RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Three-phase CT urography (CTU) is the gold standard for evaluating the upper urinary tract in patients with hematuria. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of CTU for detecting upper urothelial cell carcinomas (UCC) in patients with hematuria and negative cystoscopy. Secondly, we aimed to determine the tumor visibility on each CTU phase. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients with hematuria referred to CTU after a negative cystoscopy during 2016 and 2017. The original CTU reports were dichotomized as negative or positive. All patient charts were reviewed after a minimum of 18-month follow-up in order to register missed cancers. The results of biopsies and clinical follow-up were used as the reference standard. Two reviewers retrospectively evaluated the tumor visibility of each CT sequence in all true-positive CTUs. RESULTS: We included 376 patients with hematuria who underwent CTU after a negative cystoscopy. Macroscopic and microscopic hematuria occurred in 87% (327) and 13% (49), respectively. The incidence of upper urothelial cell carcinoma was 1.9% (7), and the sensitivity of CTU was 100% (95% CI, 59-100), specificity was 99% (95% CI, 98-100), positive predictive value was 88% (95% CI, 47-99), and negative predictive value was 100% (95% CI, 99-100). The accuracy was 99% (95% CI, 90-100). All UCCs were visible on the nephrographic phase for both reviewers. CONCLUSION: CTU is highly accurate for detecting upper UCCs. All cases were seen on the nephrographic phase. This suggests that the CTU protocol can be simplified. KEY POINTS: ⢠CT urography is highly accurate for detecting upper urothelial cell carcinomas. ⢠All cancers were seen on the nephrographic phase. ⢠All cancers were detected in patients with macroscopic hematuria.
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Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/complicaciones , Hematuria/diagnóstico , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/complicaciones , Sistema Urinario/diagnóstico por imagen , Urografía/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/diagnóstico , Cistoscopía , Femenino , Hematuria/etiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/diagnóstico , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This MiniReview focuses on the role played by nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) in physiology of the upper and lower urinary tract. NO and H2 S, together with carbon monoxide, belong to the group of gaseous autocrine/paracrine messengers or gasotransmitters, which are employed for intra- and intercellular communication in almost all organ systems. Because they are lipid-soluble gases, gaseous transmitters are not constrained by cellular membranes, so that their storage in vesicles for later release is not possible. Gasotransmitter signals are terminated by falling concentrations upon reduction in production that are caused by reacting with cellular components (essentially reactive oxygen species and NO), binding to cellular components or diffusing away. NO and, more recently, H2 S have been identified as key mediators in neurotransmission of the urinary tract, involved in the regulation of ureteral smooth muscle activity and urinary flow ureteral resistance, as well as by playing a crucial role in the smooth muscle relaxation of bladder outlet region. Urinary bladder function is also dependent on integration of inhibitory mediators, such as NO, released from the urothelium. In the bladder base and distal ureter, the co-localization of neuronal NO synthase with substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in sensory nerves as well as the existence of a high nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity in dorsal root ganglion neurons also suggests the involvement of NO as a sensory neurotransmitter.
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Sulfuro de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos del Sistema Urinario , Sistema Urinario/metabolismo , Animales , Humanos , Neuronas Motoras/fisiología , Relajación Muscular , Músculo Liso/irrigación sanguínea , Músculo Liso/inervación , Músculo Liso/fisiología , Músculo Liso Vascular/inervación , Músculo Liso Vascular/fisiología , Terminaciones Nerviosas/fisiología , Neuronas Aferentes/fisiología , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Sistema Urinario/inervaciónRESUMEN
Impaired blood flow in lower urinary tract (LUT) tissues is a pathophysiological cause of LUT symptoms. We investigated the effects of the phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor tadalafil on the sustained decrease in bladder blood flow (BBF) and time-dependent changes in BBF and prostate blood flow (PBF) resulting from ischemia/reperfusion in two rat models. In a rat model of bladder overdistension/emptying (O/E), the bladder was overdistended by saline infusion and emptied after 2h. Tadalafil was administered intraduodenally immediately after emptying. In a rat model of clamping/release (C/R), the abdominal aorta was clamped for 2h after a single oral dose of tadalafil and then the clamp was released. BBF in O/E and C/R rats and PBF in C/R rats were measured by laser Doppler flow imaging. BBF decreased on overdistension and partially recovered after emptying. A progressive decrease in BBF was observed after O/E, and this was prevented by tadalafil treatment. Both BBF and PBF decreased during clamping of the abdominal aorta and partially recovered after clamp removal. Oral pretreatment with tadalafil partially or completely prevented the decreases in BBF and PBF not only after clamp removal but also during clamping. PDE5 mRNA was highly expressed in the bladder and the supporting vasculature. Tadalafil inhibited the O/E-induced decrease in BBF and the C/R-induced time-dependent decreases in BBF and PBF. PDE5 inhibition by tadalafil may improve both BBF and PBF.
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Aorta Abdominal/efectos de los fármacos , Síntomas del Sistema Urinario Inferior/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 5/farmacología , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 5/uso terapéutico , Tadalafilo/farmacología , Tadalafilo/uso terapéutico , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Sistema Urinario/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Aorta Abdominal/cirugía , Constricción , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 5/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Arteria Ilíaca/metabolismo , Masculino , Próstata/irrigación sanguínea , Próstata/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Vesículas Seminales/metabolismo , Vejiga Urinaria/irrigación sanguínea , Vejiga Urinaria/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: In humans, prostate phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5) expression was prominently localized in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the vascular bed, suggesting a possible action of PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5i) on prostate blood flow. AIM: To investigate PDE5 expression in human and rat lower urinary tract (LUT) tissues, including vasculature, and determine the effects of PDE5 inhibition with tadalafil on prostatic blood perfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Human vesicular-deferential arteries (which originate from the inferior vesical artery, the main arterial source of blood supply to the bladder and prostate) were analyzed for PDE5 expression and activity. The effects of tadalafil on prostate oxygenation were studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), characterized by ischemia/hypoxia of the genitourinary tract. METHODS: PDE5 expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. SHR were treated with tadalafil (2 mg/kg/day) for 1, 7, or 28 days and compared with untreated SHR and the unaffected counterpart Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Prostate oxygenation was detected by Hypoxyprobe-1 and hypoxia markers (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α[HIF-1α] and endothelin-1 type B [ETB]) immunostaining. RESULTS: Human vesicular-deferential artery expressed high levels of PDE5, similar to corpora cavernosa, immunolocalized in the endothelial and smooth muscle layer. In these arteries, tadalafil inhibited cyclic guanosine monophosphate breakdown (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50) ) in the low nanomolar range, as in corpora cavernosa) and increased the relaxant response to sodium nitroprusside. SHR prostate resulted markedly hypoxic (hypoxyprobe immunopositivity) and positive for HIF-1α and ETB, while tadalafil treatment restored oxygenation to WKY level at each time point. The mRNA expression of the HIF-1α target gene, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3, was significantly increased in SHR prostate and partially restored to WKY level by tadalafil. CONCLUSION: Human vesicular-deferential artery is characterized by a high expression and activity of PDE5, which was inhibited by tadalafil in vitro. In SHR, tadalafil increases prostate tissue oxygenation, thus suggesting a possible mechanism through which PDE5i exert beneficial effects on LUT symptoms.
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Carbolinas/farmacología , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 5/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 5/farmacología , Próstata/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Urinario/enzimología , Animales , Endotelina-1/metabolismo , Humanos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculo Liso Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso Vascular/enzimología , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Nitroprusiato/farmacología , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Próstata/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Ratas Endogámicas WKY , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Tadalafilo , Vejiga Urinaria/irrigación sanguínea , Vejiga Urinaria/enzimología , Vejiga Urinaria/metabolismo , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Sistema Urinario/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Urinario/metabolismoRESUMEN
The decline in sex hormone levels that accompanies the menopause has substantial effects on the tissues of the urogenital system, leading to atrophic changes. These changes can have negative effects on sexual and urinary function. The authors evaluate the repercussion of hypoestrogenism and sexual steroids on some elements of the pelvic floor and lower urinary tract. They summarize their research work and review significant published papers. They emphasize the changes in urinary mucosae, periurethral vessels, muscular layer, connective tissue, gene expression, autonomic nervous system receptors, as well as the main clinical aspects involved.
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Estrógenos/deficiencia , Sistema Urinario/metabolismo , Urotelio/fisiología , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Animales , Atrofia , Colágeno/análisis , Colágeno/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclooxigenasa 1/genética , Terapia de Reemplazo de Estrógeno , Estrógenos/fisiología , Estrógenos/uso terapéutico , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Glicosaminoglicanos/metabolismo , Humanos , Ácido Hialurónico/metabolismo , Microcirculación/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , Neovascularización Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Diafragma Pélvico/irrigación sanguínea , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptores Muscarínicos/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Muscarínicos/fisiología , Moduladores Selectivos de los Receptores de Estrógeno/uso terapéutico , Incontinencia Urinaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Incontinencia Urinaria/fisiopatología , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Urotelio/efectos de los fármacos , Prolapso Uterino/fisiopatología , Vagina/metabolismo , Vagina/patología , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genética , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Microglobulina beta-2/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to find out on an unselected patient group whether crossing vessels have an influence on the width of the renal pelvis and what independent predictors of these target variables exist. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 1072 patients with arterially contrasted CT scans were included. The 2132 kidneys were supplied by 2736 arteries. RESULTS: On the right side, there were 293 additional and accessory arteries in 286 patients, and on the left side there were 304 in 271 patients. 154 renal pelves were more than 15 mm wide. The greatest independent factor for hydronephrosis on one side was hydronephrosis on the contralateral side (p<0.0001 each). Independent predictors for the width of the renal pelvis on the right side were the width of the renal pelvis on the left, female gender, increasing age and height; for the left side, predictors were the width of the renal pelvis on the right, concrements, parapelvic cysts and great rotation of the upper pole of the kidney to dorsal. Crossing vessels had no influence on the development of hydronephrosis. Only anterior crossing vessels on the right side are associated with widening of the renal pelvis by 1 mm, without making it possible to identify the vessel as an independent factor in multivariate regression models. CONCLUSION: The width of the renal pelvis on the contralateral side is the strongest independent predictor for hydronephrosis and the width of the renal pelvis. There is no link between crossing vessels and the width of the renal pelvis.
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Hidronefrosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Riñón/irrigación sanguínea , Arteria Renal/diagnóstico por imagen , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Riñón/anatomía & histología , Riñón/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tamaño de los Órganos , Valores de Referencia , Arteria Renal/anatomía & histología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Sistema Urinario/anatomía & histología , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Aterosclerosis/complicaciones , Isquemia/complicaciones , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Trastornos Urinarios/etiología , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Humanos , Isquemia/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Ultrasonografía Doppler en Color , Vejiga Urinaria/irrigación sanguínea , Vejiga Urinaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Sistema Urinario/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastornos Urinarios/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To investigate, using transrectal colour Doppler ultrasonography, (TRCDUS) whether perfusion of the bladder and prostate is reduced in elderly patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), common in later life, as experimental data suggest that chronic ischaemia has a key role in the development of LUTS. PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 32 elderly patients with LUTS (12 women, mean age 82.3 years, group 1; and 20 men, 79.4 years, group 2) perfusion of the bladder neck (in women) and of the bladder neck and prostate (in men) was measured using TRCDUS and the resistive index (RI) and colour pixel density (CPD) determined, assessed by a TRUS unit and special software. To assess the age-related effect two control groups of 10 young healthy women (mean age 42.3 years, group 3) and 10 age-matched healthy men (mean age 41.5 years, group 4) were also enrolled. RESULTS: Irrespective of gender, there was markedly lower bladder perfusion in elderly patients with LUTS than in the younger subjects. The mean (SD) RI of the bladder neck in group 1, of 0.88 (0.06), and group 2, of 0.80 (0.08), was higher than in control groups 3, of 0.62 (0.05), and group 4, of 0.64 (0.09). The results were similar for the CPD measurements. The frequency of daily and nightly micturition showed a strong negative correlation with perfusion in the urinary bladder. CONCLUSION: In elderly patients with LUTS there was decreased perfusion of the bladder neck and prostate when assessed using TRCDUS. Therefore, decreased perfusion in the urinary bladder might be responsible for the development of LUTS with advancing age.
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Isquemia/complicaciones , Próstata/irrigación sanguínea , Ultrasonografía Doppler en Color , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Trastornos Urinarios/etiología , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Humanos , Isquemia/diagnóstico por imagen , Isquemia/patología , Masculino , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagen , Próstata/patología , Prostatismo/diagnóstico por imagen , Prostatismo/etiología , Prostatismo/patología , Calidad de Vida , Vejiga Urinaria/irrigación sanguínea , Vejiga Urinaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Sistema Urinario/diagnóstico por imagen , Sistema Urinario/patología , Trastornos Urinarios/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastornos Urinarios/patologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the changes in the vascularization of the lower urinary tract following laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH). METHODS: Seventy women undergoing LH not under the indication of a uterine myoma were included. All subjects underwent urinalysis, pelvic examination, and introital color Doppler ultrasonography and completed a urinary questionnaire before and 6 months after LH. One-hour pad tests and urodynamic studies were performed in clinically incontinent women pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: Evaluation of the Doppler velocimetric parameters of bladder neck and periurethral vessels before and after LH, including number of vessels, pulsatility index, systolic peak, and minimum diastole, revealed no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) decreased significantly from 37.1% (n = 26) preoperatively to 17.1% (n = 12) postoperatively (p < 0.01). A total of 19 patients reported no further SUI following LH. Their urinary leakages on the pad tests had all <10 g before surgery. When we analyzed the data of the women reporting no further SUI (n = 19) and de novo SUI (n = 5) following LH, the changes in the pulsatility index also showed no significant difference from the pre-LH values (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest that LH has little impact on the blood flow of bladder neck and urethra. Although some women experienced relief of the symptoms of mild or de novo SUI after LH, this being unrelated to changes in the vascularization of the lower urinary tract.
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Histerectomía Vaginal/efectos adversos , Laparoscopía/efectos adversos , Incontinencia Urinaria de Esfuerzo/etiología , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Histerectomía Vaginal/métodos , Laparoscopía/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Incontinencia Urinaria de Esfuerzo/diagnóstico , Urodinámica , Urología/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To elucidate, in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), how often detrusor overactivity (DOA) is persistent after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and if perfusion of the lower urinary tract influences postoperative outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty men with urodynamically confirmed DOA and bladder outlet obstruction due to BPH had a TURP. Before and 1 year after TURP the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL) score, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and total prostatic volume (TPV) were evaluated. Also, the lower urinary tract was evaluated using pressure-flow studies and transrectal colour Doppler ultrasonography to assess the vascular resistive index (RI) as a variable of the perfusion of the lower urinary tract. RESULTS: After TURP the IPSS, QoL score, PSA level and TPV decreased. Cystometric measurements showed that in 15 (30%) patients DOA was persistent after TURP. The mean (sd) maximum urinary flow rate increased from 9.20 (4.03) to 15.98 (4.62) mL/s and postvoiding residual urine volumes decreased from 109.38 (73.71) to 29.24 (45.00) mL. When men with persistent DOA (15 patients; group 1) were compared with those with no DOA after TURP (35; group 2) there was a statistically significantly higher RI of the bladder vessels in group 1, at 0.86 (0.068) than in group 2, at 0.68 ( 0.055) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Persistent DOA in men after TURP seems to be associated with increased vascular resistance of the bladder vessels with subsequent reduced perfusion and hypoxia.
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Hiperplasia Prostática/cirugía , Resección Transuretral de la Próstata , Vejiga Urinaria Hiperactiva/etiología , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Anciano , Humanos , Masculino , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangre , Hiperplasia Prostática/complicaciones , Hiperplasia Prostática/fisiopatología , Calidad de Vida , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ultrasonografía , Vejiga Urinaria Hiperactiva/fisiopatología , Sistema Urinario/diagnóstico por imagen , UrodinámicaRESUMEN
During the performance of radical hysterectomies in the everyday practice, oncologists continuously face difficulties and problems related to the urinary tract at the time of early and late postoperative period and occasionally intraoperatively. Bladder complications are hypo- and atonia, which may lead to hydroyreter and hydronephrosis. These hypo- and atonia sometimes delate adjuvant therapies and this influences therapeutic results. Thus in the present review are reported the blood supply, nerve structures and bladder function, which preserving may result in less complications after radical hysterectomy
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Histerectomía/métodos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Enfermedades de la Vejiga Urinaria/etiología , Vejiga Urinaria/anatomía & histología , Femenino , Humanos , Vejiga Urinaria/irrigación sanguínea , Vejiga Urinaria/inervación , Sistema Urinario/anatomía & histología , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Sistema Urinario/inervaciónRESUMEN
During the pelvic surgery ureters are dissected until they flow to the bladder. For this reason surgen must be knowleadgable about the anatomy of the vesico-ureteral unit and the blood supply of the ureters,because the majority of the early and late complications, especially following pelvic irradiation,are related to the function of kidneys and ureters. In the present review attention is paid on the ureters as an anatomical marker during the performance of radical hysterectomy and on the possible intraoperative complications, identification and avoidance of ureteral injuries,as well. Authors also discussed on the management of ureteral damages.
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Histerectomía/métodos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Uréter/anatomía & histología , Enfermedades Ureterales/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Uréter/irrigación sanguínea , Uréter/inervación , Sistema Urinario/anatomía & histología , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Sistema Urinario/inervaciónRESUMEN
An increase in the survival of neonates with antenatal diagnosis of malformations was achieved by the recent technical advances in neonatal intensive care units. The aim of this article is to describe the experience with neonatal arterial hypertension, in newborns with nephro-urological malformations, in a tertiary care referral Nursery, in a period of 4 years. Newborn medical records from the Nursery Annex to the Maternity of Hospital das Clinicas, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, with the diagnosis of nephro-urological malformations and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) at hospital discharge, in a period from January 1999 to January 2003, were retrospectively analysed. Among 10.278 live newborns in the studied period, 15 (0.15%) newborns were compatible with our inclusion criteria. Of these 15 newborns, 12 (80%) were male and three were premature (20%). In relation to aetiology, 13 (87%) showed urological malformations, 1 (6%) chronic renal insufficiency secondary to kidney dysplasia and one (6%) autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. SAH control was achieved with monotherapy in eight patients (53%), five patients (33%) needed an association of two drugs (calcium-channel blocker and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor), one child used three types of antihypertensive drugs (calcium-channel blocker, ACE inhibitor and hydrochlorothiazide) for pressoric control and one child's blood pressure (BP) was controlled exclusively by peritoneal dialysis. The incidence of nephro-urological malformations in our service during the studied period was 0.89%. SAH incidence among these newborns was 19%. Our data reinforce previous studies pointing to the necessity to consider children with nephro-urological malformations as a risk group for SAH, who should have the BP evaluated since the neonatal period.
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Hipertensión/complicaciones , Sistema Urinario/anomalías , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Femenino , Hospitales , Humanos , Hipertensión/sangre , Hipertensión/congénito , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sistema Urinario/metabolismoRESUMEN
The authors propose differentiated complexes of therapy of children with urinary infection. These complexes include medicines (M-cholinolytics, antihypoxic drugs and drugs improving microcirculation) and low-invasive therapy. Clinical experience is reported for 4 boys and 40 girls with microbial-inflammatory urinary diseases. Standard urodynamic tests were made in all the patients before and after the course of therapy. Three variants of driptan effects on the urinary bladder were identified: M-cholinolytic, spasmolytic and mixed (larger volume and lower intravesical hypertension). Some of the patients experienced standard endoscopic reflux correction with the use of synthetic hydrophilic gel. Control urodynamic examinations 3 months after the treatment showed that functional disorders were reduced. Treatment efficacy was assessed with home flowmetry. Thus, combined therapy of microbial-inflammatory diseases with parallel correction of lower urinary tracts urodynamics by M-cholinolytics improves treatment results. Courses of antibacterial and uroceptic therapy should be followed by non-invasive monitoring to reveal urodynamic disorders, define dysfunction type and perform an additional treatment with mediators in combination with physiotherapeutic procedures.
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Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Vejiga Urinaria/fisiopatología , Infecciones Urinarias/tratamiento farmacológico , Urodinámica/efectos de los fármacos , Vasodilatadores/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Niño , Preescolar , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Microcirculación/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso/irrigación sanguínea , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vejiga Urinaria/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Infecciones Urinarias/complicaciones , Infecciones Urinarias/fisiopatología , Vasodilatadores/administración & dosificación , Reflujo Vesicoureteral/tratamiento farmacológico , Reflujo Vesicoureteral/etiologíaAsunto(s)
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/farmacología , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/farmacocinética , Vasos Sanguíneos/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Hemodinámica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Piel/irrigación sanguínea , Vasoconstricción/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o perfil do paciente submetido a cateterização vesical de demora em um hospital geral e a incidência do trato urinário nosocomial no ano de 1994. Através dos dados obtidos nasfichas de notificação de infecção e antibioticoterapia da CCIH do HU da UFSC, foram incluídos todos os pacientes adultos internados nesse hospital que foram submetidos a cateterização vesical de demora durante o ano de 1994, totalizando 581 pacientes...
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Catéteres de Permanencia/normas , Cateterismo Urinario , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguíneaRESUMEN
The authors studied biomicroscopic picture of microcirculation in the vessels of bulbar conjunctiva, renal hemodynamics, blood cell metabolism in 50 patients aged 3-12 with renal and ureteral defects. By morphology of the kidneys assessed at aortography, computer renangiography and other tests 2 groups of children were identified: bilateral congenital urological disorder combined with severe advanced dysplasia of the renal tissue and the ureter, low renal function (group 1); light or moderate disorder of renal function, minimal dysplasia of the renal tissue. In children with renal and urinary defects with renal dysfunction there was systemic abnormal microcirculation (group 1) characterized by severe capillarotrophic insufficiency in the form of unusual winding of all the microvessels, formation of vascular loops and balls, narrowing of capillary lumen, etc. in the presence of acute arteriolar spasm and rheological alterations in microvessels. In addition to functional changes in arteriolar tone, mechanisms of microcirculatory disturbances in children with congenital surgical disorders of the kidneys and urinary tracts involve membrane-destructive processes. Changes in phospholipids level and their spectrum in plasma and red cell membranes, a rise in the activity of phospholipase A and C in the serum and red cell membranes exhibit close correlation with microhemodynamic impairment. Instructions are provided for conduction of preoperative preparation and multicomponent anaesthesia with allowances for principal mechanisms of microcirculatory disorders in children with severe congenital renal and urinary affections.
Asunto(s)
Riñón/anomalías , Riñón/cirugía , Sistema Urinario/anomalías , Sistema Urinario/cirugía , Niño , Preescolar , Conjuntiva/irrigación sanguínea , Hemodinámica , Humanos , Periodo Intraoperatorio , Riñón/irrigación sanguínea , Riñón/metabolismo , Microcirculación/fisiopatología , Cuidados Preoperatorios , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Sistema Urinario/metabolismoRESUMEN
The sympathetic innervation of the urinary tract of young adult (4 months) and aged (24+ months) rats has been examined by glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence for the detection of noradrenaline and by immunofluorescence using antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Immunostaining for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), known to be present in pelvic sensory nerves, was also performed. Semi-quantitative estimations of nerve densities were made of noradrenergic and peptidergic fibres innervating the smooth musculature of the ureter, bladder and urethra, and of the urinary tract vasculature. In the aged rats the overall patterns of innervation remained unchanged. However, with the exception of the vesical vasculature, the density of noradrenergic innervation decreased as did the intensity of histofluorescence. A similar pattern of results was observed by TH and NPY immunofluorescence. The results present evidence for a diminution in the sympathetic control of the urinary tract in aged rats. The pattern and density of CGRP-immunoreactive nerves was unchanged in the aged animals suggesting that pelvic visceral sensory innervation is more resistant to the effects of advancing age.
Asunto(s)
Fibras Adrenérgicas/ultraestructura , Envejecimiento , Neuronas Aferentes/ultraestructura , Sistema Urinario/inervación , Fibras Adrenérgicas/química , Animales , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/análisis , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Glioxilatos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Músculo Liso Vascular/inervación , Neuronas Aferentes/química , Neuropéptido Y/análisis , Norepinefrina/análisis , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Tirosina 3-Monooxigenasa/análisis , Uréter/inervación , Uretra/inervación , Vejiga Urinaria/inervación , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguíneaRESUMEN
Between 1984 and 1987, autopsies were performed on 214 decreased who were safely assumed to have been chronic consumers of alcohol. Histological investigations were conducted on 84 ureters, with twelve of them (14.3 percent) exhibiting capillarosclerosis. This statistical relationship between alcohol consumption and capillarosclerosis was not attributable to action of alcohol on the capillaries but most probably had been a consequence of polytoxicomania, e.g. chronic alcohol abuse in concomitance with intake of phenacetin-containing medicaments. Accidental post-mortem finding of capillarosclerosis may be interpreted as a relative indicator to chronic alcohol consumption.
Asunto(s)
Alcoholismo/patología , Capilares/patología , Sistema Urinario/irrigación sanguínea , Autopsia , Humanos , Fenacetina/efectos adversos , Esclerosis , Uréter/irrigación sanguínea , Uréter/patología , Sistema Urinario/patologíaRESUMEN
This paper presents preliminary data on a new method for testing the sympathetic innervation of the urothelium. A flexible laser Doppler probe was introduced into the urethra of two females and two male subjects. The percentage fall in laser Doppler flux following generalized sympathetic stimulation by taking an inspiratory gasp was measured. This resulted in 36%, 32%, 68% and 34% mean drop in urothelial blood flux. In the female subjects, the probe was advanced into the bladder and the procedure repeated, and the gasp resulted in 60% and 83% drop in flux. With laser Doppler fluxmetry, fall in microcirculatory blood flow associated with a generalized increase in sympathetic tone, therefore can be demonstrated. This method may be useful in the assessment of the integrity of the sympathetic innervation of the urothelium in patients with suspected autonomic dysfunction of the genitourinary tract.