Does Maintaining a Bottle of Adhesive Without the Lid Significantly Reduce the Solvent Content?

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of maintaining a bottle of adhesive without its lid on the solvent loss of the etch-and-rinse adhesive systems. Three 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesives with different solvents (acetone, ethanol or butanol) were used in this study. Drops of each adhesive were placed on an analytical balance and the adhesive mass was recorded until equilibrium was achieved (no significant mass alteration within time). The solvent content of each adhesive and evaporation rate of solvents were measured (n=3). Two bottles of each adhesive were weighted. The bottles were maintained without their lids for 8 h in a stove at 37 ºC, after which the mass loss was measured. Based on mass alteration of drops, acetone-based adhesive showed the highest solvent content (46.5%, CI 95%: 35.8-54.7) and evaporation rate (1.11 %/s, CI95%: 0.63-1.60), whereas ethanol-based adhesive had the lowest values (10.1%, CI95%: 4.3-16.0; 0.03 %/s CI95%: 0.01-0.05). However, none of the adhesives bottles exhibited significant mass loss after sitting for 8 h without their lids (% from initial content; acetone - 96.5, CI 95%: 91.8-101.5; ethanol - 99.4, CI 95%: 98.4-100.4; and butanol - 99.3, CI 95%: 98.1-100.5). In conclusion, maintaining the adhesive bottle without lid did not induce significant solvent loss, irrespective the concentration and evaporation rate of solvent.

Este estudo avaliou o efeito da manutenção do frasco do adesivo sem sua tampa na perda de solvente de sistemas adesivos convencionais. Três adesivos convencionais de 2 passos com diferentes solventes (acetona, etanol ou butanol) foram usados neste estudo. Gotas de cada adesivo foram colocadas em uma balança analítica e a massa dos adesivos foi registrada até a obtenção do equilíbrio (nenhuma alteração significativa com o tempo). O conteúdo de solvente de cada adesivo e a taxa de evaporação dos solventes foram mensurados (n=3). Dois frascos de cada adesivo foram pesados. Os frascos foram mantidos sem suas tampas por 8 h em uma estufa a 37 ºC, seguido pela mensuração da pera de massa. Baseado na alteração de massa das gotas, o adesivo a base de acetona demonstrou o maior conteúdo de solvente (46,5%, IC 95%: 35,8-54,7) e de taxa de evaporação (1,11 %/s, IC95%: 0,63-1,60), enquanto que o adesivo à base de etanol teve os menores valores (10,1%, IC95%: 4,3-16,0; 0,03 %/s IC95%: 0,01-0,05). Entretanto, nenhum dos frascos dos adesivos exibiu perda significante de massa após ficar por 8 h sem suas tampas (% do conteúdo inicial; acetona - 96,5, IC95%: 91,8-101,5; etanol - 99,4, IC95%: 98,4-100,4; e butanol - 99,3, IC95%: 98,1-100,5). Em conclusão, a manutenção do frasco do adesivo sem tampa não induziu perda significante de solvente independente da concentração e da taxa de evaporação do solvente.

Clonal mast cell activation syndrome with anaphylaxis to sulfites.

Sulfites are rarely suspected as causative agents of immediate-type hypersensitivity. We report on a 49-year-old male patient who developed recurrent severe hypotension after food ingestion. A diagnosis of monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome was established. In the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge, the patient reacted to potassium metabisulfite with anaphylaxis.

Sodium metabisulfite as a contact allergen--an example of a rare chemical mechanism for protein modification.

BACKGROUND: Skin-sensitizing chemicals that cause allergic contact dermatitis do so by reacting with self-proteins such that the modified structure becomes antigenic. The reaction chemistry involved is well characterized, but there are exceptions, such as the occasional allergen sodium metabisulfite. OBJECTIVES: To identify the potential in cutaneo reaction chemistry of sodium metabisulfite. METHODS: The established protein reaction chemistry associated with aqueous sulfite chemistry was explored in the context of the protein modification stage in allergic contact dermatitis. RESULTS: A probable mechanism for the in cutaneo modification of proteins by sodium metabisulfite involves the sulfite di-anion, acting as a nucleophile towards electrophilic centres in proteins, which is a rare mechanism, as most known skin-sensitizing chemicals behave as electrophiles. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium metabisulfite is an unusual but not infrequent contact allergen whose chemistry suggests a previously unrecognized protein modification mechanism involving nucleophilic attack by sulfite di-anions on target electrophilic centres in skin proteins. The chemical properties required for sensitization by nucleophilic attack on skin proteins are quite restrictive, so the domain of nucleophilic sensitizers is expected to be small. Thiourea derivatives are among the sensitizers likely to act by this mechanism.

Sodium metabisulfite--a marker for cosmetic allergy?

A 45-year-old woman developed dermatitis of the face after she applied a cosmetic package comprising day and night creams. Patch tests were performed with the British Contact Dermatitis Society (BCDS) standard, bases + preservatives, and cosmetic series in addition to samples of both creams and the individual constituents. She had positive tests to both cosmetic creams, sodium sulfite from the manufacturer's samples (5% white soft paraffin (WSP)), and sodium metabisulfite (1% pet) in our bases + preservatives battery. Sodium sulfite is a constituent of both cosmetic creams. We assume that the positive test to sodium metabisulfite is a cross-reaction. We hypothesize that a reaction to sodium metabisulfite may be a marker for sulfite allergy in cosmetics and might account for some of the unexplained positives in previous reports.

[Oral testing for sulfite asthma]. / Die orale Testung auf Sulfitasthma.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Patients with asthma may develop bronchoconstriction after ingestion of sulfites. We studied the sensitivity and specificity of an oral provocation challenge with metabisulfite to detect a sulfite-sensitive asthma. METHODS: We performed an oral dose-response metabisulfite challenge in 44 patients with a history of sulfite-sensitive asthma, 27 patients with asthma but without a history of sulfite sensitivity, and 8 control subjects without asthma. Metabisulfite was administered in capsules in a single-blind manner. Airway response was assessed by FEV decline, measured 30' after each dose. RESULTS: Thirty-nine percent of patients with a history of sulfite-sensitive asthma demonstrated a significant bronchoconstriction after ingestion of metabisulfite, whereas patients without an appropriate history and control subjects did not respond to the challenge. CONCLUSIONS: The oral metabisulfite challenge exhibits a high specificity (100%) but low sensitivity of about 40%. Nonetheless, taking into account the uncertainties in the patients' history of sulfite-sensitive asthma, the oral metabisulfite challenge as performed by us is a useful method for the diagnosis of sulfite sensitive asthma.

Sulfite contact allergy.

In the last 2 years, 2,894 consecutive eczematous patients were patch tested with sodium metabisulfite 1% pet. Positive reactions were elicited in 50 subjects (1.7%). All 50 patients were also positive to potassium metabisulfite 1% pet. and sodium bisulfite 1% and 5% pet., while only 2 of them were positive to sodium sulfite 1% pet. Prick tests and intradermal tests with a sodium metabisulfite solution (10 mg/ml) were negative. No flare-ups of dermatitis or patch test were provoked by oral challenge with 30 mg and 50 mg of sodium metabisulfite. The dermatitis was taken to be occupational in 7 cases. In only 5 out of 43 non-occupational cases was the positive reaction considered relevant.

[Demonstration of sulfite-group-specific IgE in patients with intolerance to preservatives]. / Mise en évidence des IgE spécifiques du groupe des sulfites chez les intolérants á ces conservateurs.

On the basis of the selection of a population of patients intolerant to sulfites by the clinical history, a simple blind oral provocation test and a basophil activation test, we explored the basophil activation reaction induced by sulfites after passive sensitisation of blood donors basophils. We demonstrated that the percentages of activation obtained with a non covalent reagent (MBS-HSA), a covalent reagent (sulfonyl-HSA) and the optimal concentration of an anti-IgE were not significantly different. Human basophil activation was negativated by heating the transferred sera and by competition with a monoclonal human IgE. We also observed mediator release (histamine and LTC4) with a low frequency, histamine release being strictly related to the carrier protein concentration. In two cases, sulfite specific IgE were detected by ELISA. These results are in favour of the specificity and the IgE dependent nature of basophil activation induced by sulfites.

[Bronchial asthma caused by occupational sulfite exposure]. / Asma bronquial por exposición laboral a sulfitos.

A case is reported of a patient with episodes of bronchospasm requiring hospital admission after handling sodium bisulfite on the job. The patient had a 15-year history of bronchial asthma and concomitant rhinoconjunctivitis and a 6-year history of asthma induced by moderate exercise. His family history included a father with sensitization to mites. Skin tests, measurement of specific IgI, and nasal provocation were positive for domestic dust mites and grass pollen. Skin tests for sodium metasulfite at a concentration of 10 mg/ml were negative. A simple blind oral provocation test of sodium metasulfite (1, 5, 20, and 50 mg) in acid medium was positive at the 50-mg dose, eliciting bronchial and nasal symptoms, and a decrease in CVF, FEV1, and PEF of more than 20% over baseline values. The episode of bronchospasm has not recurred in the workplace since exposure to sodium bisulfite was eliminated. Oral provocation with metasulfite in acid medium is considered a good technique for confirming the diagnosis of these cases.

Aditivos de las presentaciones medicamentosas / Additive of the medical samples

La Tartrazina y Sulfitos son responsables del 90%de las reacciones a los aditivos. Colorantes como Amaranto (Rojo Nro.4), Eritrocina (Rojo Nro.3), Azul Brillante (Azul Nro.1), etc. y conservantes como parabenos, nitratos, benzoatos, etc., son citados por reportes aislados en la literatura como causantes de racciones medicamentosas. En nuestro país la mayoría de prospectos de los medicamentos no detallan los excipientes. Se inició el presente trabajo revisando uno por uno los prospectos adjuntos de las presentaciones farmacéuticas, en farmacias y droguerías de nuestra ciudad. Se agruparon los medicamentos en 5 categorías. Se enviaron cartas a 104 de los Laboratorios, solicitando nos confirmen o nos rectifiquen, si existe error en cuanto a la lista de presentaciones farmacéuticas que adjuntamos. Así tenemos: 1)Medicamentos con sulfitos. Ej: Biletan (comp.), Gentamina (amp.). 2)Medicamentos con tartrazina. Ej: Pankreoflat AD (comp.). 3)Medicamentos que no aclaran excipientes. Ej.: Berco (susp.) 4)Medicamentos que aclaran excipientes, sin sulfitos, ni tartrazina. Ej.: Ventolin (cpto)(jarabe). 5)Medicamentos que no se conocen sus prospectos por falta de existencia. Ej.:Amplidine Balsámico (susp.). Hay laboratorios que colaboran y otros que no contestaron nuestras cartas. El listado de las presentaciones medicamentosas, resultante de este trabajo, permitirá que los médicos alergólogos, tomen conocimiento de los excipientes que en ciertos pacientes sensibles pueden causar reacciones

Dermatitis due to sulfites in home permanent preparations. Part II.

Irritant contact dermatitis to sulfite hair preparations most commonly occurs when users do not follow instructions. Allergic eczematous reactions are very rare; immediate urticarial reactions seem to occur principally in patients with asthma. Pretesting should be done in such patients in a physician's office where medication for the treatment of shock or asthma is available.

Metabisulfite sensitivity and local dental anesthesia.

A case of sulfite sensitivity first manifesting as urticaria and acute airway obstruction following local anesthesia is described. A positive parenteral provocation test to metabisulfite was observed weeks after recovery of the patient from the clinical event.

The laboratory evaluation of IgE antibody to metabisulfites in patients skin test positive to metabisulfites.

An immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction has been proposed as one possible mechanism in which metabisulfites (MBSs) cause reactions. As demonstrated with certain occupational chemicals, we proposed that MBS might conjugate with human proteins, such as human serum albumin, and then cause an immunologic response. Because we had identified no reactions to MBS at the Northwestern Allergy Service, we used sera from four patients reported elsewhere as having positive skin tests and positive oral challenges to sulfites. We attempted to demonstrate, both in vitro by ELISA and in vivo by passive cutaneous transfer to monkey, evidence for IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to MBSs. Our results demonstrated that there is evidence of IgE antibody by passive transfer for one patient studied, but no evidence of IgE antibody by ELISA to an MBS-albumin conjugate in any of the four patients. This study illustrates the complexities involved in the evaluation and mechanism of MBS-induced disease and the caution with which results must be interpreted.