Moral Distress and Nursing Education: Curricular and Pedagogical Strategies for a Complex Phenomenon.

Moral distress is a common phenomenon among nurses and is related to the complicated work environments and complex nature of ethical situations in day-to-day nursing practice. Moral distress impacts nurses as well as patient care and the health care system. Few strategies have been identified for instructors to effectively engage with learners when communicating about moral distress. We discuss two key curricular and pedagogical strategies that should be utilized when learning about moral distress: difficult knowledge' and 'terror management theory'. Whether it is with new nursing students or experienced nurses, there is necessary learning that needs to occur on moral distress. Difficult knowledge' and 'terror management theory', when implemented, can provide a starting point for both the learner and the instructor to discuss the emotionally difficult and complex topic of moral distress. Knowledge about moral distress has the potential to mitigate its negative effects, therefore it is vital to consider educational strategies to teach nurses about this complex phenomenon.