), and the acid-buffering capacity (severe RE: 5.9 [5.3-6.2], HCs: 6.2 [6.1-6.5], p = 0.0024) were significantly lower in severe RE patients than in HCs. CONCLUSION: Among females, the salivary secretion was significantly lower in severe RE patients than in HCs. This reduction in salivary secretion may contribute to the pathophysiology of severe RE in females.

Whole unstimulated salivary flow rate decreases during acute stressful condition.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of acute stress on salivary flow using a validated stressor paradigm. STUDY DESIGN: This uniform crossover study consisted of 40 healthy adults who underwent the Trier Social Stress Test, consisting of a 5-minute mental arithmetic task (MAT), and a nonstressful task (NST), consisting of a 5-minute free speech task. The order of the tasks was counterbalanced and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) was measured in 2 groups of 20 participants during each 5-minute task condition, with a 10-minute washout period between tasks. At baseline, mathematical ability was self-reported and psychological distress was measured using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Heart rate (HR) and breathing rate (BR) were recorded during each task. RESULTS: Age, sex, HR, BR, and psychological distress were similar between groups at baseline (P > .05). During the MAT, HR increased significantly and mean UWS flow rate decreased significantly compared with the NST (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: An acute psychobiological stressor task was associated with a rapid decrease in salivary flow in adults. Thus, stress can contribute to reduced salivary flow and should be considered as a factor during the diagnostic workup of patients who complain of a dry mouth.

An effective salivation-facilitating method for COVID-19 testing: An experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Simple tools, such as antigen test kits, are readily available for determining coronavirus disease 2019 infection at hospitals and homes. However, it is challenging for elderly people who are prone to dry mouth and other diseases. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether the presence or consumption of a plum pickle can facilitate salivation during coronavirus disease 2019 testing. METHOD: Twenty healthy adult women participated in the study. The participants were allocated to 2 groups: presentation and non-presentation (n = 10; with and without presentation of a plum pickle, respectively), and eating and non-eating (n = 10; with and without consumption of plum pickle, respectively). We recorded the number of saliva swallows in 1 minute under each condition, using a swallowing test device, which attached film sensors to the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the number of swallows between the non-presentation and presentation groups ( P < .01, r = 0.89, Z = -2.82) as well as between the non-eating and eating groups ( P < .01, r = 0.85, Z = -2.68). CONCLUSIONS: The strength of 3 factors, namely: direct stimulation with citric acid, saliva buffer capacity, and motor learning, may have affected the results. Our study suggests that saliva collection using the plum pickle is an effective complementary method for facilitating salivation. This technique may be useful in avoiding the risk associated with citric acid intake and for efficient specimen collection during coronavirus disease 2019 testing. In the future, we need to verify this method in elderly participants in a clinical setting.

LIMITED EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE AND HEMODIALYSIS MAY IMPACT SALIVARY FLOW RATE AND COMPOSITION.

ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION: Rodrigues RP, Vidigal MT, Vieira WA, Nascimento GG, Sabino-Silva R, Blumenberg C, Siqueira MF, Siqueira WL, Paranhos LR. Salivary changes in chronic kidney disease and in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Nephrology. 2022 Mar 2:1-29. SOURCE OF FUNDING: The work has been partially funded by CAPES-Finance Code 001. The authors have also acknowledged The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and Minas Gerais State Agency for Research and Development, Brazil (FAPEMIG) for the support. TYPE OF STUDY/DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis of data.

In Vivo Vascular Permeability Detection in Mouse Submandibular Gland.

Saliva plays an important role in oral and overall health. The intact endothelial barrier function of blood vessels enables saliva secretion, whereas the endothelial barrier dysfunction is related to many salivary gland secretory disorders. The present protocol describes an in vivo paracellular permeability detection method to evaluate the function of endothelial tight junctions (TJs) in mouse submandibular glands (SMG). First, fluorescence-labeled dextrans with different molecular weights (4 kDa, 40 kDa, or 70 kDa) were injected into the angular veins of mice. Afterward, the unilateral SMG was dissected and fixed in the customized holder under a two-photon laser-scanning microscope, and then images were captured for blood vessels, acini, and ducts. Utilizing this method, the real-time dynamic leakage of the different-sized tracers from blood vessels into the basal sides of the acini and even across the acinar epithelia into the ducts was monitored to evaluate the alteration of the endothelial barrier function under physiological or pathophysiological conditions.

A Stimulator of the Salivary Excretion Based on Physical Vibration of the Parotid Glands.

Oral dryness causes significant health problems both functional (difficulty speaking, chewing and swallowing) and structural in teeth (increased number of infections) and oral mucosa. The main objective of this study is to show an alternative treatment to help stimulate the salivary secretion thus improving the quality of life of the patient. In this study, a salivary stimulation equipment using vibrotactile stimuli is shown. The system has been placed bilaterally in the parotid glands and assessed the efficacy of the salivary secretion by sialometry before and after the stimulation. The new proposal is capable of stimulating salivary secretion, in a significative way after 7 minutes of use, at least in the cases analyzed, and fulfills low-cost, easy-to-use, and safe technical restrictions. In this setting, this paper suggests the performance of a deep clinical trial to measure the exact efficacy of the prototype and the times and frequencies needed to state the optimal treatment depending in each case.

Functional gland-preserving surgery via periauricular incision for pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland.

INTRODUCTION: Gland-preserving surgery is often used for benign tumours in the parotid gland. Partial superficial parotidectomy via a periauricular incision may bring satisfactory cosmetic outcomes but the disease control outcome remains unrevealed. This study evaluated functional and disease control outcomes after gland-preserving surgery via periauricular incision for pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland. METHODS: This longitudinal study included 248 consecutive patients with parotid pleomorphic adenoma who underwent the preservation of most normal parotid tissues and the facial nerve combined with the en-bloc resection of tumours via periauricular incision. Postoperative complications, subjective satisfaction, salivary function, and tumour recurrence were assessed in each patient. The secretory function of the salivary gland was measured using salivary scintigraphy at 6 months after surgery, and ultrasonography was regularly followed. RESULTS: Median tumour size was 2.5 cm (range, 0.8-5.2 cm) and median operation time was 55 min (range, 39-88 min). All tumours were safely removed by gland-preserving surgery via periauricular incision without extension to Blair or hairline incision and tumour spillage. Temporary and permanent paralysis of the facial nerve was 14 (5.6%) and none of the study patients, respectively. Postoperative complications were minor and Frey's syndrome was found in 6 (2.4%) patients. The Secretary function of the affected gland was equal to that of the unaffected gland. No patients had a recurrence for a median follow-up of 78 months (range, 24-126 months). CONCLUSIONS: Functional gland-preserving surgery via periauricular incision can treat pleomorphic adenoma in the parotid gland with satisfactory functional, cosmetic, and disease control outcomes.

The role of mechanical control of biofilm in the salivary pH after sucrose exposure in children with early childhood caries.

This quasi-experimental study sought to investigate if the mechanical control of biofilm (3-times-a-day) modifies the saliva's ability to buffer the oral environment after 20% sucrose rinse (SR20%) in children with early childhood caries (ECC). Here, SR20% reduced the saliva's pH in both groups and the mechanical control of biofilm had a greater effect on this parameter after SR20% in CF children. The mechanical control of biofilm evidenced a higher buffering capacity in CF children before SR20%, which was not observed after SR20%. Otherwise, the absence of mechanical control of biofilm showed that buffering capacity was comparable in the two groups before SR20%, whereas after SR20% the saliva's buffering capacity of CF children was higher than ECC children. When biofilm was mechanically controlled, carbonic anhydrase VI activity did not change after SR20% whereas the absence of mechanical control of biofilm reduced this enzyme activity after SR20%. In conclusion, the mechanical control of biofilm did not change saliva's ability to buffer the oral environment after SR20% in children with ECC. On the other hand, CF children appeared to regulate more effectively the saliva's pH than ECC children while the absence of mechanical control of biofilm mediated their pH-modifying ability after SR20%.

Unstimulated whole salivary flow in Sjögren's Syndrome: systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sjögren's Syndrome compromises the exocrine function, producing xerostomia and xerophthalmia. It can appear as an isolated condition or associated with other autoimmune diseases (polyautoimmunity). The Unstimulated Salivary Flow rate (UWSF) is used to quantify saliva production. There is no objective evidence to differentiate the values in patients with Sjögren's versus healthy people or patients with non-Sjögren's sicca. The objective of the present review was to evaluate the UWSF in patients with Sjögren's syndrome in comparison to controls (healthy and non-Sjögren's sicca patients). METHODS: A systematic literature review was carried out (PRISMA guidelines). Analytical observational studies of cases and controls, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies and randomized clinical trials (including healthy controls) were considered. The Medline/OVID, Lilacs, Embase, and Cochrane/OVID databases were consulted. MeSH, DeCS, keywords, and Boolean operators were used. The meta-analysis (RevMan 5.2) was done through the random-effects model [mean difference (MD)]. Level and quality of evidence were evaluated by the Oxford Center Levels of Evidence and Joanna Brigs list respectively. RESULTS: Thirty-two articles were included (20 were case-control studies, 6 were cross-sectional, 2 prospective cohort, 2 retrospective cohort, and 2 studies were abstracts) and 28 were meta-analyzed. The unstimulated whole salivary flow rate in the Sjögren's group was lower than in controls (healthy and patients with non-Sjögren Sicca syndrome) (MD-0.18 ml/min; 95% CI, - 0.24 to - 0.13; chi2-P-value < 0.00001). Heterogeneity was 97% and there was publication bias (funnel plot). The level of evidence was mostly 3 or 4. The quality of evidence was met (97% of items valued). CONCLUSION: For the first time, the unstimulated whole salivary flow rate is found to be lower in patients with Sjögren's syndrome compared to controls (healthy and non-SS sicca) through a meta-analysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020211325 .

If painters give you lemons, squeeze the knowledge out of them. A study on the visual perception of the translucent and juicy appearance of citrus fruits in paintings.

Citrus fruits are characterized by a juicy and translucent interior, important properties that drive material recognition and food acceptance. Yet, a thorough understanding of their visual perception is still missing. Using citrus fruits depicted in 17th-century paintings as stimuli, we ran three rating experiments. In Experiment 1, participants rated the perceived similarity in translucency or juiciness of the fruits. In Experiment 2, different groups of participants rated one image feature from a list obtained in a preliminary experiment. In Experiment 3, translucency and juiciness were rated. We constructed two-dimensional perceptual spaces for both material properties and fitted the ratings of the image features into the spaces to interpret them. "Highlights," "peeled side," "bumpiness," and "color saturation" fit the juiciness space best and were high for the highly juicy stimuli. "Peeled side," "intensity of light gradient," "highlights," and "color saturation" were the most salient features of the translucency space, being high for the highly translucent stimuli. The same image features were also indicated in a 17th-century painting manual for material depiction (Beurs, 1692; Beurs, in press). Altogether, we disclosed the expertise of painters with regard to material perception by identifying the image features that trigger a visual impression of juiciness and translucency in citrus fruits.

Salivary flow, amylase, and total protein in hospitalized patients with HIV infection / AIDS complications.

BACKGROUND: Saliva is a complex secretion produced daily by the salivary glands. Saliva consists mainly of water, enzymes, ions and amino acids and performs several important functions in oral health. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the flow rate and concentrations of amylase and total proteins in the saliva of hospitalized patients due to AIDS complications. METHODS: Ninety-three men and women (20-64 years of age) were divided into two groups (46 HIV-infected patients and 47 controls) and had salivary flow rate and levels of amylase enzyme and total proteins evaluated. RESULT: The mean salivary flow rate was lower in individuals with HIV when compared to controls (P < 0.05). No significant difference between amylase enzyme levels and total proteins were observed in the saliva of patients with HIV infection when compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Individuals with HIV / AIDS infection (in hospital treatment) suffer no interference in levels of amylase and total salivary proteins, but they have significantly reduced salivary flow.

The effect of sublingual atropine sulfate on clozapine-induced hypersalivation: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Hypersalivation and drooling are commonly reported in clozapine-treated patients. Current management strategies have been evaluated using subjective measures. Many case reports describe the successful use of atropine in the treatment of the condition. AIMS: To measure the effect and safety of sublingual atropine on nocturnal unstimulated saliva secretion. Secondary aims were to evaluate the patient's satisfaction with the atropine effect on hypersalivation (or sialorrhea), drooling, and sleep. METHOD: Twenty-one clozapine-treated patients with hypersalivation, or drooling, were randomised to take a single 600-µg dose of sublingual atropine drops or a matching placebo. The saliva secretion was measured over 5 min at baseline and 2 h after the administration of the study medication. RESULTS: Sublingual atropine reduced the saliva secretion significantly more than the placebo (mean difference = - 57.21%, 95% CI: - 104.30, - 10.11, P = 0.02). A significant decrease in standing pulse rate was recorded in the participants in the atropine group (- 5.8 (- 9.54, - 2.15), P = 0.002). Subjectively, more patients in the atropine group found their pillow to have less saliva the following morning and found their sleep to be better. CONCLUSIONS: Sublingual atropine drops significantly reduces nocturnal unstimulated clozapine-induced saliva secretion. More research is required to compare the effect of sublingual atropine with other anticholinergic medications and different dosage forms. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12618000051246.

Effects of lingual exercises on oral muscle strength and salivary flow rate in elderly adults: a randomized clinical trial.

AIM: The present study investigated the effects of two types of lingual exercise (tongue-hold swallowing and tongue-pressure resistance training) on oral muscle strength, salivary flow rate and subjective oral health of the elderly. METHODS: We randomly assigned 74 elderly adults (≥65 years) to three groups (tongue-hold swallowing, tongue-pressure resistance training and control groups). Each group participated in 8 weeks of their appropriately prescribed intervention. We measured anterior tongue strength, posterior tongue strength, lip strength, salivary flow rate and Oral Health Impact Profile-14 score before and after 8 weeks. Differences before and after intervention were observed with a paired sample t-test. Moreover, analyses of covariance and variance were performed to determine the differences in the measured values between the groups. RESULTS: The tongue-hold swallowing group showed improvement in both anterior and posterior tongue strength, while the tongue-pressure resistance training group showed a significant increase in only anterior tongue strength. Both the tongue-hold swallowing and tongue-pressure resistance training groups showed increased salivary secretion, with the tongue-pressure resistance training group showing a higher level of salivary secretion. However, the difference in the subjective oral health scores before and after the intervention was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The two lingual exercises strengthened some aspects of tongue muscles and increased the salivary flow rate, with more salivary secretion in the tongue-pressure resistance training group than in the tongue-hold swallowing group. Any evidence of the lingual exercises being able to enhance subjective oral health could not be found. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; ••: ••-••.

Sauce it up: influence of condiment properties on oral processing behavior, bolus formation and sensory perception of solid foods.

Condiments are rarely consumed on their own. Although addition of condiments to carrier foods is known to affect oral processing behavior and sensory perception, an understanding of how different condiment properties impact oral processing behavior and sensory perception of solid carrier foods is lacking. This study aimed to understand the role of condiments varying in composition and/or rheological properties in bolus formation facilitation, and how they influence oral processing behavior and sensory perception of solid carrier foods. Two carriers (bread, cooked potato) were combined with mayonnaises differing in fat content and viscosity. Addition of mayonnaises changed bolus properties of solid carrier foods considerably (i.e. decreased bread firmness, increased potato cohesiveness, increased lubrication of both bread and potato bolus) and, consequently, facilitated faster bolus formation. While addition of mayonnaises to bread and potatoes decreased the number of chewing cycles before swallowing, consumers did not change muscle activities or jaw movements per chew. No effect of mayonnaise fat content on oral processing behavior of composite foods was observed. Low viscosity mayonnaise resulted in faster bolus formation and swallowing compared to high viscosity mayonnaise. Low viscosity mayonnaise penetrated faster into bread boli leading to faster softening of bread boli. Also in the case of potato, low viscosity mayonnaise lead to faster bolus formation than for high viscosity mayonnaise. The low viscosity mayonnaise mixed more easily with potato bolus pieces, enhancing adhesion between pieces. Both mayonnaise fat content and viscosity influenced sensory perception of composite foods considerably, especially in terms of fattiness and creaminess. We conclude that oral processing behavior, bolus formation and sensory perception of solid carrier foods can be modified considerably by condiments. While composition and rheological properties of condiments have a large effect on bolus formation and sensory perception of solid carrier foods, these aspects have a limited effect on oral processing behavior of composite foods. Oral processing behavior is dominated by the properties of the solid carrier food. Tailoring condiment-carrier combinations could be an effective strategy to increase healthy eating, alter food intake for populations such as the elderly, and increase food appreciation.

Revisión de la literatura: composición salival y su relación con caries dental en embarazadas / Review of the literature: salivary composition and its relationship with dental caries in pregnant women

La saliva es un fluido complejo muy importante en las funciones de la cavidad bucal. El embarazo es un estado normal en el que el embrión se forma y evoluciona durante nueve meses. En este proceso la mujer sufre una serie de cambios fisiológicos y psicológicos. Entre ellos, tiene modificaciones en la saliva y, por consiguiente, en el flujo, pH y concentración de proteínas salivales, que desempeñan un papel importante en la protección contra la infección en los seres humanos. Su nivel en la cavidad oral está sujeto a constantes fluctuaciones que dependen de numerosos factores. El embarazo genera adaptaciones en la fisiología femenina que pueden repercutir en la salud bucal de la gestante. Las afecciones bucales más frecuentes son la caries dental y la gingivitis. Si estas afecciones no son tratadas a tiempo, pueden repercutir en la salud del futuro bebé. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de conocer acerca de los componentes de la saliva y su relación con caries dental en las embarazadas, considerando los tres trimestres de gestación (AU)

Saliva is a complex fluid very important in the functions of the oral cavity. Pregnancy is a normal state in which the embryo forms and evolves for nine months. In this process, women undergo a series of physiological and psychological changes. Among them, it has modifications in saliva and, consequently, in the flow, pH and concentration of salivary proteins, which play an important role in protecting against infection in humans. Its level in the oral cavity is subject to constant fluctuations that depend on numerous factors. Pregnancy generates adaptations in female physiology that can affect the oral health of the pregnant woman. The most common oral conditions are dental caries and gingivitis. If these conditions are not treated in time, they can affect the health of the future baby. A bibliographic review was carried out with the objective of knowing about the components of saliva and its relationship with dental caries in pregnant women, considering the three trimesters of gestation (AU)

Disruption of tight junctions contributes to hyposalivation of salivary glands in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.

Tight junction (TJ) plays an important role in regulating paracellular fluid transport in salivary glands; however, little is known about the involvement of TJs in diabetes salivary glands. This study aimed to investigate the alterations of TJs and their possible contribution in diabetes-induced hyposalivation. Here, we observed that the morphologies of submandibular glands (SMGs) were impaired, characterized by enlarged acini accumulation with giant secretory granules, which were significantly reduced in atrophic ducts in SMGs of db/db mice, a spontaneous model of type-2 diabetes. However, the secretory granules were increased and scattered in the acini of diabetes parotid glands (PGs). Other ultrastructural damages including swollen mitochondria, expansive endoplasmic reticulum, and autophagosomes were observed in the diabetes group. The levels of TJ proteins including claudin-1 (Cldn1) and claudin-3 (Cldn3) were increased, whereas those of claudin-4 (Cldn4), occludin (Ocln), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were decreased in SMGs of db/db mice. Higher Cldn1 and Cldn3 and lower claudin-10 (Cldn10) and Ocln levels were observed in PGs of diabetes mice. Taken together, the structures of SMGs and PGs were impaired in diabetes mice, and the disruption of TJ integrity in both SMGs and PGs may contribute to diabetes-induced hyposalivation.