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Anticonvulsivantes , Hipercinesia , Vigabatrin , Humanos , Vigabatrin/efectos adversos , Hipercinesia/inducido químicamente , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Masculino , Femenino , Espasmos Infantiles/tratamiento farmacológico , Electroencefalografía , Grabación en Video , Preescolar , NiñoRESUMEN
AIMS: Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic drug used to treat some forms of severe epilepsy in children. The main adverse effect is ocular toxicity, which is related to the cumulative dose. The aim of the study is to identify an acceptable exposure range, both through the development of a population pharmacokinetic model of vigabatrin in children enabling us to calculate patient exposure and through the study of therapeutic response. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study including children with epilepsy followed at Necker-Enfants Malades hospital who had a vigabatrin assay between January 2019 and January 2022. The population pharmacokinetic study was performed on Monolix2021 using a nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach. Children treated for epileptic spasms were classified into responder and nonresponder groups according to whether the spasms resolved, in order to identify an effective plasma exposure range. RESULTS: We included 79 patients and analysed 159 samples. The median age was 4.2 years (range 0.3-18). A 2-compartment model with allometry and creatinine clearance on clearance best fit our data. Exposure analysis was performed on 61 patients with epileptic spasms. Of the 22 patients who responded (36%), 95% had an AUC0-24 between 264 and 549 mg.h.L-1. CONCLUSIONS: The population pharmacokinetic model allowed us to identify bodyweight and creatinine clearance as the 2 main factors explaining the observed interindividual variability of vigabatrin. An acceptable exposure range was defined in this study. A target concentration intervention approach using this pharmacokinetic model could be used to avoid overexposure in responder patients.
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Anticonvulsivantes , Modelos Biológicos , Vigabatrin , Humanos , Vigabatrin/farmacocinética , Vigabatrin/administración & dosificación , Vigabatrin/efectos adversos , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacocinética , Anticonvulsivantes/administración & dosificación , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Masculino , Lactante , Adolescente , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Espasmos Infantiles/tratamiento farmacológico , Área Bajo la Curva , Resultado del Tratamiento , Epilepsia/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To assess the utility of electroretinogram (ERG) as a screening tool for vigabatrin-induced retinal toxicity in children with infantile spasms. METHODS: This was an observational cohort study including children with infantile spasms receiving treatment with vigabatrin. A 30-Hz flicker potential ERG, using the RETeval system (LKC Technologies), was done at baseline before starting vigabatrin at 6 months and 1 year. The amplitudes were recorded. RESULTS: Eleven children were included in the study. The most common etiologic factor for infantile spasms was tuberous sclerosis (36.4%) followed by West syndrome (27.3%). The mean age of the children was 7.14 ± 2.9 months, with a range of 3 to 16 months. The mean difference in amplitude was 3.21 ± 2.45 and 5.72 ± 4.18 µV at 6 and 12 months follow-up, respectively (P < .001). Eight of the 11 children (72.7%) showed vigabatrin-induced retinal toxicity, and all 8 children were receiving vigabatrin for more than 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: ERG can be used for vigabatrin-induced retinal toxicity monitoring in children with infantile spasms. Vigabatrin-induced retinal toxicity is related to the duration of treatment rather than cumulative dosage. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(4):273-278.].
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Anticonvulsivantes , Electrorretinografía , Retina , Enfermedades de la Retina , Espasmos Infantiles , Vigabatrin , Humanos , Vigabatrin/efectos adversos , Lactante , Masculino , Femenino , Espasmos Infantiles/tratamiento farmacológico , Espasmos Infantiles/diagnóstico , Espasmos Infantiles/fisiopatología , Retina/efectos de los fármacos , Retina/fisiopatología , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Enfermedades de la Retina/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de la Retina/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Retina/fisiopatología , Estudios de SeguimientoAsunto(s)
Encéfalo , Vigabatrin , Humanos , Niño , Vigabatrin/efectos adversos , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , CabezaRESUMEN
Vigabatrin is an anti-epileptic drug that inhibits the enzyme γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-transaminase. The anticonvulsant effect of vigabatrin involves increasing GABA levels and attenuating glutamate-glutamine cycling. Vigabatrin indications include infantile spasms and refractory focal seizures. Despite having a significant role in paediatric epileptology, vigabatrin has adverse effects, such as retinal toxicity, in up to 30% of patients after 1 year of use and brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The percentage of patients with brain abnormalities on MRI varies between 22-32% of children using vigabatrin to treat infantile spasms. Risk factors for presenting these imaging abnormalities are cryptogenic infantile spasms, age <12 months old, high dosage, and possible concomitant hormonal therapy. Clinically, these abnormalities are usually asymptomatic. Histopathological analysis reveals white matter vacuolation and intramyelinic oedema. The typical findings of vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on MRI are bilateral and have a symmetrical hyperintense signal on T2-weighted imaging, with diffusion restriction, that often compromise the globi pallidi, thalami, subthalamic nuclei, cerebral peduncles, midbrain, dorsal brainstem, including the medial longitudinal fasciculi, and dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. In this article, the authors intend to review the clinical manifestations, histopathological features, imaging aspects, and differential diagnosis of vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on MRI.
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Espasmos Infantiles , Vigabatrin , Humanos , Niño , Lactante , Vigabatrin/efectos adversos , Espasmos Infantiles/inducido químicamente , Espasmos Infantiles/diagnóstico por imagen , Espasmos Infantiles/tratamiento farmacológico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/efectos adversos , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Cerebelo , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To undertake a double blinded randomised placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of vigabatrin, a GABA-transaminase inhibitor, as a benzodiazepine sparing agent in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome in a residential setting. METHODS: We enrolled 120 patients with alcohol use disorder who were randomly assigned to either treatment with vigabatrin (2g/day for 4 days) or placebo. The primary outcome was defined as the number of participants in each treatment arm needing diazepam for withdrawal management. A secondary outcome prespecified was the total dose of diazepam received by participants in each treatment arm. Participants were recruited on admission to a residential withdrawal unit at St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne from December 2014 to April 2019. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed in the number of participants requiring benzodiazepines during their residential withdrawal stay with 44 participants (78.6%) in placebo arm requiring at least one dose of diazepam compared to 38 (66.7%) in vigabatrin arm (p = .156). An 18.1% difference was observed between the proportion of participants who received a total dose of >100mg of diazepam during their residential withdrawal stay in placebo arm (32.1%), compared to vigabatrin arm (14.0%, p = .022). There were higher rates of reported adverse events in placebo arm with nine (15.0%) participants reporting adverse events compared with two (3.3%) participants in vigabatrin arm (p = .027). CONCLUSION: Vigabatrin significantly reduced the number of participants requiring >100mg diazepam over the course of their alcohol withdrawal and was associated with a reduction in adverse effects when compared to placebo.
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Alcoholismo , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias , Humanos , Vigabatrin/efectos adversos , Alcoholismo/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/tratamiento farmacológico , Diazepam/efectos adversos , Benzodiazepinas/uso terapéutico , Método Doble CiegoRESUMEN
AIM: To report response to first treatment in infants with infantile spasms (IS), including incremental benefit of prednisolone 60 mg/day and vigabatrin following prednisolone 40 mg/day failure in infants commenced on the United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study (UKISS) treatment sequence. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, we compared effectiveness of prednisolone, vigabatrin and nonstandard treatments as first treatment for IS. In infants who commenced the UKISS treatment sequence, we evaluated response to each step. Primary outcome was spasm cessation after 42 days. Secondary outcomes were severe side effects and spasm relapse after 42 days. RESULTS: Treatment response data were available for 151 infants. First treatment was prednisolone in 99 infants, vigabatrin in 18 and nonstandard treatment in 34. The rate of spasm cessation with first treatment was significantly higher with prednisolone (62/99, 63%) than vigabatrin (5/18, 28%, P = 0.01) or nonstandard treatment (2/34, 5.9%, P < 0.01). Of 112 infants who commenced the UKISS treatment sequence, 71/112 (63%) responded to prednisolone 40 mg/day. Among non-responders, 12/29 (41%) subsequently responded to prednisolone 60 mg/day, and 10/22 (45%) to vigabatrin. Severe side effects and spasm relapse were not significantly different between each treatment. CONCLUSION: We confirm higher rates of spasm cessation with initial treatment with prednisolone than vigabatrin and nonstandard therapy. Non-use of prednisolone as first treatment in over one third of infants highlights a concerning treatment gap. The UKISS treatment sequence has high overall treatment response (total 93/112; 83%), with similar benefit of subsequent prednisolone 60 mg/day and vigabatrin in prednisolone 40 mg/day non-responders.
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Espasmos Infantiles , Vigabatrin , Lactante , Humanos , Vigabatrin/efectos adversos , Espasmos Infantiles/tratamiento farmacológico , Espasmos Infantiles/inducido químicamente , Espasmos Infantiles/complicaciones , Prednisolona/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Recurrencia , Espasmo/inducido químicamente , Espasmo/complicaciones , Espasmo/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The antiepileptic medication vigabatrin has been associated with ocular toxicity, and close ophthalmic monitoring has been recommended; however, there is no clear consensus regarding the value and feasibility of such monitoring in children. We describe ophthalmic assessments in children in a real-world clinical setting, the incidence of vigabatrin-related ocular toxicity, and the utility of regular screening or ancillary testing in children taking vigabatrin. METHODS: The medical records of children taking vigabatrin with one or more ophthalmic assessments at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia or University of California, San Francisco, between May 2010 and May 2021, were reviewed retrospectively. Abnormalities on ophthalmic examination, visual field (VF), electroretinogram (ERG), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were reviewed and categorized as attributable to vigabatrin, possibly attributable to vigabatrin, or not attributable to vigabatrin. RESULTS: A total of 1,281 assessments of 284 children (mean age, 2.09 years) were included. Of these, 283 (99.6%) had funduscopic examination(s), 37 (13.0%) had ERG, 19 (6.7%) had OCT, and 6 (2.1%) had formal VF. Rate of examinations and ERGs per child decreased over the 10-year study period. Two children (0.7%) had definite vigabatrin-related ocular toxicity, both identified on ERG. An additional 4 children (1.4%) had optic atrophy of unclear relation to vigabatrin, categorized as possible toxicity. The remaining 278 children did not have abnormal examination or testing findings attributable to vigabatrin. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of vigabatrin-related ocular toxicity in children was low in our cohort. Ocular and neurologic comorbidities and limited examinations in children make identification of such toxicity challenging and the value of screening is unclear.
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Anticonvulsivantes , Vigabatrin , Preescolar , Humanos , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Electrorretinografía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neuropatía Óptica Tóxica , Vigabatrin/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Introduction. Vigabatrin (VGB) is an antiepileptic drug that acts to irreversibly inhibit the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase enzyme, elevating GABA levels. Broad studies have established that long-term treatment and/or high doses of VGB lead to variable visual defects. However, little attention has been paid to its other side effects, especially those demonstrating cerebellar involvement. Sodium glucose-linked co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are antidiabetic agents with protective effects far greater than expected based on their anti-hyperglycemic effect. Method. Our study herein was designed to investigate the possible ameliorative effect of empagliflozin, the SGLT2 inhibitors, in VGB-induced cerebellar toxicity. A total of 40 male Wistar rats were allocated equally into 4 groups: Group I: control group; Group II: VGB group; Group III empagliflozin treated VGB group; and Group IV: empagliflozin treated group. All groups were subjected to the detection of cerebellar messenger RNA gene expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and Nucleoporin p62 (P62). Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and beclin1 levels were assessed by the ELISA technique while malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were detected spectrophotometrically. Immuno-histochemical studies, focusing on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100 were performed, and the optical color density and the mean area percentage of GFAP positive astrocytes and the number of S 100 positive cells were also counted. Results. Following empagliflozin treatment, we documented significant upregulation of both SIRT1 and P62 mRNA gene expression. Additionally, AMPK, Beclin1 levels, and SOD activity were significantly improved, while both mTOR and MDA levels were significantly reduced. Conclusions. We concluded for the first time that empagliflozin efficiently ameliorated the VGB-induced disrupted mTOR/AMPK/SIRT-1 signaling axis with subsequent improvement of the autophagy machinery and mitigation of the oxidative and inflammatory cellular environment, paving the way for an innovative therapeutic potential in managing VGB-induced neurotoxicity.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP , Vigabatrin , Animales , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Beclina-1 , Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Glucósidos , Masculino , Mamíferos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Transducción de Señal , Sirtuina 1/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR , Vigabatrin/efectos adversos , Ácido gamma-AminobutíricoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Vigabatrin (VGB) is an effective antiseizure medication for West syndrome. It works by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase and increasing central GABA levels. Vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (VABAM) are an adverse effect of VGB that has only been reported in children, but the pathophysiology of this effect is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the relationship of VGB and brain GABA levels as well as the association between VABAM and GABA. METHODS: For the 15 consecutive pediatric patients treated with VGB, free GABA, glutamine, and glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, GABA to creatine and phosphocreatine (Cr) peak ratio (GABA/Cr), glutamine (Gln)/Cr, and glutamate (Glu)/Cr as quantified by proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) were retrospectively examined. GABA/Cr was compared with in-house normal pediatric controls. Differences in the levels of each metabolite in VABAM and non-VABAM cases were also examined. RESULTS: Thirteen of the included subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 1H-MRS, and two of them presented VABAM; both cases were very-low-birth-weight preterm infants with post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. CSF levels of free GABA were significantly higher in VABAM (5.26 ± 1.95 µmol/L) than in non-VABAM (0.59 ± 0.63 µmol/L) cases (P = 0.03). The GABA/Cr was significantly higher in patients with VGB (0.34 ± 0.16) than in pediatric controls (0.20 ± 0.05) (P = 0.02). The GABA/Cr tended to be higher in VABAM (0.48 ± 0.10) than in non-VABAM cases (0.31 ± 0.15) (P = 0.31). SIGNIFICANCE: Elevated brain GABA levels were observed in VABAM patients, suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of this condition. In particular, a marked increase in CSF-free GABA was characteristic. Although the elevation of the GABA/Cr is mild, it may be useful for early identification of patients with risk of VABAM.
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Anticonvulsivantes , Vigabatrin , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Anticonvulsivantes/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Niño , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Estudios Retrospectivos , Vigabatrin/efectos adversos , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Report a series of children with West syndrome (WS) treated with vigabatrin (VGB) who developed characteristic MRI alterations. In the majority, these adverse events were asymptomatic; however, some of the patients developed movement disorders and acute encephalopathy. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of our epilepsy clinical and EEG database of 288 patients with WS seen between 2014 and 2020. All patients who received VGB alone or with concomitant therapies, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), high-dose oral corticosteroids, ketogenic diet, valproate, levetiracetam, or topiramate, were evaluated. RESULTS: In 44 of 288 patients with WS receiving VGB, MRI findings compatible with VGB-associated brain abnormalities were identified; median age at diagnosis was 6.29â¯months (range, 2â¯weeks to 11â¯months). The etiology of WS with vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on MRI (VABAM) was unknown in 22 (52.27%), genetic in seven (15.9%), genetic-structural in three (6.8%), structural malformative in three others (6.8%), and structural acquired in eight patients (18.2%). Vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on MRI was asymptomatic in 25 of 44 patients. Ten of 44 (22.7%) infants were reported to have had a movement disorder (choreoathetosis, dystonic posturing). Nine of 42 infants exhibited progressive psychomotor deterioration associated with signs and symptoms of encephalopathy. CONCLUSION: MRI abnormalities were observed in infants treated with VGB and they appeared to be dose dependent. In our study common locations for MRI abnormalities included globi pallidi and brainstem, followed by thalami and dentate nuclei. Risk factors for the development of VABAM may include age younger than 11â¯months and higher VGB dose of VGB (>165â¯mg/kg/day). Vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on MRI usually resolved following VGB discontinuation, probably after a period of 3â¯months.
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Encefalopatías , Espasmos Infantiles , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Niño , Humanos , Lactante , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Estudios Retrospectivos , Espasmos Infantiles/diagnóstico por imagen , Espasmos Infantiles/tratamiento farmacológico , Vigabatrin/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Objective: In a randomized trial, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cosyntropin injectable suspension, 1â mg/mL, compared to vigabatrin for infantile spasms syndrome. An additional arm was included to assess the efficacy of combination therapy (cosyntropin and vigabatrin) compared with cosyntropin monotherapy. Methods: Children (2 months to 2 years) with new-onset infantile spasms syndrome and hypsarhythmia were randomized into 3 arms: cosyntropin, vigabatrin, and cosyntropin and vigabatrin combined. Daily seizures and adverse events were recorded, and EEG was repeated at day 14 to assess for resolution of hypsarhythmia. The primary outcome measure was the composite of resolution of hypsarhythmia and absence of clinical spasms at day 14. Fisher exact test was used to compare outcomes. Results: 37 children were enrolled and 34 were included in the final efficacy analysis (1 withdrew prior to treatment and 2 did not return seizure diaries). Resolution of both hypsarhythmia and clinical spasms was achieved in in 9 of 12 participants (75%) treated with cosyntropin, 1/9 (11%) vigabatrin, and 5/13 (38%) cosyntropin and vigabatrin combined. The primary comparison of cosyntropin versus vigabatrin was significant (64% [95% confidence interval 21, 82], P < .01). Adverse events were reported in all 3 treatment arms: 31 (86%) had an adverse event, 7 (19%) had a serious adverse event, and 15 (42%) had an adverse event of special interest with no difference between treatment arms. Significance: This randomized trial was underpowered because of incomplete enrollment, yet it demonstrated that cosyntropin was more effective for short-term outcomes than vigabatrin as initial treatment for infantile spasms.
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Espasmos Infantiles , Vigabatrin , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Niño , Cosintropina/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Espasmo/inducido químicamente , Espasmo/complicaciones , Espasmo/tratamiento farmacológico , Espasmos Infantiles/tratamiento farmacológico , Espasmos Infantiles/etiología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vigabatrin/efectos adversosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Vigabatrin (VGB) is the first-line treatment for infantile spasms (IS). Previous studies have shown that VGB exposure may cause vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (VABAM). Based on previous studies, this study aimed to go further to explore the possible risk factors and the incidence of VABAM. In addition, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) were compared to explore whether DWI should be used as a routine examination sequence when MRI is performed in children receiving VGB. METHODS: Children with IS receiving VGB were selected as the study subjects. Whether VABAM occurred or not was categorized as the VABAM group and the non-VABAM group, respectively. Their general clinical data and medication exposure were collected. The possible risk factors of VABAM and different MRI sequences were compared and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 77 children with IS were enrolled in the study, of which 25 (32.5%) developed VABAM. Twenty-three of the 25 VABAM cases have a peak dosage of VGB between 50 and 150 mg/kg/day. The earliest observation time of VABAM was 30 days. Regression analysis of relevant risk factors showed that the peak dosage of VGB was the risk factor for VABAM. Comparison between different MRI sequences showed that DWI is more sensitive than T2WI to the evaluation of VABAM. SIGNIFICANCE: In our study, the occurrence of VABAM was 32.5%, indicating a higher incidence than in most previous reports. In addition, we once again verified that the peak dosage of VGB was the risk factor of VABAM. Caution should be exercised that our data also suggest that VABAM may occur even using the conventional dosage of VGB (ie, 50-150 mg/kg/day). Therefore, even when using the conventional dosage of VGB, regular MRI examination should be required. Furthermore, DWI sequence should be used as a routine examination sequence when MRI is performed in children with IS who are receiving VGB.
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Espasmos Infantiles , Vigabatrin , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Niño , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Estudios Retrospectivos , Espasmos Infantiles/inducido químicamente , Espasmos Infantiles/diagnóstico por imagen , Espasmos Infantiles/tratamiento farmacológico , Vigabatrin/efectos adversosRESUMEN
AIM: To investigate the prevalence of vigabatrin-attributed visual field defect (VAVFD) in infantile spasms and the utility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in detecting vigabatrin-related damage. METHOD: We examined visual fields by Goldmann or Octopus perimetry and the thickness of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) with spectral-domain OCT at school age or adolescence. RESULTS: Out of 88 patients (38 females, mean age at study 15y, SD 4y 3mo, range 6y 4mo-23y 3mo [n=65] or deceased [n=21] or moved abroad [n=2]) exposed to vigabatrin in infancy, 28 were able to perform formal visual field testing. Two had visual field defect from structural causes. We found mild VAVFD in four patients and severe VAVFD in one patient. Median vigabatrin treatment duration for those with normal visual field was 11 months compared to 19 months for those with VAVFD (p=0.04). OCT showed concomitant attenuated RNFL in three children with VAVFD, and was normal in one. The temporal half of the peripapillary RNFL was significantly thinner in the VAVFD group compared to the normal visual field group. INTERPRETATION: The overall prevalence of VAVFD is lower after exposure in infancy compared to 52% which has been reported after exposure in adulthood. The risk increases with longer treatment duration. Further studies should identify infants particularly susceptible to VAVFD and clarify the role of OCT.
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Vigabatrin , Campos Visuales , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticonvulsivantes , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Fibras Nerviosas , Estudios Retrospectivos , Vigabatrin/efectos adversos , Pruebas del Campo VisualRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: An attractive target to interfere with epileptic brain hyperexcitability is the enhancement of γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) inhibition by inactivation of the GABA-metabolizing enzyme GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT). GABA-AT inactivators were designed to control seizures by raising brain GABA levels. OV329, a novel drug candidate for the treatment of epilepsy and addiction, has been shown in vitro to be substantially more potent as a GABA-AT inactivator than vigabatrin, an antiseizure drug approved as an add-on therapy for adult patients with refractory complex partial seizures and monotherapy for pediatric patients with infantile spasms. Thus, we hypothesized that OV329 should produce pronounced anticonvulsant effects in two different rat seizure models. METHODS: We therefore examined the effects of OV329 (5, 20, and 40 mg/kg ip) on the seizure threshold of female Wistar Unilever rats, using the timed intravenous pentylenetetrazole (ivPTZ) seizure threshold model as a seizure test particularly sensitive to GABA-potentiating manipulations, and amygdala-kindled rats as a model of difficult-to-treat temporal lobe epilepsy. RESULTS: GABA-AT inactivation by OV329 clearly increased the threshold of both ivPTZ-induced and amygdala-kindled seizures. OV329 further showed a 30-fold greater anticonvulsant potency on ivPTZ-induced myoclonic jerks and clonic seizures compared to vigabatrin investigated previously. Notably, all rats were responsive to OV329 in both seizure models. SIGNIFICANCE: These results reveal an anticonvulsant profile of OV329 that appears to be superior in both potency and efficacy to vigabatrin and highlight OV329 as a highly promising candidate for the treatment of seizures and pharmacoresistant epilepsies.
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Epilepsia , Excitación Neurológica , Amígdala del Cerebelo , Animales , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Epilepsia/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Excitación Neurológica/fisiología , Pentilenotetrazol/efectos adversos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Convulsiones/inducido químicamente , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológico , Transaminasas/efectos adversos , Vigabatrin/efectos adversos , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/farmacologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Vigabatrin (VGB), a second-generation antiepileptic drug, is effective for the treatment of infantile spasms and focal seizures, primarily in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) patients. However, reports of adverse events of VGB, including VGB-associated visual field loss and brain abnormalities in neuroimaging, have raised concerns about the broader use of VGB and thus significantly limited its application. AIM OF THE STUDY: The goal of this review was to summarise the recent therapeutic guidelines, the use of VGB in focal seizures and new VGB applications as a disease-modifying treatment in TSC patients. Moreover, we discuss the current opinions on potential VGB-associated toxicity and the safety of VGB.
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Epilepsia , Espasmos Infantiles , Esclerosis Tuberosa , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Niño , Epilepsia/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Espasmos Infantiles/tratamiento farmacológico , Esclerosis Tuberosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Vigabatrin/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Vigabatrin (VGB) is approved as monotherapy for pediatric patients with Infantile Spasms (IS). Duration of VGB use should be limited because of the risk of retinal and neurotoxicity, but the optimal length of treatment is unknown. Our study aimed to determine the risk of spasms relapse after 6 months of VGB as first-line therapy in IS patients deemed VGB good responders. The participants were 44 infants with IS who demonstrated both absence of clinical spasms and hypsarrhythmia four weeks after starting VGB, obtained from two cohorts: 29 patients from a multicenter prospective cohort and 15 patients from a retrospective single-center cohort. We divided them post hoc into two groups according to the duration of VGB treatment: 6-month group (n=34) and >6-month group (n=10) and compared outcome between the two groups. No patient in either group had a relapse of spasms. For patients with non-identified etiology (NIE) in the 6 months treatment group, no other seizure types were observed. Late epilepsy, in the form of focal seizures, emerged in only 5/37 patients (3/30 in the 6-month treatment group; 2/7 in the extended treatment group); all within the first 6-9 months after VGB initiation. Our study provides substantial evidence that a shortened VGB course of 6 months could be sufficient to treat and prevent relapse of spasms in children with IS, particularly those with NIE.
Asunto(s)
Espasmos Infantiles , Vigabatrin , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Niño , Humanos , Lactante , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Espasmo/tratamiento farmacológico , Espasmos Infantiles/tratamiento farmacológico , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vigabatrin/efectos adversosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To determine changes in the clinical treatment of pediatric patients taking vigabatrin for seizure control in response to results of electroretinogram (ERG) performed for retinal toxicity screening. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who received ERGs at Children's Hospital of Colorado from 2009 to 2012. Age, indication for ERG, ERG data, and clinical management of vigabatrin were extracted from the records. ERGs were interpreted according to LKC Technologies normative values. A physician trained in ERG analysis interpreted each ERG. RESULTS: One hundred seventy ERGs were performed during the study period, and 147 ERGs were available for analysis. Every patient received general anesthesia for the procedure. Thirty-three ERGs were performed in 29 patients specifically as screening for retinal toxicity due to vigabatrin use, and 30 were available for analysis. Within this cohort, only 2 ERGs were normal (6.6%), and 28 were abnormal (93.3%). In patients who received abnormal results, 1 patient discontinued vigabatrin in response to the screening. CONCLUSIONS: In this study cohort, clinical management generally did not change in response to an abnormal screening result. Given the need for general anesthesia in the pediatric population receiving ERG testing, and minimal change in clinical decision-making in the face of abnormal results, ERG screening for retinal toxicity due to vigabatrin in the pediatric cohort should be reconsidered. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2021;58(3):174-179.].