RESUMEN
Although mortality caused by Sarcoptes scabiei has been reported in European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis), there is a lack of detailed information regarding the exposure of wild lagomorph species to this parasite. Here, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors associated with S. scabiei exposure in European wild rabbits and Iberian hares in Mediterranean ecosystems of southern Spain. Between 2018/2019 and 2021/2022 hunting seasons, serum samples from 464 wild rabbits and 132 Iberian hares were collected from 100 hunting grounds in Andalusia (southern Spain). Sera were tested using an in-house indirect ELISA to detect specific anti-S. scabiei antibodies based on the immunodominant protein Ssλ20ΔB3. The overall apparent individual seroprevalence was 15.9% (95/596; 95%CI: 13.0-18.9). Antibodies against S. scabiei were detected in 11.6% (54/464; 95%CI: 8.7-14.5) of the European wild rabbits and 31.1% (41/132; 95%CI: 23.2-39.0) of the Iberian hares. Species (Iberian hare), age (adults) and geographical area (western Andalusia) were identified as risk factors potentially associated with S. scabiei exposure using generalized estimating equation analysis. By applying spatial analysis, two significant cluster of high seropositivity were detected in western and central Andalusia, respectively. The seroprevalence values obtained provide evidence of endemic, widespread and heterogeneous exposure to S. scabiei among wild lagomorph populations in Spanish Mediterranean ecosystems. Our findings underscore the importance of implementing integrated surveillance programs for sarcoptic mange in wild lagomorphs as well as in other sympatric species.
Asunto(s)
Animales Salvajes , Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiosis , Animales , España/epidemiología , Escabiosis/veterinaria , Escabiosis/epidemiología , Sarcoptes scabiei/inmunología , Factores de Riesgo , Conejos/parasitología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Animales Salvajes/parasitología , Liebres/parasitología , Femenino , Ecosistema , Masculino , Lagomorpha/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Scabies is an itchy skin disease caused by the burrowing mite, Sarcoptes scabiei. During their lifespan, female mites invade the stratum corneum and create tunnels in which they reside, move, feed, deposit fecal pellets, and lay eggs. Globally, more than 200 million people are estimated to be affected by scabies annually. Currently, using scabicidal agents is the only approved method for treating scabies. However, resistance to commonly used agents such as permethrin and ivermectin has been observed in scabies mites. Therefore, the development of vaccines for scabies, either as a preventative measure or for treatment, is crucial to control such neglected diseases. Since the host could evolve a protective immune response that could prevent re-infestation by scabies mites, vaccine development is theoretically possible. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the ongoing challenges regarding the currently available control measures for scabies. It also explores the promising path of scabies vaccine development, highlighting the current state of research and challenges that need to be addressed to develop new and innovative measures for both treating and preventing scabies infections.
Asunto(s)
Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiosis , Vacunas , Escabiosis/prevención & control , Animales , Humanos , Vacunas/inmunología , Sarcoptes scabiei/inmunología , Sarcoptes scabiei/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Sarcoptic mange is a widely distributed disease, with numerous potential hosts among domestic and wild animals. Nowadays it is considered a neglected re-emergent infection in humans. As a difference with domestic pigs, and even with several clinical cases reported in some European countries, it seems that Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) have a low susceptibility to clinical mange. However, because of a case of confirmed transmission from Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) to wild boar in the province of Tarragona, we planned a large-scale ELISA survey in the neighboring Valencian Community (SE Spain). We compared 419 wild boar sera from different management systems (fenced vs. open game estates), different ages (piglets, juveniles, and adults), with different behaviour (gregarious females of all ages and male piglets vs. solitary juveniles and adult males), from areas with different wild boar densities, different wild ruminant densities and different sarcoptic mange epidemiologic situations. The whole prevalence of antibodies against sarcoptic mange in the tested wild boars was 10.5%. No significant differences were found when comparing fenced and free ranging wild boars, males and females, gregarious vs. solitary individuals or among different ages. However, wild boar density was a relevant factor. In areas with a hunting bag of <1 wild boar/km2, considered as a low density of suids, the seroprevalence was 2.94%, but rose to 11.52% in high density districts, constituting a significant difference (p = 0.037). Low wild boar populations would act as a protective factor (OR 0.233; p = 0.049) against coming into contact with the mite. The wild ruminant densities or their sarcoptic mange status did not show any effect on wild boars seroprevalence against this disease. These results reinforce the suggested host-taxon Sarcoptes scabiei specificity and the independence of host-species foci.
Asunto(s)
Escabiosis , Sus scrofa , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Escabiosis/veterinaria , Escabiosis/epidemiología , Sus scrofa/parasitología , Masculino , Femenino , Porcinos , España/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/parasitología , Animales Salvajes/parasitología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Sarcoptes scabiei , Cabras , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Sarcoptic mange or scabies is a contagious parasitic skin disease that affects a wide range of domestic and wildlife species. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence, molecular identification, and characteristics of sarcoptic mange in vicuñas. A total of 3,274 vicuñas were examined. Following ritual harvesting events ("chaccus") in 13 Andean communities. The presence of mange mites was determined by the skin scraping technique and confirmed by PCR analysis using specific primers for the ITS2 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei. The presence of mange mites was also confirmed by microscopy using samples taken from wallows. A data collection form was used to register the characteristics of the vicuñas sampled. The prevalence of sarcoptic mange was 4.9% (95% CI: 4.1 - 5.6%). All samples from wallows tested positive (9/9). Importantly, the presence of the species S. scabiei was molecularly confirmed. Adult females with regular body condition were more susceptible to sarcoptic mange, although the lesions were mild. This study confirms the presence of S. scabiei in semi-captive vicuñas and points to the possible role of wallows in the dissemination of Sarcoptes mites.
Asunto(s)
Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiosis , Escabiosis/epidemiología , Escabiosis/veterinaria , Estudios Transversales , Animales , Perú/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Prevalencia , Sarcoptes scabiei/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sarcoptic mange is rare in cats. The main symptoms reported in cases of feline sarcoptic mange include crusty lesions and pruritus, although these may vary in severity among individuals. OBJECTIVES: This report describes three cats infested with Sarcoptes scabiei, all presenting with pruritus and excoriation. METHODS: The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic observation of skin scrape samples. RESULTS: All three cats were treated successfully using moxidectin and imidacloprid, selamectin and ivermectin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical presentation of feline scabies appears to be more variable in cats than in dogs. Infestation with S. scabiei should be considered a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with pruritic inflammatory skin disease.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos , Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiosis , Animales , Escabiosis/veterinaria , Escabiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Escabiosis/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Gatos , Masculino , Femenino , Polonia , Sarcoptes scabiei/efectos de los fármacos , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Nitrocompuestos/uso terapéutico , Neonicotinoides/uso terapéutico , Insecticidas/uso terapéutico , MacrólidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sarcoptic mange is a skin disease caused by the contagious ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei, capable of suppressing and extirpating wild canid populations. Starting in 2015, we observed a multi-year epizootic of sarcoptic mange affecting a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population on Fire Island, NY, USA. We explored the ecological factors that contributed to the spread of sarcoptic mange and characterized the epizootic in a landscape where red foxes are geographically constrained. METHODS: We tested for the presence of S. scabiei DNA in skin samples collected from deceased red foxes with lesions visibly consistent with sarcoptic mange disease. We deployed 96-100 remote trail camera stations each year to capture red fox occurrences and used generalized linear mixed-effects models to assess the affects of red fox ecology, human and other wildlife activity, and island geography on the frequency of detecting diseased red foxes. We rated the extent of visual lesions in diseased individuals and mapped the severity and variability of the sarcoptic mange disease. RESULTS: Skin samples that we analyzed demonstrated 99.8% similarity to S. scabiei sequences in GenBank. Our top-ranked model (weight = 0.94) showed that diseased red foxes were detected more frequently close to roadways, close to territories of other diseased red foxes, away from human shelters, and in areas with more mammal activity. There was no evidence that detection rates in humans and their dogs or distance to the nearest red fox den explained the detection rates of diseased red foxes. Although detected infrequently, we observed the most severe signs of sarcoptic mange at the periphery of residential villages. The spread of visual signs of the disease was approximately 7.3 ha/week in 2015 and 12.1 ha/week in 2017. CONCLUSIONS: We quantified two separate outbreaks of sarcoptic mange disease that occurred > 40 km apart and were separated by a year. Sarcoptic mange revealed an unfettered spread across the red fox population. The transmission of S. scabiei mites in this system was likely driven by red fox behaviors and contact between individuals, in line with previous studies. Sarcoptic mange is likely an important contributor to red fox population dynamics within barrier island systems.
Asunto(s)
Zorros , Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiosis , Animales , Zorros/parasitología , Escabiosis/veterinaria , Escabiosis/epidemiología , Escabiosis/parasitología , Sarcoptes scabiei/genética , Piel/parasitología , Piel/patología , New York/epidemiología , Animales Salvajes/parasitología , Geografía , HumanosRESUMEN
We report tracking of bacterial skin microbiota for two bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) following in situ treatment for sarcoptic mange. Sarcoptes scabiei, the etiologic agent, has dramatic effects on skin microbiota. Our case reports show differing disease trajectory and bacterial beta diversity between the two treated individuals.
Asunto(s)
Microbiota , Escabiosis , Piel , Animales , Escabiosis/veterinaria , Escabiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Piel/microbiología , Piel/parasitología , Marsupiales/microbiología , Marsupiales/parasitología , Sarcoptes scabiei , Masculino , FemeninoRESUMEN
In this study we analysed the effect of the temperature, diverse strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, Lysinibacillus sphaericus and nanoformulations with essential plant oils (EONP) on the survival of Sarcoptes scabiei mites derived from naturally-infested Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica). In general, mites maintained at 12ºC survived more than those maintained at 35ºC (40.7â¯hr and 31.2â¯hr, respectively). Mites with no treatment survived 27.6â¯h on average. Mites treated with B. thuringiensis serovar. konkukian and geranium EONP showed significant reduction in their survival. Despite the fact that these agents seem to be promising candidates for controlling sarcoptic mange in the field, further research is still needed to get stable, efficient and eco-friendly acaricides.
Asunto(s)
Acaricidas , Cabras , Sarcoptes scabiei , Animales , Acaricidas/farmacología , Sarcoptes scabiei/efectos de los fármacos , Escabiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Escabiosis/veterinaria , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Bacillus thuringiensis/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
There is a large burden of treatable dermatologic conditions in refugee populations. Parasitic infestations are particularly common when there are barriers to basic hygiene, crowded living or travel conditions, and lack of access to health care. Body lice are associated with anemia and can transmit a variety of diseases; chronic impetigo secondary to scabies is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease globally. Dermatologists have unique skills to identify skin infections, inflammatory diseases, and infestations. Appropriate dermatologic care has the potential to improve overall outcomes.
Asunto(s)
Infestaciones por Piojos , Refugiados , Escabiosis , Animales , Humanos , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Infestaciones por Piojos/terapia , Infestaciones por Piojos/diagnóstico , Escabiosis/diagnóstico , Escabiosis/terapia , Pediculus , Sarcoptes scabieiRESUMEN
Various kinds of pets have been known to contract the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei. Current acaricides are becoming less effective because of the resistance developed by the mite besides their adverse effects on the general activity and reproductive performance of domestic pets. For this reason, the present study aims to discover a novel and safe approach using silver and gold nanoparticles to fight Sarcoptic mange in rabbits as well as to explain their mechanism of action. 15 pet rabbits with clinical signs of Sarcoptic mange that were confirmed by the microscopic examination were used in our study. All rabbits used in this study were assessed positive for the presence of different developing stages of S. scabiei. Three groups of rabbits (n = 5) were used as follows: group (1) didn't receive any treatment, and group (2 and 3) was treated with either AgNPs or GNPs, respectively. Both nanoparticles were applied daily on the affected skin areas via a dressing and injected subcutaneously once a week for 2 weeks at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg bwt. Our results revealed that all rabbits were severely infested and took a mean score = 3. The skin lesions in rabbits that didn't receive any treatments progressed extensively and took a mean score = of 4. On the other hand, all nanoparticle-treated groups displayed marked improvement in the skin lesion and took an average score of 0-1. All NPs treated groups showed remarkable improvement in the microscopic pictures along with mild iNOS, TNF-α, and Cox-2 expression. Both nanoparticles could downregulate the m-RNA levels of IL-6 and IFγ and upregulate IL-10 and TGF-1ß genes to promote skin healing. Dressing rabbits with both NPs didn't affect either liver and kidney biomarkers or serum Ig levels indicating their safety. Our residual analysis detected AgNPs in the liver of rabbits but did not detect any residues of GNPs in such organs. We recommend using GNPs as an alternative acaricide to fight rabbit mange.
Asunto(s)
Oro , Nanopartículas del Metal , Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiosis , Plata , Animales , Conejos , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/administración & dosificación , Oro/química , Escabiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Escabiosis/parasitología , Plata/química , Sarcoptes scabiei/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/parasitología , Piel/patología , Piel/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sarcoptic mange is a serious animal welfare concern in bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). Fluralaner (Bravecto®) is a novel acaricide that has recently been utilised for treating mange in wombats. The topical 'spot-on' formulation of fluralaner can limit treatment delivery options in situ, but dilution to a volume for 'pour-on' delivery is one practicable solution. This study investigated the in vitro acaricidal activity of Bravecto, a proposed essential oil-based diluent (Orange Power®), and two of its active constituents, limonene and citral, against Sarcoptes scabiei. METHODS: Sarcoptes scabiei were sourced from experimentally infested pigs. In vitro assays were performed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) and survival time of the mites when exposed to varying concentrations of the test solutions. RESULTS: All compounds were highly effective at killing mites in vitro. The LC50 values of Bravecto, Orange Power, limonene and citral at 1 h were 14.61 mg/ml, 4.50%, 26.53% and 0.76%, respectively. The median survival times of mites exposed to undiluted Bravecto, Orange Power and their combination were 15, 5 and 10 min, respectively. A pilot survival assay of mites collected from a mange-affected wombat showed survival times of < 10 min when exposed to Bravecto and Orange Power and 20 min when exposed to moxidectin. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the acaricidal properties of Bravecto, demonstrate acaricidal properties of Orange Power and support the potential suitability of Orange Power and its active constituents as a diluent for Bravecto. As well as killing mites via direct exposure, Orange Power could potentially enhance the topical delivery of Bravecto to wombats by increasing drug penetration in hyperkeratotic crusts. Further research evaluating the physiochemical properties and modes of action of Orange Power and its constituents as a formulation vehicle would be of value.
Asunto(s)
Acaricidas , Isoxazoles , Aceites de Plantas , Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiosis , Animales , Sarcoptes scabiei/efectos de los fármacos , Acaricidas/farmacología , Isoxazoles/farmacología , Escabiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Escabiosis/parasitología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/química , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/farmacología , Porcinos , Limoneno/farmacología , Limoneno/química , Terpenos/farmacología , Terpenos/química , Ciclohexenos/farmacología , Ciclohexenos/química , Dosificación Letal MedianaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Crusted scabies (CS, Norwegian scabies) is a severe form of scabies, characterized by hyper-infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei mites. CS is commonly associated with immunosuppression but is also reported in overtly immunocompetent individuals. We reviewed immunosuppressive risk factors and comorbidities associated with CS. METHODS: The National Library of Medicine (PubMed) database was reviewed for patient case reports of CS from January 1998 to July 2023. Two authors screened records for eligibility, extracted data, and one critically appraised the quality of the studies. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42023466126. RESULTS: A total of 436 records were identified, of which 204 were included for systematic review. From these, 683 CS patients were included. CS impacted both genders equally. Adults (21-59 years) were more commonly affected (45.5%) compared to children (0-20 years, 21%). Corticosteroid use was the most prevalent immunosuppressive risk factor identified (27.7% of all cases). About 10.2% of reports were associated with HIV/AIDS, and 8.5% with HTLV-1 infection. 10.5% of patients were overtly immunocompetent with no known risk factors. Overall, 41 (6.0%) died, many subsequent to secondary bacteremia. CONCLUSION: This study represents the first systematic review undertaken on immunosuppressive risk factors associated with CS. This provides insights into trends of immunosuppression and mechanisms of CS development.
Asunto(s)
Comorbilidad , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Escabiosis , Escabiosis/epidemiología , Humanos , Factores de Riesgo , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , Niño , Animales , Lactante , Sarcoptes scabiei , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Preescolar , Infecciones por HTLV-I/epidemiología , Infecciones por HTLV-I/complicaciones , Terapia de Inmunosupresión , Recién NacidoRESUMEN
The use of therapeutic agents is a critical option to manage wildlife disease, but their implementation is usually spatially constrained. We seek to expand knowledge around the effectiveness of management of environmentally-transmitted Sarcoptes scabiei on a host population, by studying the effect of a spatially constrained treatment regime on disease dynamics in the bare-nosed wombat Vombatus ursinus. A host population of wombats is modelled using a system of non-linear partial differential equations, a spatially-varying treatment regime is applied to this population and the dynamics are studied over a period of several years. Treatment could result in mite decrease within the treatment region, extending to a lesser degree outside, with significant increases in wombat population. However, the benefits of targeted treatment regions within an environment are shown to be dependent on conditions at the start (endemic vs. disease free), as well as on the locations of these special regions (centre of the wombat population or against a geographical boundary). This research demonstrates the importance of understanding the state of the environment and populations before treatment commences, the effects of re-treatment schedules within the treatment region, and the transient large-scale changes in mite numbers that can be brought about by sudden changes to the environment. It also demonstrates that, with good knowledge of the host-pathogen dynamics and the spatial terrain, it is possible to achieve substantial reduction in mite numbers within the target region, with increases in wombat numbers throughout the environment.
Asunto(s)
Marsupiales , Escabiosis , Animales , Escabiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Escabiosis/epidemiología , Sarcoptes scabiei , Animales SalvajesRESUMEN
Objective: Scabies infestation is a major parasitic disease affecting both human and animal health worldwide. This study aimed to determine the distribution of scabies infestation in stray dogs in Bursa province. Methods: The study material was obtained from stray dogs suspected of mange kept in a municipal shelter in Bursa between June 2020 and February 2022. Samples from stray dogs were examined in a laboratory, and dogs with scabies were determined. Results: During the study, samples were collected from 205 (115 males, 90 females) scabies-suspected stray dogs, 58 (28.29%) of which had scabies. Demodex spp. were detected in 35 of the positive dogs (60.34%) (D. canis, D. injae), 19 (32.76%) Sarcoptes scabiei canis, 2 (3.44%) mixed infestation (Sarcoptes and Demodex), and 2 (3.44%) Otodectes cynotis agents. It was determined that 32 (55.17%) of 58 scabies-positive dogs were male and 26 (44.83%) were female. The association of infestations with age, season, and sex has not been found to be statistically meaningful. Conclusion: This study identified scabies agents and their prevalence rate in stray dogs of Bursa province, Türkiye.
Asunto(s)
Escabiosis , Humanos , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Escabiosis/epidemiología , Escabiosis/veterinaria , Sarcoptes scabiei , Laboratorios , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
Scabies is an itchy skin disease caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei. During their lifespan, the female mites invade the stratum corneum and create tunnels, in which they reside, move, feed, deposit fecal pellets, and lay eggs. Recently, scabies was included in the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030. This review attempts to summarize our knowledge about the mite's biology and the disease pathogenesis, pathological changes, and complications. Generally, the host-parasite interaction in scabies is highly complex and involves different mechanisms, some of which are yet largely unknown. Elucidation of the nature of such interaction as well as the underlying mechanisms could allow a better understanding of the mite's biology and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic options for scabies control programs. Moreover, identification of the molecular basis of such interaction could unveil novel targets for acaricidal agents and vaccines.
Asunto(s)
Acaricidas , Escabiosis , Femenino , Animales , Sarcoptes scabiei , Huevos , EpidermisRESUMEN
A escabiose é uma dermatose infecto parasitária mais prevalente no mundo, sobretudo nas regiões tropicais e em países de baixa renda. Surtos são comuns em locais de aglomeração como presídios, escolas e campos de refugiados, e tanto o atraso no diagnóstico como o tratamento inadequado são responsáveis pela propagação da doença. Este trabalho tem por objetivos destacar os principais aspectos da escabiose bem como as apresentações dermatológicas, a fim de auxiliar no diagnóstico e tratamentos precoces, tendo como foco o médico generalista. O estudo foi realizado no Departamento de Clínica de Dermatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), através de uma revisão de literatura com acesso aos bancos de dados eletrônicos PubMed. A escabiose é causada pelo Sarcoptes scabiei, caracterizada pelo prurido intenso e por lesões cutâneas sugestivas e localizações típicas, mas que podem variar de acordo com a faixa etária ou estados de imunossupressão. É considerada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde uma doença tropical negligenciada, podendo causar grande impacto socioeconômico e, ainda que com menor frequência, levar a complicações, muitas vezes decorrentes de infecções bacterianas secundárias, sobretudo nas formas mais graves da doença (vistas principalmente em pacientes imunossuprimidos). Por esses motivos, o reconhecimento das principais formas de apresentação clínica e sintomas associados são importantes para que o diagnóstico seja estabelecido de forma breve, possibilitando a instituição correta do tratamento e, com isso, cessando o ciclo de transmissão do ácaro.
Asunto(s)
Sarcoptes scabiei , Ácaros , HipersensibilidadRESUMEN
The parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei causes mange in nearly 150 species of mammals by burrowing under the skin, triggering hypersensitivity responses that can alter animals' behavior and result in extreme weight loss, secondary infections, and even death. Since the 1990s, sarcoptic mange has increased in incidence and geographic distribution in Pennsylvania black bear (Ursus americanus) populations, including expansion into other states. Recovery from mange in free-ranging wildlife has rarely been evaluated. Following the Pennsylvania Game Commission's standard operating procedures at the time of the study, treatment consisted of one subcutaneous injection of ivermectin. To evaluate black bear survival and recovery from mange, from 2018 to 2020 we fitted 61 bears, including 43 with mange, with GPS collars to track their movements and recovery. Bears were collared in triplicates according to sex and habitat, consisting of one bear without mange (healthy control), one scabietic bear treated with ivermectin when collared, and one untreated scabietic bear. Bears were reevaluated for signs of mange during annual den visits, if recaptured during the study period, and after mortality events. Disease status and recovery from mange was determined based on outward gross appearance and presence of S. scabiei mites from skin scrapes. Of the 36 scabietic bears with known recovery status, 81% fully recovered regardless of treatment, with 88% recovered with treatment and 74% recovered without treatment. All bears with no, low, or moderate mite burdens (<16 mites on skin scrapes) fully recovered from mange (n=20), and nearly half of bears with severe mite burden (≥16 mites) fully recovered (n=5, 42%). However, nonrecovered status did not indicate mortality, and mange-related mortality was infrequent. Most bears were able to recover from mange irrespective of treatment, potentially indicating a need for reevaluation of the mange wildlife management paradigm.
Asunto(s)
Escabiosis , Ursidae , Humanos , Animales , Escabiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Escabiosis/veterinaria , Escabiosis/diagnóstico , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Ursidae/parasitología , Sarcoptes scabiei , Animales Salvajes/parasitología , PennsylvaniaRESUMEN
Sarcoptic mange caused by Sarcoptes scabiei can have catastrophic consequences for wildlife. We inspected 122 Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus), collected by active (n=66) or passive (n=56) surveillance, and 28 South American gray foxes (Lycalopex griseus; all from passive surveillance) for mange in Chile (2015-19). In Andean foxes, gross lesions of mange were diagnosed in 24% of passively and 9% of actively collected foxes, although observed prevalences might be underestimated. Seroprevalence was 37 and 18%, respectively, indicating that some individuals recovered from infection or were developing the disease. No differences were found between age and sex groups. Comparing data from passive surveillance, occurrence of gross lesions was lower in gray foxes (5%). Body condition was significantly better in Andean foxes without lesions than in diseased foxes, which had significantly lower albumin concentrations than healthy individuals. Among the 12 foxes with gross lesions, four, six and two individuals were categorized as having type I, type II, and type III lesions, respectively, based on clinical severity. Histologic severity correlated with gross lesions and included irregular epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis, which was marked in type II and III infections. Conventional PCR targeting of the cox1 gene fragment revealed four nucleotide sequence types, showing 99-100% identity among them and between 99% and 100% identity with previously published sequences of S. scabiei. A significant association between the occurrence of mange in foxes and distance to the nearest house was found. We speculate that diseased foxes tended to approach human settlements, perhaps in search of food. Visual inspection of 211 rural dogs from the study area did not reveal gross mange lesions in any animal. Sarcoptic mange is enzootic in the Andean fox in the study area and should be considered in the management of the species.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Escabiosis , Animales , Humanos , Perros , Escabiosis/epidemiología , Escabiosis/veterinaria , Chile/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Sarcoptes scabiei , Animales Salvajes , ZorrosRESUMEN
Cases of sarcoptic mange in the wildlife population have been increasing around the world in recent years. In this study, we report the first case of severe sarcoptic mange in two Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus) and molecularly analyze the collected mites. The National Forestry and Wildlife Service of Lima, Peru, found an adult male Andean fox in the province of Callao in August 2022. The veterinarians decided to euthanize the fox due to the severity of the mange. In August 2023, an adult male Andean fox was found dead in the province of Huaral by veterinarians. Both foxes were sent to the veterinary school in Lima for necropsy. Skin samples from different body zones were digested in buffer lysis, and mites were detected in the tissue samples. A morphological diagnosis identified the mites as Sarcoptes scabiei. The mites from both foxes had the same nuclear (ITS2) and mitochondrial (cox1) genetic marker sequences as the S. scabiei sequences from dogs, vicunas, Andean foxes, and water buffalos recorded in GenBank. Unlike ITS2, phylogenetic analysis of S. scabiei cox1 showed host-related nucleotide sequence polymorphisms. Future molecular studies of S. scabiei from different hosts and localities will be necessary to better understand the transmission of this disease in Andean foxes.
Asunto(s)
Zorros , Escabiosis , Animales , Masculino , Animales Salvajes , Perú , Filogenia , Sarcoptes scabiei/genética , Escabiosis/veterinariaRESUMEN
Scabies is an ectoparasitic dermatosis caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis mite, which lives and reproduces in humans. Its incidence in Spain has increased in recent years. The aim of this study was to complement existing evidence on the increasing number of scabies cases in our country by analyzing changes in ectoparasiticide prescriptions and Internet searches for scabies infestations measured by Google Trends. We also examined correlations between these two variables. Our results show that public interest in scabies has increased in recent years and is positively and significantly correlated with an increasing use of ectoparasiticides. We believe that Google Trends should be considered as a complementary tool for monitoring real-time trends in scabies infestations in Spain.