Novel circuit biomarker of impulsivity and craving in male heroin-dependent individuals.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The striatum mediates reward processing in addiction, and previous fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) studies have revealed abnormal striatofrontal functional connectivity in heroin addiction. However, little is known about whether there is abnormal structural connectivity of the striatal circuit in heroin addiction. This study investigated the structural connectivity of striatal circuits in abstinent heroin-dependent individuals (HDIs) without methadone treatment. METHODS: Forty-three (age 38.8 ± 7.1) male HDIs and twenty-one (age 42.4 ± 7.9) matched healthy controls underwent high-resolution T1 and whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging (64 directions) magnetic resonance imaging. Connectivity-based seed classification probabilistic tractography was used to detect the tract strengths of striatal circuits with 10 a priori target masks. Tract strengths were compared between groups and correlated with impulsivity behavior, evaluated using the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS), and craving, measured on visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: HDIs showed significantly weaker tract strength of the left striatum-medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) (Bonferroni corrected, p < 0.05/20 = 0.0025) and significantly higher BIS total, attention, motor, and non-planning scores (Bonferroni corrected, p < 0.05/4 = 0.0125) than controls. In HDIs, negative correlations were observed between the left striatum- mOFC tract strengths and the BIS total, attention and non-planning scores (r1=-0.410, p1 = 0.005; r2=-0.432, p2 = 0.003; r3=-0.506, p3<0.001) and between the right striatum-posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) tract strengths and craving scores (r=-0.433, p = 0.009) in HDIs. CONCLUSION: HDIs displayed decreased structural connectivity of the striatum-mOFC circuit and higher impulsivity. Higher impulsive behavior was associated with decreased left striatal circuit connectivity. These findings suggest that the striatal circuit tract strengths might be a novel potential biomarker in heroin and, potentially, general opioid addiction.