Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 24
Filtrar
1.
J Hist Med Allied Sci ; 76(3): 294-318, 2021 Sep 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34198331

RESUMEN

For nearly a century, sodium pentothal was the undisputed king of anesthetics. Anesthesiologists were not, however, the sole consumers of pentothal, as psychiatrists used it to treat acute anxiety during psychoanalysis. The associated drug-induced inhibitions were attractive not only to psychotherapists, but also to a new generation of policing and Cold War espionage searching for the elusive truth serum. Cameo appearances of pentothal in media, film, and popular culture propagated the anesthetic's negative public image. While legal challenges to the admissibility of pentothal-induced confessions and congressional investigations of clandestine truth serum programs may have tainted the popular anesthetic, it was pentothal's widespread adaptation as part of the lethal injection cocktail that finally killed the king of anesthetics as pharmaceutical companies around the world refused to manufacture what had been transformed into a largely unprofitable drug, associated with capital punishment.


Asunto(s)
Anestésicos Intravenosos/historia , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/historia , Tiopental/historia , Anestésicos Intravenosos/administración & dosificación , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/administración & dosificación , Medicina en las Artes/historia , Tiopental/administración & dosificación
2.
Am J Psychiatry ; 175(6): 508-516, 2018 06 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29869547

RESUMEN

Traumatic stressors have always been a part of the human experience. What is now referred to as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was first studied in the context of military trauma during the Civil War and World War I but most extensively in World War II. Much of what we know about the medical and psychological management of PTSD has its origins in military psychiatric approaches, and a review of these practices reveals important tenets that should be applied in current treatment for both military and nonmilitary PTSD. These practices include intervention as soon as possible after the traumatic exposure, provision for a safe and supportive therapeutic milieu designed for an individual's relatively rapid return to his or her responsibilities and normal activities, and using a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy (especially exposure to the traumatic memory). A review of current guidelines for treatment of PTSD reveals that few treatments are endorsed with great certainty, owing in large part to a paucity of clinical trials, particularly of pharmacotherapy. This shortcoming must be addressed to enable translation of promising discoveries in the neuroscience of fear into the therapeutic advances patients need and deserve. [AJP at 175: Remembering Our Past As We Envision Our Future March 1947: Psychiatric Experience in the War, 1941-1946 Brig. General William C. Menninger "Another observation which can be made as a result of our experience, is that if intensive treatment was provided early, in an environment in which the expectation of recovery prevailed, remarkable results were obtained." (Am J Psychiatry 1947; 103:577-586 )].


Asunto(s)
Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/historia , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Guerra de Corea , Psiquiatría Militar/historia , Psicoterapia/historia , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/terapia , Terminología como Asunto , Tiopental/historia , Tiopental/uso terapéutico , Guerra de Vietnam , Segunda Guerra Mundial
5.
Anaesth Intensive Care ; 42 Suppl: 21-3, 2014 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25196955

RESUMEN

Up to the end of World War II, less than 10% of the general anaesthetics administered was with intravenous barbiturates. The remaining 90% of anaesthetics given in the USA were with diethyl ether. In the United Kingdom and elsewhere, chloroform was also popular. Diethyl ether administration was a relatively safe and simple procedure, often delegated to nurses or junior doctors with little or no specific training in anaesthesia. During the Japanese attack on the US bases at Pearl Harbor, with reduced stocks of diethyl ether available, intravenous Sodium Pentothal(®), a most 'sophisticated and complex' drug, was used with devastating effects in many of those hypovolaemic, anaemic and septic patients. The hazards of spinal anaesthesia too were realised very quickly. These effects were compounded by the dearth of trained anaesthetists. This paper presents the significance of the anaesthesia tragedies at Pearl Harbor, and the discovery in the next few years of many other superior drugs that caused medical and other health professionals to realise that anaesthesia needed to be a specialist medical discipline in its own right. Specialist recognition, aided by the foundation of the National Health Service in the UK, the establishment of Faculties of Anaesthesia and appropriate training in pharmacology, physiology and other sciences soon followed. Modern anaesthesiology, as we understand it today, was born and a century or more of ether anaesthesia finally ceased.


Asunto(s)
Anestesiología/historia , Medicina Militar/historia , Segunda Guerra Mundial , Anestesia/mortalidad , Anestesiología/educación , Anestésicos/efectos adversos , Anestésicos/historia , Hawaii , Hexobarbital/efectos adversos , Hexobarbital/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Médicos , Tiopental/efectos adversos , Tiopental/historia
7.
J R Army Med Corps ; 158(1): 29-33, 2012 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22545370

RESUMEN

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an important health risk factor for military personnel deployed in modern warfare. In World War I this condition (then known as shell shock or 'neurasthenia') was such a problem that 'forward psychiatry' was begun by French doctors in 1915. Some British doctors tried general anaesthesia as a treatment (ether and chloroform), while others preferred application of electricity. Four British 'forward psychiatric units' were set up in 1917. Hospitals for shell shocked soldiers were also established in Britain, including (for officers) Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh; patients diagnosed to have more serious psychiatric conditions were transferred to the Royal Edinburgh Asylum. Towards the end of 1918 anaesthetic and electrical treatments of shell shock were gradually displaced by modified Freudian methods psychodynamic intervention. The efficacy of 'forward psychiatry' was controversial. In 1922 the War Office produced a report on shell shock with recommendations for prevention of war neurosis. However, when World War II broke out in 1939, this seemed to have been ignored. The term 'combat fatigue' was introduced as breakdown rates became alarming, and then the value of pre-selection was recognised. At the Maudsley Hospital in London in 1940 barbiturate abreaction was advocated for quick relief from severe anxiety and hysteria, using i.v. anaesthetics: Somnifaine, paraldehyde, Sodium Amytal. 'Pentothal narcosis' and 'narco-analysis' were adopted by British and American military psychiatrists. However, by 1945 medical thinking gradually settled on the same approaches that had seemed to be effective in 1918. The term PTSD was introduced in 1980. In the UK the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for management (2005) recommend trauma-focussed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and consideration of antidepressants.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Combate/terapia , Medicina Militar/historia , Psiquiatría/historia , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/terapia , Anestesia General , Trastornos de Combate/historia , Terapia Electroconvulsiva , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/historia , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/uso terapéutico , Guerra de Corea , Personal Militar , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/historia , Tiopental/historia , Tiopental/uso terapéutico , Guerra de Vietnam , Primera Guerra Mundial , Segunda Guerra Mundial
10.
Bull Hist Med ; 79(3): 500-33, 2005.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16184018

RESUMEN

This essay reconstructs a social and cultural history of "truth serum" in America during the 1920s and 1930s, identifying the intellectual ingredients of the idea of a physiological "truth technique," and examining why it seemed to meet an urgent need. It argues that truth serum had the patina of modern science but produced a phenomenon that could be understood and evaluated by every man. It therefore offered the public a technique with the benefits of expertise but without its attendant costs to lay authority. The paper also argues that truth serum helped develop an account of memory as a permanent record of experience, accessible through altered states of mind. This view contributed to the production of a public understanding of memory that both diverged from previous claims about memory and recall, and ran counter to the direction of current psychological research. It thus helped lay the groundwork for claims about memory permanence and scientific recall techniques later in the twentieth century.


Asunto(s)
Psiquiatría Forense/historia , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Escopolamina/historia , Autorrevelación , Amobarbital/historia , Trastornos de la Conciencia/inducido químicamente , Crimen/historia , Crimen/prevención & control , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Policia/historia , Tiopental/historia , Estados Unidos
15.
Artículo en Alemán | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7819465

RESUMEN

In 1994, thiopentone has been in clinical use as an induction agent for 60 years. For this reason, a literature review is given dealing with its chemical properties and pharmacokinetics with special regard to plasma protein binding, recommended speed of injection, diaplacentar transfer to the foetus in Caesarean section and the transfer to breast milk. The pharmacodynamics of thiopentone are reviewed with emphasis on the effects on the CNS, the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, renal function, liver and the effect in porphyria. Its side effects such as local reactions and release of histamine are also reviewed. The clinical importance of thiopentone in anaesthesia induction and the present state of cerebral protection are discussed, as well as the results of controlled trials comparing thiopentone to other induction drugs. Thiopentone has the main disadvantage of a slow elimination resulting in minor CNS depression, which seems of very limited clinical importance. In most respects thiopentone seems to be comparable to its younger competitors.


Asunto(s)
Tiopental/historia , Anestesia General/historia , Anestesia Intravenosa/historia , Anestesia Obstétrica , Cesárea , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Intercambio Materno-Fetal/fisiología , Embarazo , Unión Proteica/fisiología , Tiopental/efectos adversos , Tiopental/farmacocinética
SELECCIÓN DE REFERENCIAS
DETALLE DE LA BÚSQUEDA