Clinical relevance of nitrated beta 2-glycoprotein I in antiphospholipid syndrome: Implications for thrombosis risk.

Β2-Glycoprotein I (ß2GPI) is an important anti-thrombotic protein and is the major auto-antigen in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The clinical relevance of nitrosative stress in post translational modification of ß2GPI was examined.The effects of nitrated (n)ß2GPI on its anti-thrombotic properties and its plasma levels in primary and secondary APS were determined with appropriate clinical control groups. ß2-glycoprotein I was nitrated at tyrosines 218, 275 and 309. ß2-glycoprotein I binds to lipid peroxidation modified products through Domains IV and V. Nitrated ß2GPI loses this binding (p < 0.05) and had diminished activity in inhibiting platelet adhesion to vWF under high shear flow (p < 0.01). Levels of nß2GPI were increased in patients with primary APS compared to patients with either secondary APS (p < 0.05), autoimmune disease without APS (p < 0.05) or non-autoimmune patients with arterial thrombosis (p < 0.01) and healthy individuals (p < 0.05).In conclusion tyrosine nitration of plasma ß2GPI is demonstrated and has important implications with regards to the pathophysiology of platelet mediated thrombosis in APS. Elevated plasma levels of nß2GPI in primary APS may be a risk factor for thrombosis warranting further investigation.

Autoantibodies Among HIV-1 Infected Individuals and the Effect of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) on It.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a decline in autoimmune diseases but lacks studies on its effect on autoantibodies. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study with archived samples from 100 paired HIV-1 infected ART naïve and experienced individuals and 100 prospectively collected matched blood-donor controls. Antinuclear antibody, IgG anticardiolipin antibody, IgM and IgG ß2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies, and total IgG levels were detected. Results are expressed as mean with standard deviation (SD), median, percentage positivity, and a p<0.05 is considered significant. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. RESULTS: The median viral load of the treatment naïve samples was 4.34 Log copies/mL, while all were virally suppressed post ART with a median duration of treatment for 12 months (range: 3-36 months). The percentage of antinuclear antibody positivity was 5% among ART naïve and controls, with a decrease of 2% post ART (p= 0.441). The positivity for anti-cardiolipin antibody was 15% among ART naïve while none of the ART experienced or controls were positive (p<0.05). IgM ß2 glycoprotein-1 were 4%, 1% and 3% among ART naïve, treated and controls, respectively (p<0.05). IgG ß2 glycoprotein-1 was 2% among ART naïve while none of the treated and controls were positive (p<0.05). The mean total IgG level among ART naïve, experienced, and controls were 21.82 (SD 6.67), 16.91 (SD 3.38), 13.70 (SD 2.24) grams/Litre, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: ART has a significant effect on IgG anti-cardiolipin antibody and total IgG but only a marginal effect on ANA, IgM, and IgG ß2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies.

ß2 glycoprotein I participates in phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons and in vascular injury in experimental brain stroke.

Beta-2 Glycoprotein I (ß2-GPI) is the main target of anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL) in the autoimmune anti-phospholipid syndrome, characterized by increased risk of stroke. We here investigated the antibody independent role of ß2-GPI after ischemia/reperfusion, modeled in vivo by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) in male C57Bl/6J mice; in vitro by subjecting immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (ihBMEC) to 16 h hypoxia and 4 h re-oxygenation. ApoH (coding for ß2-GPI) was upregulated selectively in the liver at 48 h after tMCAo. At the same time ß2-GPI circulating levels increased. ß2-GPI was detectable in brain parenchyma and endothelium at all time points after tMCAo. Parenchymal ß2-GPI recognized apoptotic neurons (positive for annexin V, C3 and TUNEL) cleared by CD68+ brain macrophages. Hypoxic ihBMEC showed increased release of IL-6, over-expression of thrombomodulin and IL-1α after re-oxygenation with ß2-GPI alone. ß2-GPI interacted with mannose-binding lectin in mouse plasma and ihBMEC medium, potentially involved in formation of thrombi. We show for the first time that brain ischemia triggers the hepatic production of ß2-GPI. ß2-GPI is present in the ischemic endothelium, enhancing vascular inflammation, and extravasates binding stressed neurons before their clearance by phagocytosis. Thus ß2-GPI may be a new mediator of brain injury following ischemic stroke.

Development of a certified reference material for anti-ß2-glycoprotein I IgG - commutability studies.

Objectives: In this paper, we describe the steps followed for the development of a certified reference material for immunoglobulin G antibodies against ß2-glycoprotein I (also known as apolipoprotein H). These steps include processing of the material, commutability, the impact of dilution, the appropriate reconstitution conditions, homogeneity and stability during transport and storage. Methods: We analysed 69 clinical samples from patients suffering from antiphospholipid syndrome with several commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) purchased from in vitro diagnostic manufacturers. Results: Analysis of the results indicated that the candidate reference material can be safely freeze-dried, and that the user should carefully follow the reconstitution instructions as small changes in e.g. temperature may have unwanted effects. The statistical analysis of the commutability studies indicated that the analytical response of the reference material upon dilution is similar to that of clinical samples, and that correlation between results may differ from assay to assay. Finally yet importantly, the presented and developed candidate reference material is commutable for most assays tested, homogeneous and stable. Conclusions: Immunoglobulin G antibodies against ß2-glycoprotein I are associated with a higher risk of thrombosis and pregnancy complications. Their measurement is essential for the diagnosis and monitoring of antiphospholipid syndrome. These antibodies are detected by specific immunoassays, routinely used in clinical diagnostics, but various of these methods show enormous variability, in part due to the lack of a reference material.

Free Thiol ß2-GPI (ß-2-Glycoprotein-I) Provides a Link Between Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is well recognised as an inflammatory disorder that is also influenced by oxidative stress. ß2-GPI (ß-2-glycoprotein-I) is a circulating plasma protein that undergoes post-translational modification and exists in free thiol as well as oxidized forms. The aim of this study was to assess the association between these 2 post-translational redox forms of ß2-GPI and atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Approach and Results: Stable patients presenting for elective coronary angiography or CT coronary angiography were prospectively recruited. A separate group of patients after reperfused ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction formed an acute coronary syndrome subgroup. All patients had collection of fasting serum and plasma for quantification of total and free thiol ß2-GPI. Coronary artery disease extent was quantified by the Syntax and Gensini scores. A total of 552 patients with stable disease and 44 with acute coronary syndrome were recruited. While total ß2-GPI was not associated with stable coronary artery disease, a higher free thiol ß2-GPI was associated with its presence and extent. This finding remained significant after correcting for confounding variables, and free thiol ß2-GPI was a better predictor of stable coronary artery disease than hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). Paradoxically, there were lower levels of free thiol ß2-GPI after ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Free thiol ß2-GPI is a predictor of coronary artery disease presence and extent in stable patients. Free thiol ß2-GPI was a better predictor than high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Nine-test panel has superior sensitivity to detect antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in patients with or without SLE.

Anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL) and lupus anticoagulant (LAC) represent diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and underlie anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) in patients with and without SLE. 526 healthy controls and 1633 SLE and 1835 primary APS (PAPS) patients were evaluated. LAC was assessed by hexagonal phase phospholipid neutralization assay (HPPNA), diluted Russell viper venom test (dRVVT), and platelet neutralization procedure (PNP). ß2-glycoprotein-I and cardiolipin IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies (aCL-IgG, aCL-IgM, aCL-IgA) were measured. 222/1633 SLE patients had APS based on the nine-test panel, which afforded the highest sensitivity (74%) and negative predictive value (90%) but lowest specificity (52%). HPPNA was the most sensitive individual test at 52%. The nine-test panel yielded the greatest sensitivity for aPL detection (70%) relative to HPPNA, the most sensitive individual test (36%) in PAPS. Superior sensitivity of a nine-test aPL panel has major implications for preventing potentially fatal thrombotic events in SLE and PAPS.

Clinical performance of automated chemiluminescent methods for anticardiolipin and anti-ß2-glycoprotein I antibodies detection in a large cohort of Chinese patients with antiphospholipid syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: To assess the clinical performance and correlations of automated chemiluminescence assay (CIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies in the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). METHODS: The study recruited 505 subjects, including 192 with APS, 193 with connective tissue diseases other than APS, and 120 healthy donors. We measured anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-ß2-glycoprotein I (anti-ß2GPI) antibodies IgG, IgM, and IgA in all the samples using both CIA and ELISA. RESULTS: Total agreement between the two methods ranged from 83.50% for anti-ß2GPI IgG antibodies to 92.76% for anti-ß2GPI IgM antibodies in all the groups. Anti-ß2GPI and aCL IgG assays showed the highest Spearman's rho coefficients (anti-ß2GPI IgG = 0.742, aCL IgG = 0.715). Anti-ß2GPI IgG CIA showed the highest sensitivity for diagnosis of APS at 80.21%, which was significantly higher than the sensitivity of anti-ß2GPI IgG ELISA (52.08%). For diagnosis of APS, anti-ß2GPI IgG CIA had the best discrimination power with the area under the curves (AUC) of 0.922, followed by aCL IgG CIA (AUC of 0.905). While the CIA AUC was slightly higher in all cases, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: CIA measurements had a good agreement and correlation with comparative ELISA assays. The CIA anti-ß2GPI IgG however was significantly more sensitive for APS diagnosis. The two assay methodologies showed comparable predictive powers and support the value of the CIA method for improved diagnosis and management of patients with APS.

The role of beta-2-glycoprotein I in health and disease associating structure with function: More than just APS.

Beta-2-Glycoprotein I (ß2GPI) plays a number of essential roles throughout the body. ß2GPI, C-reactive protein and thrombomodulin are the only three proteins that possess the dual capability to up and down regulate the complement and coagulation systems depending upon external stimulus. Clinically, ß2GPI is the primary antigen in the autoimmune condition antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), which is typically characterised by pregnancy morbidity and vascular thrombosis. This protein is also capable of adopting at least two distinct structural forms, but it has been argued that several other intermediate forms may exist. Thus, ß2GPI is a unique protein with a key role in haemostasis, homeostasis and immunity. In this review, we examine the genetics, structure and function of ß2GPI in the body and how these factors may influence its contribution to disease pathogenesis. We also consider the clinical implications of ß2GPI in the diagnosis of APS and as a potentially novel therapeutic target.

Improvements in diagnosis and risk assessment of primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome.

Classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome have not been updated since the revised Sapporo classification criteria were published in 2006. These criteria have limitations in that they omit nonclassical manifestations (hematologic and neurologic), include anticardiolipin and anti-ß2-glycoprotein I immunoglobulin (Ig)M isotypes, and do not separately consider primary (no autoimmune disease) or secondary (usually systemic lupus erythematosus) disease. Recent findings in antiphospholipid antibody include fluctuation of antiphospholipid antibodies, recognition that IgA isotypes do confer risk, identification of the role of complementopathy in catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, and elucidation of the role of thrombosis risk equations.

Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with lupus nephritis: clinical correlations and associations with long-term outcomes.

Whether the presence or absence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) is associated with differences in clinical outcomes remains unclear. We reviewed LN patients at a single centre during 2000-2017, and compared the clinical features and long-term outcomes between patients who were seropositive or seronegative for aPL. aPL was detected in 53/149 (35.6%) patients with biopsy-proven LN, and anticardiolipin IgM, anticardiolipin IgG, anti-ß2 glycoprotein I and lupus anticoagulant was detected in 18.8%, 18.1%, 10.7% and 8.1%, respectively. Follow-up was 155.8 ± 61.0 months, and was similar between aPL-seropositive and -seronegative patients. aPL seropositivity persisted in 94.3% of patients during remission. aPL-seropositive patients showed inferior patient survival (91% and 85% at 10 and 15 years, respectively, compared to 99% and 95% in aPL-seronegative patients; p = 0.043). Nine (6.0%) patients died during follow-up, including six aPL-seropositive (four thrombotic events and two bleeding complications related to anticoagulation) and three aPL-seronegative patients. aPL seropositivity was associated with more rapid decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (-1.44 mL/min/year compared to -0.38 mL/min/year in aPL-seronegative patients; p = 0.027) and inferior long-term renal survival (82% and 74% at 10 and 15 years, respectively, compared to 91% and 87% in aPL-seronegative patients; p = 0.034). aPL-seropositive patients also had a higher incidence of thrombotic events and miscarriage (32.1% and 13.2%, respectively, compared to 16.7% and 2.1% in the aPL-seronegative group; p = 0.030 and 0.006). We concluded that aPL seropositivity was associated with inferior long-term patient and renal survival and more frequent thrombotic events and miscarriage in LN patients.

Quantitation of Total and Free Thiol ß2-Glycoprotein I Levels for Diagnostic and Prognostic Purposes in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome.

ß2-Glycoprotein I is the major autoantigen in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a prothrombotic disorder characterized by the occurrence of either venous or arterial thrombosis. In women it is also associated with an increased risk of obstetric complications such as recurrent miscarriages. We have identified that the plasma protein ß2-glycoprotein I in healthy individuals exists in an optimal ratio between two distinct forms, an oxidized and free thiol, reduced form. This ratio is disrupted in pathophysiological conditions associated with increased oxidative stress such as the APS, but also in the setting of age-related macular degeneration and gram-negative sepsis. We have developed assays that quantify plasma/serum levels of total and free thiol ß2-glycoprotein I which can potentially be used for risk stratification and prognostic purposes in the early stages of the aforementioned conditions.

Reduced ß2-GPI is associated with increased platelet aggregation and activation in patients with prolonged isolated thrombocytopenia after allo-HSCT.

We aimed to measure platelet function and its relationship with ß2-GPI in prolonged isolated thrombocytopenia (PT) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Fifty-six patients with PT and 60 allo-HSCT recipients without PT (non-PT controls) were enrolled. Platelet aggregation and activation, ß2-GPI and anti-ß2-GPI antibody levels, vWF antigen, and vWF activity were analyzed. The effect of ß2-GPI on platelet aggregation was also measured ex vivo. Results showed that ADP-induced platelet aggregation significantly increased (39%±7.5% vs. 23%±8.5%, P=0.032), and the platelet expression of both CD62p (33.6%±11.6% vs. 8.5%±3.5%, P<0.001) and PAC-1 (42.4%±7.6% vs. 6.8%±2.2%, P<0.001) was significantly higher in patients with PT than in those without PT. Significantly lower ß2-GPI levels (164.2±12 µg mL-1 vs. 234.2±16 µg mL-1, P<0.001), higher anti-ß2-GPI IgG levels (1.78±0.46 U mL-1 vs. 0.94±0.39 U mL-1, P<0.001), and increased vWF activity (133.06%±30.50% vs. 102.17%±25.90%, P<0.001) were observed in patients with PT than in those without PT. Both ADP-induced platelet aggregation (n=116, r2=-0.5042, P<0.001) and vWF activity (n=116, r2=-0.2872, P<0.001) were negatively correlated with ß2-GPI levels. In summary, our data suggested that platelet aggregation and activation were significantly higher in patients with PT than in those without PT, which might be associated with reduced ß2-GPI levels. The reduced ß2-GPI levels might be due to the existence of anti-ß2-GPI IgG.

Alarmin HMGB1 and Soluble RAGE as New Tools to Evaluate the Risk Stratification in Patients With the Antiphospholipid Syndrome.

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by arterial and/or venous thrombosis, pregnancy morbidity in the presence of circulating "anti-phospholipid antibodies" (aPL). One of the main target antigens of aPL is ß2-glycoprotein I (ß2-GPI). APS may occur as a primary syndrome or associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear non-histone protein which is secreted from different type of cells during activation and/or cell death and may act as a proinflammatory mediator through ligation to its receptors, including RAGE. There is accumulating evidence that HMGB1 contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, especially SLE. In a previous study we demonstrated increased serum levels of HMGB1 in both primary and secondary APS patients. In this work we analyzed: (i) in vitro whether anti-ß2-GPI antibodies from APS patients may induce both a HMGB1 cellular relocation by activation of its putative receptor RAGE in platelets and monocytes and, (ii) ex vivo, serum levels of HMGB1/soluble RAGE (sRAGE) in APS patients and their possible correlation with clinical manifestations. Platelets and monocytes from healthy donors were incubated with affinity purified anti-ß2-GPI antibodies. HMGB1 and RAGE expression were analyzed by Western Blot. Sera from 60 consecutive APS patients (primary or secondary), diagnosed according to the Sydney Classification Criteria, were enrolled. As a control, 30 matched healthy subjects were studied. Serum levels of HMGB1 and sRAGE were analyzed by Western Blot. In vitro results showed that anti-ß2-GPI antibodies were able to induce RAGE activation and HMGB1 cellular relocation in both monocytes and platelets. HMGB1 and sRAGE serum levels were significantly increased in APS patients in comparison with healthy subjects (p<0.0001). Interestingly, APS patients with spontaneous recurrent abortion showed significantly higher levels of sRAGE; moreover, in APS patients a direct correlation between serum levels of HMGB1 and disease duration was detected. Our observations suggest that anti-ß2-GPI antibodies may trigger RAGE activation and HMGB1 cellular relocation during APS. Monitoring these molecules serum levels may represent an useful tool to evaluate the pathogenesis and risk stratification of clinical manifestations in APS.

Simultaneous characterization of SNPs and N-glycans from multiple glycosylation sites of intact ß-2-glycoprotein-1 (B2GP1) by ESI-qTOF-MS.

The highly glycosylated ß-2-glycoprotein-1 (B2GP1), also called apolipoprotein H, is a 50 kDa human plasma protein with four or five N-glycosylation sites. Glycosylation of B2GP1 can impact auto antibody recognition leading to the development of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), which can result in miscarriages or thrombosis. Next to its glycosylation different genetic variants are known to increase the risk of suffering from APS. Here we show that ESI-q/TOF-MS of intact B2GP1 can be used to analyze genetic variants and glycosylation simultaneously. After enrichment of B2GP1 from 16 different plasma samples and subsequent ESI-MS measurement of the intact protein, we detected five different SNPs in our samples either homozygous or heterozygous. The dominant glycan composition shows four biantennary, fully sialylated glycan structures, with a relative proportion of about 30%. We also detected compositions with one or two triantennary glycan structures in lower amounts and fucosylated species with one or two fucosyl residues. Two of our samples showed an unreported partially occupied fifth glycosylation site presumably arising from the presence of SNP variant S88N. Our method allows a fast determination of genetic variants and glycan compositions of human B2GP1 to be potentially used as diagnostic marker.

Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Show an Increased Arterial Stiffness That is Predicted by IgM Anti-ß2 -Glycoprotein I and Small Dense High-Density Lipoprotein Particles.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the metabolic and immunologic factors associated with the presence of central arterial stiffness as measured by the augmentation index (AIx). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 69 female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with a control group of 34 healthy women. The anthropometrical variables, the vascular studies, and the analytic data were obtained the same day. The AIx was assessed by peripheral arterial tonometry. The analysis of lipoprotein populations was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. RESULTS: Arterial stiffness was increased in patients with SLE compared with control subjects (mean ± SD 20.30 ± 21.54% versus 10.84 ± 11.51%; P = 0.0021). Values for the AIx were correlated with the Framingham risk score (r = 0.481, P < 0.001), carotid intima-media thickness (r = 0.503, P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.270, P < 0.001), and age (r = 0.365, P < 0.001). Patients receiving antimalarial drugs had a lower AIx (mean ± SD 11.74 ± 11.28% versus 24.97 ± 20.63%; P = 0.024). The AIx was correlated with the atherogenic lipoproteins analyzed by NMR. The immunologic variables associated with the AIx were C4 (r = 0.259, P = 0.046) and IgM anti-ß2 -glycoprotein I (IgM anti-ß2 GPI) (r = 0.284, P = 0.284). In the multivariate analysis, age (ß = 0.347, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.020-0.669, P = 0.035), IgM ß2 GPI (ß = 0.321, 95% CI 0.024-0.618, P = 0.035) and small dense high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles (ß = 1.288, 95% CI 0.246-2.329, P = 0.017) predicted the AIx. CONCLUSION: SLE patients had increased arterial stiffness compared with healthy control subjects. Arterial stiffness was decreased in patients treated with antimalarial drugs. Age, IgM ß2 GPI, and the number of small dense HDL particles predicted the AIx.

New insight into antiphospholipid syndrome: antibodies to ß2glycoprotein I-domain 5 fail to induce thrombi in rats.

Clinical studies have reported different diagnostic/predictive values of antibodies to domain 1 or 4/5 of ß2glycoproteinI in terms of risk of thrombosis and pregnancy complications in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. To obtain direct evidence for the pathogenic role of anti-domain 1 or anti-domain 4/5 antibodies, we analyzed the in vivo pro-coagulant effect of two groups of 5 sera IgG each reacting selectively with domain 1 or domain 5 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats. Antibody-induced thrombus formation in mesenteric vessels was followed by intravital microscopy, and vascular deposition of ß2glycoproteinI, human IgG and C3 was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Five serum IgG with undetectable anti-ß2glycoproteinI antibodies served as controls. All the anti-domain 1-positive IgG exhibited potent pro-coagulant activity while the anti-domain 5-positive and the negative control IgG failed to promote blood clot and vessel occlusion. A stronger granular deposit of IgG/C3 was found on the mesenteric endothelium of rats treated with anti-domain 1 antibodies, as opposed to a mild linear IgG staining and absence of C3 observed in rats receiving anti-domain 5 antibodies. Purified anti-domain 5 IgG, unlike anti-domain 1 IgG, did not recognize cardiolipin-bound ß2glycoproteinI while being able to interact with fluid-phase ß2glycoproteinI. These findings may explain the failure of anti-domain 5 antibodies to exhibit a thrombogenic effect in vivo, and the interaction of these antibodies with circulating ß2glycoproteinI suggests their potential competitive role with the pro-coagulant activity of anti-domain 1 antibodies. These data aim at better defining "really at risk" patients for more appropriate treatments to avoid recurrences and disability.

Antiphospholipid antibodies in adult IgA vasculitis: observational study.

We evaluated the occurrence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) in acute adult IgA vasculitis (IgAV), and potential correlations with IgAV clinical presentation. We determined lupus anticoagulants (LAs) and IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), antibodies against ß2-glycoprotein I (aß2GPI) and against the phosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex (aPS/PT) in prospectively collected, histologically proven IgAV, diagnosed for the first time between January 2013 and February 2018 at our secondary/tertiary rheumatology center. During the 62 months, we determined aPLs in 125 IgAV patients (56.8% male; median (IQR) age 64.7 (48.6-78.2) years). Sixty-four (51.2%) patients had aPLs. We found LAs, aPS/PT, aß2GPI, and aCL in 24.8%, 21.6%, 13.6%, and 11.2% of cases, respectively. With 17.6%, the IgA aPS/PT was the most common aPL subtype. aPL-positive and aPL-negative patients did not differ in the clinical presentation of acute IgAV or in the frequency of thrombotic events. aPL-positive IgAV patients had significantly higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p < 0.001), and C-reactive protein (p < 0.001). The subset of IgA aPS/PT-positive patients more commonly had renal involvement in acute disease (RR 2.4 (95% CI 1.6-3.7)). aPLs are commonly detected during acute IgAV episodes. Patients with aPLs have similar clinical presentation, but higher markers of inflammation at than those without them. The subset of IgAV patients with IgA aPS/PT more commonly had renal involvement.

Elevation of serum oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes was correlated with diabetic microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

BACKGROUND: High levels of oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes might be a consequence of LDL atherogenic modification mediated by oxidative stress. We aimed to determine whether the levels of serum oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes were correlated with diabetic microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS: Levels of oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes, oxLDL, routine lipid/lipoprotein parameters were measured in 100 healthy controls, 128 T2DM patients without any microvascular complications, and 172 T2DM patients with microvascular complications. Spearman's correlation, multivariable linear regression logistic regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were performed. RESULTS: Levels of serum oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes and oxLDL were significantly higher in T2DM patients with microvascular complications (oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes: 1.10 ± 0.18 U/mL; oxLDL: 48.12 ± 7.24 mmol/L) than those in T2DM patients without microvascular complications (oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes: 0.98 ± 0.16 U/mL; oxLDL: 41.45 ± 6.81 mmol/L) and controls (oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes: 0.79 ± 0.15 U/mL; oxLDL: 27.85 ± 5.32 mmol/L). Variables that remained significantly associated with oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes were oxLDL (ß = 0.568, P < 0.001), TC (ß = 0.312, P = 0.013) and microvascular complications (ß = 0.205, P = 0.027), which accounted for 58.3% of the variation of the level of oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes in T2DM patients (R2 = 0.583). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that elevation of oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes (OR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.04-9.46, P = 0.042) and oxLDL levels (OR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.16-7.83, P = 0.023) were independently associated with occurrence of microvascular complications. Cutoff value of oxLDL/ß2-GPI for the presence of microvascular complications was 1.05 U/mL, and AUC area of ROC curve was 0.783 (95%CI: 0.713-0.853), yielding a sensitivity of 86.8% and specificity of 64.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Elevation of serum oxLDL/ß2-GPI complexes was associated with microvascular complications in T2DM patients.