Opioid-Associated Emergencies: A Review of Their Management and the Utility of Naloxone.

ABSTRACT

Although pain is most effectively treated through a multimodal approach, opioids remain a mainstay of treatment for chronic pain despite their considerable adverse effect profile and associated risks. Through modulation of the µ-opioid receptors, opioids can cause respiratory depression, which may result in death if not treated. When used in conjunction with other sedative substances, the risk of respiratory depression is potentiated. If an opioid emergency is suspected, responders should activate the emergency response system as outlined by the American Heart Association. Prompt and appropriate naloxone administration is vital to appropriate emergency care. As a preventative measure, naloxone should be recommended to individuals who are at higher risk of an opioid overdose. Naloxone is available at most pharmacies, can be billed through an individual's insurance, and is now available over the counter without a prescription.