AGC1 Deficiency: Pathology and Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of the Disease.

AGC1/Aralar/Slc25a12 is the mitochondrial carrier of aspartate-glutamate, the regulatory component of the NADH malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) that transfers cytosolic redox power to neuronal mitochondria. The deficiency in AGC1/Aralar leads to the human rare disease named "early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 39" (EIEE 39, OMIM # 612949) characterized by epilepsy, hypotonia, arrested psychomotor neurodevelopment, hypo myelination and a drastic drop in brain aspartate (Asp) and N-acetylaspartate (NAA). Current evidence suggest that neurons are the main brain cell type expressing Aralar. However, paradoxically, glial functions such as myelin and Glutamine (Gln) synthesis are markedly impaired in AGC1 deficiency. Herein, we discuss the role of the AGC1/Aralar-MAS pathway in neuronal functions such as Asp and NAA synthesis, lactate use, respiration on glucose, glutamate (Glu) oxidation and other neurometabolic aspects. The possible mechanism triggering the pathophysiological findings in AGC1 deficiency, such as epilepsy and postnatal hypomyelination observed in humans and mice, are also included. Many of these mechanisms arise from findings in the aralar-KO mice model that extensively recapitulate the human disease including the astroglial failure to synthesize Gln and the dopamine (DA) mishandling in the nigrostriatal system. Epilepsy and DA mishandling are a direct consequence of the metabolic defect in neurons due to AGC1/Aralar deficiency. However, the deficits in myelin and Gln synthesis may be a consequence of neuronal affectation or a direct effect of AGC1/Aralar deficiency in glial cells. Further research is needed to clarify this question and delineate the transcellular metabolic fluxes that control brain functions. Finally, we discuss therapeutic approaches successfully used in AGC1-deficient patients and mice.

Cognitive deficits and impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation in KATP-induced DEND syndrome.

ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) gain-of-function (GOF) mutations cause neonatal diabetes, with some individuals exhibiting developmental delay, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes (DEND) syndrome. Mice expressing KATP-GOF mutations pan-neuronally (nKATP-GOF) demonstrated sensorimotor and cognitive deficits, whereas hippocampus-specific hKATP-GOF mice exhibited mostly learning and memory deficiencies. Both nKATP-GOF and hKATP-GOF mice showed altered neuronal excitability and reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Sulfonylurea therapy, which inhibits KATP, mildly improved sensorimotor but not cognitive deficits in KATP-GOF mice. Mice expressing KATP-GOF mutations in pancreatic ß-cells developed severe diabetes but did not show learning and memory deficits, suggesting neuronal KATP-GOF as promoting these features. These findings suggest a possible origin of cognitive dysfunction in DEND and the need for novel drugs to treat neurological features induced by neuronal KATP-GOF.

Hyper- and hypo-connectivity in sensorimotor network of drug-naïve patients with cervical dystonia.

BACKGROUND: Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most common form of focal dystonia with involuntary movements and postures of the head. The pathogenesis and neural mechanisms underlying CD have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: Twenty-seven newly drug-naïve patients with CD and 21 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited with clinical assessment and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scanning. Severity of CD was measured by Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) and Tsui scores. Whole-brain voxel-wise intrinsic connectivity (IC) and seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analyses were performed for detection of changes in the CD group relative to HCs, controlling for age, gender, and global time series correlation, followed by correlation analyses of IC, seed-based FC and clinically relevant features, respectively. RESULTS: In comparison with HCs, CD patients showed significantly increased IC measurement in the anterior part of the left supramarginal gyrus and extended to the inferior left postcentral gyrus (AL-SMG/IL-PCG). With this cluster as a seed, decreased FC was found in the right precentral and postcentral gyrus. Moreover, the regional IC value in the AL-SMG/IL-PCG was significantly positively correlated with TWSTRS-1 (severity) score, and significantly negatively correlated with the associated seed-based FC strength. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed signs of both hyper- and hypo-connectivity in bilateral regions of the sensorimotor network related to CD. The imbalance of functional connectivity (both hyper- and hypo-) may hint both overloading and disrupted somatosensory or sensorimotor integration dysfunction within the sensorimotor network underlying the pathophysiology of CD, thus providing a network target for future therapies.

Head Circumference within the Normal Range and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine if variation in head circumference (HC) within the range of normal (5th-10th and 90th-95th percentile) is associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes (NDO), which defined as mild or moderate delay by Bayley II psychometrics (BSID-II). STUDY DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial assessing the benefits of magnesium for the prevention of cerebral palsy. Fetuses with a normal HC at birth defined as within 5th to 95th percentile were included. NDO were assessed at age 2 with BSID-II. Moderate delay was defined as a score <70 and mild delay as <85. HC was classified as small normal (5th-10th percentile), normal (10th-90th percentile), and large normal (90th-95th percentile). Logistic regression models adjusted for confounding. Linear regression models estimated the impact for every 1 cm of change in HC. RESULTS: Of 1,236 included infants, 111 (8%) had small normal HC; 1,058 (85%) had normal HC; and 67 (5%) had large normal HC. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. There was no association with changes in HC within the range of normal and developmental indices. When considered as a continuous variable, every 1 cm increase in HC was also not associated with a significant change in developmental indices. CONCLUSION: Within the normal range (5th-95th percentile), changes in HC did not correlate with changes in NDO at 2 years as measured by Bayley II scales. KEY POINTS: · It is unknown if variations in normal HC are associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes.. · Alterations in HC within the range of normal (5th-95th percentile) are not associated with adverse NDO.. · When considered as a continuous variable, a 1 cm increase in HC is not associated with adverse NDO.. · Changes in HC within the range of normal do not appear to be a pathologic change altering NDO..

Neonatal consequences of maternal exposure to the chikungunya virus: Case reports.

RATIONALE: The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was first isolated in a Tanzanian epidemic area between 1952 and 1953. The best description of the CHIKV transmission during pregnancy can be found in a well-documented epidemic in 2005, in the "La Reunion" island, a French territory located in the Indian Ocean, in which about one-third of the population was infected. Reports of arbovirus infections in pregnancy are increasing over time, but the spectrum of clinical findings remains an incognita among researchers, including CHIKV. PATIENT CONCERNS: In this report, it was possible to verify 2 cases exposed to CHIKV during foetal period and the possible implications of the infection on gestational structures and exposed children after the birth. DIAGNOSIS: In both cases, the mothers were positive by laboratory tests in serologic analysis for CHIKV, as ezyme-linked immunossorbent assay (ELISA), plaque reduction neutralisation testing (PRNT) and immunofluorescence (IF); but there were no positive tests in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for mothers or children. INTERVENTIONS: The exposed children were followed up in a paediatrics clinic in order not only to provide the medical assistance, but also to verify child development and the possible implications and neurocognitive changes caused by gestational infection. OUTCOMES: There were neurological and developmental changes in one of the children followed up on an outpatient basis. There was an improvement in the neurological situation and symptoms only 3 years and 1 month after birth. LESSONS: Based on the cases presented, we can conclude that clinical symptoms of CHIKV maternal infection may occur late in new-borns and can affect their development.

Expanding the phenotype of PURA-related neurodevelopmental disorder: a close differential diagnosis of infantile hypotonia with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies.

Purine-rich element-binding protein A (PURA) encodes Pur-alpha, a transcriptional activator protein is crucial for normal brain development. Pathogenic variants in PURA are known to cause mental retardation, autosomal dominant 31, characterized by psychomotor delay, absent or poor speech, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, seizures or 'seizure-like' movements, and dysmorphism. PURA-related neurodevelopmental disorder (PURA-related NDD) result either from heterozygous pathogenic sequence variants in PURA or microdeletions spanning PURA. Singleton whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed for the proband after a clinical diagnosis of infantile hypotonia with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies (IHPRF) was made. The pathogenic variant was validated by Sanger sequencing in the proband and parents. Comparison of PURA-related NDD and IHPRF was carried out. WES identified a novel, de-novo stop-gain variant c.178G>T in PURA. In addition to typical phenotype, subject also had hypersensitivity to various stimuli which was not reported in PURA-related NDD. Significant phenotypic overlap was observed in subjects with PURA-related NDD and IHPRF especially with IHPRF2, caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in UNC80. This study expands the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of PURA-related NDD. We propose PURA-related NDD to be considered as a close differential diagnosis of IHPRF.

HIV-1 Tat Dysregulates the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Stress Axis and Potentiates Oxycodone-Mediated Psychomotor and Anxiety-Like Behavior of Male Mice.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with co-morbid affective and stress-sensitive neuropsychiatric disorders that may be related to dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. The HPA axis is perturbed in up to 46% of HIV patients, but the mechanisms are not known. The neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), may contribute. We hypothesized that HPA dysregulation may contribute to Tat-mediated interactions with oxycodone, a clinically-used opioid often prescribed to HIV patients. In transgenic male mice, Tat expression produced significantly higher basal corticosterone levels with adrenal insufficiency in response to a natural stressor or pharmacological blockade of HPA feedback, recapitulating the clinical phenotype. On acute exposure, HIV-1 Tat interacted with oxycodone to potentiate psychomotor and anxiety like-behavior in an open field and light-dark transition tasks, whereas repeated exposure sensitized stress-related psychomotor behavior and the HPA stress response. Pharmacological blockade of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) partially-restored the stress response and decreased oxycodone-mediated psychomotor behavior in Tat-expressing mice, implicating GR in these effects. Blocking corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors reduced anxiety-like behavior in mice that were exposed to oxycodone. Together, these effects support the notion that Tat exposure can dysregulate the HPA axis, potentially raising vulnerability to stress-related substance use and affective disorders.

Isolated truncal contrapulsion as a rare presentation of acute thalamic infarct.

Infarcts involving the thalamus can yield many deficits, including sensory syndromes, altered consciousness, and cognitive disturbances, depending on the thalamic vascular territory involved. Isolated truncal contrapulsion due to pure thalamic infarct has been rarely reported. Truncal lateropulsion is a compelling sensation of being pulled toward one side that cannot be explained by weakness or limb ataxia. It is commonly reported in lateral medullary infarcts. It may occur with lesions that involve the peripheral vestibular system, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, ponto-mesencephalic, and thalamic lesions. We hereby report a 64-year-old woman who presented with truncal contrapulsion as the sole manifestation of an acute right lateral thalamic infarct.

Longitudinal Assessment of Sensorimotor Function after Controlled Cortical Impact in Mice: Comparison of Beamwalk, Rotarod, and Automated Gait Analysis Tests.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients are reported to experience long-term sensorimotor dysfunction, with gait deficits evident up to 2 years after the initial brain trauma. Experimental TBI including rodent models of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury and severe controlled cortical impact (CCI) can induce impairments in static and dynamic gait parameters. It is reported that the majority of deficits in gait-related parameters occur during the acute phase post-injury, as functional outcomes return toward baseline levels at chronic time points. In the present study, we carried out a longitudinal analysis of static, temporal and dynamic gait patterns following moderate-level CCI in adult male C57Bl/6J mice using the automated gait analysis apparatus, CatWalk. For comparison, we also performed longitudinal assessment of fine-motor coordination and function in CCI mice using more traditional sensorimotor behavioral tasks such as the beamwalk and accelerating rotarod tasks. We determined that longitudinal CatWalk analysis did not detect TBI-induced deficits in static, temporal, or dynamic gait parameters at acute or chronic time points. In contrast, the rotarod and beamwalk tasks showed that CCI mice had significant motor function impairments as demonstrated by deficits in balance and fine-motor coordination through 28 days post-injury. Stereological analysis confirmed that CCI produced a significant lesion in the parietal cortex at 28 days post-injury. Overall, these findings demonstrate that CatWalk analysis of gait parameters is not useful for assessment of long-term sensorimotor dysfunction after CCI, and that more traditional neurobehavioral tests should be used to quantify acute and chronic deficits in sensorimotor function.

Signs of altered psychomotor capacity and use of alcohol and other drugs among nightclub patrons who drive in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

Objectives: To investigate the occurrence of signs of altered psychomotor capacity (SAPC) associated with the violation of the dry law at the exits of nightclubs in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.Methods: Data from drivers participating in the Balada com Ciência project were used. Alcohol dosages were measured with breathalyzer test. The use of other drugs was obtained by interviewees' self-report. SAPC (speech, walking, glazed eyes, and alcohol odor) were verified by the interviewers at the time of the interview and categorized as "no sign" or "at least one sign". All measurements were evaluated at the exit of the nightclubs. The population description considered the sample weighting. Logistic regression analysis evaluated the association between the occurrence of SAPC, alcohol and other drugs use, controlling for sociodemographic variables.Results: At nightclubs, the SAPC among drivers are about 8 times higher when the breath alcohol concentration is above 0.05 mg/L if compared with those who did not drink alcohol, and about 30 times higher when the alcohol concentration was ≥ 0.34 mg/L in exhaled air. This finding is not generally verified in the literature for those who report the use of drugs inside nightclubs, which is interesting, since 20.4% of the interviewed population reported using drugs in the places surveyed.Conclusion: This study suggests the potential of using the Perham (2007) physical test for alcohol intoxication in sobriety checkpoints at the exit of nightclubs. However, the verification of these signs is not enough for the identification of drug use by drivers.

Phenotype and growth in Sotos syndrome patient from DR Congo (Central Africa).

Sotos syndrome is a widely studied overgrowth syndrome. Clinical presentation includes excessive growth during childhood, macrocephaly, learning difficulties of various degrees, variable minor features, and distinctive facial gestalt. We provide in this report the first phenotypic and growth description of Sotos syndrome in a patient from Central Africa. At 6 month the patient exhibited axial hypotonia, delayed speech development and dysmorphism including long face, sparse eyebrows, hypertelorism, malar hypoplasia and dark flushing, short philtrum, depressed nasal root, anteverted nares, thick upper and lower lip vermilions, macroglossia, prominent forehead, large and peculiar ears, wide intermammillary distance, deep palmar creases, dysplastic finger nails, partial syndactyly of toes, broad, and overlapping hallux. At 19 months, malar flushing became reddish and a retraction of the middle of the lower lip was observed, resembling a bifid lip. He retained the same clinical features at 31 months. Head circumference, weight, and height where within normal ranges at birth but became all above 97th centiles at 4 months. The height velocity evolved in three phases starting with a very fast growth from birth to 6 months (54 cm/year), then a fast phase from 6 to 16 months (18 cm/year) and a slow phase from 16 to 31 months (4.8 cm/year). Conversely, the patient exhibited an acceleration of weight after the first year of life. Our patient exhibited very prominent lips and deep philtrum, which are common facial traits in African individuals. The current report shows an admixture of ethnic-specific features with syndrome-specific features in an African patient.

Vitamin B12 deficiency as a cause of severe neurological symptoms in breast fed infant - a case report.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin, cbl) deficiency in children is rare and may occurs in exclusively breast fed infants of mothers on vegetarian or vegan diet with lack of appropriate supplementation. The clinical manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency include neurological disorders, megaloblastic anemia and failure to thrive. Routine and commonly used laboratory tests such as cell blood count (CBC) or serum vitamin B12 level are sufficient for appropriate diagnosis. Typical therapy is based on intramuscular cobalamin injections. Early diagnosis and early onset of treatment are crucial factors for long-term prognosis of patients as the duration of deficiency may be correlated with the development of long lasting changes in the nervous system. The purpose of this article is to present influence of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency as a cause of infant psychomotor retardation. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 7 months old girl whose parents sought medical advice due to pathological somnolence and developmental regression of their daughter with onset approximately 2 months prior to the visit. Following several diagnostic tests it was determined that the infant's symptoms were due to vitamin B12 deficiency which was secondary to the mother's latent Addison-Biermer disease. Apart from neurological symptoms the infant also showed megaloblastic anemia which is typical to cobalamin deficiencies. Intramuscular vitamin B12 supplementation resulted in instant improvement of the patient's general condition and blood morphology. Unfortunately, psychological examination indicated long-term psychomotor retardation due to delayed diagnosis of B12 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin B12 levels should be considered during differential diagnosis of neurological symptoms in exclusively breast-fed infants especially if they co-exist with megaloblastic anemia and psychomotor retardation.

Impaired neurobehavioral alertness quantified by the psychomotor vigilance task is associated with depression in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Excessive daytime sleepiness plays an important role in the presentation and course of mood disorders. Standard objective measures of daytime sleep propensity are of little to no value in depressive illness. This study examined the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), an objective measure of neurobehavioral alertness, and its cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with depressive symptomatology in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. METHODS: The sample consisted of 1569 separate 10-min PVT assessments conducted in 942 unique individuals. Cross-sectional and longitudinal conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between the primary outcome of depression symptomatology (adjusted Zung scale≥50) and six separate PVT variables: mean reciprocal reaction time (1/RT); total lapses (RTs≥500 msec; LAPSE); total false responses (FALSE); reciprocal of the mean of the 10% fastest (FAST) and 10% slowest (SLOW) RTs; and slope of the linear regression line for all transformed 1/RTs (SLOPE). RESULTS: In fully-adjusted cross-sectional models, 1/RT, LAPSE, FAST, and SLOW were each significantly associated with depression, such that worse neurobehavioral alertness was associated with higher odds of depressive symptomatology. Similar, though attenuated, findings were observed in fully-adjusted conditional longitudinal models that examined within-subject changes in depression status in the subset of participants with repeated PVT assessments. FALSE and SLOPE were not associated with depression in either cross-sectional or conditional longitudinal models. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest components of the PVT are associated with depressive symptomatology. Further research is indicated to clarify the role of the PVT in the assessment of hypersomnolence in mood disorders.

Influência da cardiopatia congênita no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de lactentes / Influencia de la cardiopatía congénita en el desarrollo neuropsicomotor de los lactantes / Influence of congenital heart disease on the neuropsychomotor development of infants

RESUMO As cardiopatias congênitas (CC) estão entre as principais causas de morbimortalidade na primeira infância e os lactentes com essa condição podem apresentar atrasos no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (DNPM). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da CC no DNPM de lactentes. Trata-se de um estudo observacional com avaliação do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor realizada pela Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III). As condições maternas e clínicas dos lactentes foram verificadas no relatório de alta médica e na caderneta de saúde da criança, e a condição socioeconômica das famílias pelo Critério da Classificação Econômica Brasil. Para associar as variáveis clínicas e o DNPM foram utilizados o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e o teste de razão de verossimilhança. Foram avaliados 18 lactentes, com predomínio do sexo feminino (72,2%). A maioria das mães (47,1%) possuía ensino médio completo ou superior incompleto, com média da idade de 27,2±5,5 anos. Houve correlação das escalas do BSID-III com as variáveis quantitativas analisadas: escala motora com o peso (p=0,02 e r=0,54) e com uso de oxigenoterapia (p=0,009 e r=−0,591); já para as variáveis qualitativas as associações foram entre: escala motora e condição socioeconômica (p=0,015), escala motora e comunicação interatrial - (CIA) (p=0,023) e escala da linguagem e CIA (p=0,038). A CC influenciou o DNPM, principalmente no aspecto motor. Além disso peso, diagnóstico de CIA, uso de oxigenoterapia e condição socioeconômica foram considerados como principais fatores de risco para o atraso no DNPM.

RESUMEN Las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) se encuentran entre las principales causas de morbimortalidad en la primera infancia, y los lactantes con esta afección pueden tener retrasos en el desarrollo neuropsicomotor (DNPM). El presente estudio tuvo el objetivo de evaluar la influencia de las CC en el DNPM de los lactantes. Este es un estudio observacional en el cual se evaluó el desarrollo neuropsicomotor utilizando la Bayley scales of infant and toddler development (BSID-III). Las condiciones maternas y clínicas de los lactantes se obtuvieron en el informe de alta médica y en la libreta de salud del niño, y el estado socioeconómico de las familias en el Criterio de Clasificación Económica de Brasil. Para asociar las variables clínicas y el DNPM, se utilizaron el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y la prueba de razón de probabilidad. Se evaluaron a 18 lactantes, con un predominio del sexo femenino (72,2%). La mayoría de las madres (47,1%) tenían la secundaria completa o la educación superior incompleta, con una edad promedio de 27,2±5,5 años. Hubo una correlación entre las escalas BSID-III y las variables cuantitativas analizadas: escala motora con el peso (p=0,02 y r=0,54) y con el uso de oxigenoterapia (p=0,009 y r=−0,591); para las variables cualitativas, las asociaciones fueron entre: escala motora y estado socioeconómico (p=0,015), escala motora y comunicación interauricular (CIA) (p=0,023) y escala de lenguaje y CIA (p=0,038). Las CC influyeron en el DNPM, principalmente en el aspecto motor. Además, el peso, el diagnóstico de CIA, el uso de oxigenoterapia y el estado socioeconómico fueron considerados los principales factores de riesgo para el retraso en el DNPM.

ABSTRACT Congenital heart defects (CHD) are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in infants who has this impairment may present delays in neuropsychomotor development (NPMD). This study assesses the influence of CHD on NPMD of infants. This is an observational study assessing neuropsychomotor development performed by Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development - BSID-III. The Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria was used to verify the socioeconomic status of the families and also the maternal and infants' clinical conditions were verified in the medical discharge report and in the child's health handbook. For the association between the quantitative and qualitative variables with the NPMD, the Spearman's correlation coefficient and the likelihood ratio test were used. A total of 18 infants were assessed, with a predominance of females (72.2%). Most mothers (47.1%) had complete high school or incomplete higher education, with a mean age of 27.2±5.5 years. There was a correlation between the BSID-III scales and the quantitative variables analyzed: motor scale with weight (p=0.02 and r=0.54) and oxygen therapy (p=0.009 and r=−0.591); besides that, the qualitative variables correlation were: motor scale and socioeconomic condition (p=0.015), motor scale and Interatrial Communication - IAC (p=0.023) and language with IAC scales (p=0.038). CHD influences the delay of NPMD, mainly for motor aspect. Furthermore, weight, diagnosis of IAC, use of oxygen therapy and socioeconomic status were considered the main risk factors for the delay in NPMD.

Tools for the assessment of neuropsychomotor profile in the rehabilitation of children with central nervous system tumor: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: This study reviews the scientific literature to identify and describe which assessment tools (ATs) are used in pediatric oncology and neuro-oncology rehabilitation and which development neuropsychomotor (DNPM) ATs were built for children with central nervous system (CNS) tumors. METHODS: A systematic review was performed searching PubMed, CINAHL, PEDro, Science Direct, and Catalog of National Institute of Tumors databases and specialized journals. The search covered 7 years (2010-2017) and used relevant keywords in different combinations. A further search was carried out on DNPM rehabilitation manuals and academic thesis. RESULTS: The review retrieved 35 eligible articles containing 63 ATs. The most common ATs were the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Most of the ATs covered a single area of child development among behavioral/psychological, cognitive, and motor areas. A total of 159 ATs were found in manuals and thesis, and only 17 of them were already identified in the journal search. None of the ATs identified in both searches had been specifically developed for children with CNS tumor. CONCLUSION: The results highlight the need to develop and validate a global multidimensional AT for children with CNS tumor, overcoming the fragmentation of the assessment procedures and promoting standardized rehabilitation protocols.

Detecting motor slowing in clinical high risk for psychosis in a computerized finger tapping model.

Finger tapping is sensitive to motor slowing and emerging symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR). A sensitive, computerized finger tapping task would be beneficial in early psychosis screening batteries. The study included 41 CHR and 32 healthy volunteers, who completed a computerized finger tapping task and clinical interviews. This computerized finger tapping task was sensitive to slowing in the CHR group compared to healthy volunteers, and as expected negative but not positive symptoms related to motor slowing. Computerized finger tapping tasks may be an easily dispersible tool for early symptom detection battery relevant to emerging negative symptoms.

[Evolution of psychomotor development in pre-school children born prematurely]. / Evolución del desarrollo psicomotor en preescolares con antecedentes de prematuridad.

INTRODUCTION: The rate of premature births has significantly increased, and it is important to determine its effects. The objective of this study is to determine the psychomotor development profile of a group of children born prematurely, at the age of 4, 5 and 6, and to compare them with a group of full-term birth children, in order to detect any differences. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 98 participants, evenly distributed into two groups, premature and full-term born children. A prospective longitudinal observational analytical study, with a design of cases and controls, was carried out. For some analyses, the separation into early pre-term, moderate pre-term, and late pre-term was considered. The evaluations were performed using the McCarthy Scale of Aptitudes and Psychomotor skills for children. RESULTS: The data shows achievements within the middle intervals. However, there are more difficulties in development at 4 years in the group of premature children, according to gestational age. Early pre-term (gestational age less than 32 weeks) showed significantly lower scores compared to moderate and late pre-term, mainly at 6 years, and with those born at term, at 4 and 6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Development difficulties are greater at a lower gestational age, and may affect the Primary Education stage. The need to monitor all premature children in the preschool stage is suggested, as well as to evaluate more specific skills and continue with the care from specialist teams.

Management of Motor Features in Advanced Parkinson Disease.

Advanced Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by the presence of motor fluctuations becoming the focus of treatment, prominent postural instability, significant disability despite levodopa therapy, and the presence of symptoms refractory to levodopa therapy. In this article, the authors review the motor manifestations of patients with advanced PD, as well as the most common pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic available therapies.

Structural network changes in cerebral small vessel disease.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether longitudinal structural network efficiency is associated with cognitive decline and whether baseline network efficiency predicts mortality in cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). METHODS: A prospective, single-centre cohort consisting of 277 non-demented individuals with SVD was conducted. In 2011 and 2015, all participants were scanned with MRI and underwent neuropsychological assessment. We computed network properties using graph theory from probabilistic tractography and calculated changes in psychomotor speed and overall cognitive index. Multiple linear regressions were performed, while adjusting for potential confounders. We divided the group into mild-to-moderate white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and severe WMH group based on median split on WMH volume. RESULTS: The decline in global efficiency was significantly associated with a decline in psychomotor speed in the group with severe WMH (ß=0.18, p=0.03) and a trend with change in cognitive index (ß=0.14, p=0.068), which diminished after adjusting for imaging markers for SVD. Baseline global efficiency was associated with all-cause mortality (HR per decrease of 1 SD 0.43, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.80, p=0.008, C-statistic 0.76). CONCLUSION: Disruption of the network efficiency, a metric assessing the efficiency of network information transfer, plays an important role in explaining cognitive decline in SVD, which was however not independent of imaging markers of SVD. Furthermore, baseline network efficiency predicts risk of mortality in SVD that may reflect the global health status of the brain in SVD. This emphasises the importance of structural network analysis in the context of SVD research and the use of network measures as surrogate markers in research setting.

Multifactorial motor behavior assessment for real-time evaluation of emerging therapeutics to treat neurologic impairments.

Integrating multiple assessment parameters of motor behavior is critical for understanding neural activity dynamics during motor control in both intact and dysfunctional nervous systems. Here, we described a novel approach (termed Multifactorial Behavioral Assessment (MfBA)) to integrate, in real-time, electrophysiological and biomechanical properties of rodent spinal sensorimotor network activity with behavioral aspects of motor task performance. Specifically, the MfBA simultaneously records limb kinematics, multi-directional forces and electrophysiological metrics, such as high-fidelity chronic intramuscular electromyography synchronized in time to spinal stimulation in order to characterize spinal cord functional motor evoked potentials (fMEPs). Additionally, we designed the MfBA to incorporate a body weight support system to allow bipedal and quadrupedal stepping on a treadmill and in an open field environment to assess function in rodent models of neurologic disorders that impact motor activity. This novel approach was validated using, a neurologically intact cohort, a cohort with unilateral Parkinsonian motor deficits due to midbrain lesioning, and a cohort with complete hind limb paralysis due to T8 spinal cord transection. In the SCI cohort, lumbosacral epidural electrical stimulation (EES) was applied, with and without administration of the serotonergic agonist Quipazine, to enable hind limb motor functions following paralysis. The results presented herein demonstrate the MfBA is capable of integrating multiple metrics of motor activity in order to characterize relationships between EES inputs that modulate mono- and polysynaptic outputs from spinal circuitry which in turn, can be used to elucidate underlying electrophysiologic mechanisms of motor behavior. These results also demonstrate that proposed MfBA is an effective tool to integrate biomechanical and electrophysiology metrics, synchronized to therapeutic inputs such as EES or pharmacology, during body weight supported treadmill or open field motor activities, to target a high range of variations in motor behavior as a result of neurological deficit at the different levels of CNS.