Factors affecting cervical screening using the health belief model during the last decade: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: To examine the utility of the health belief model (HBM) and other socioeconomic factors in shaping cervical screening behaviors. Also, to provide recommendations on improving screening uptake. METHODOLOGY: A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane/CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases for articles reporting on the factors associated with cervical screening using the HBM within the period from January of 2002 to January of 2023. Effect sizes for the various HBM constructs were pre-determined using the log odds ratio (logOR) and expressed with their confidence intervals. All reporting was in line with the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies were included in the final analysis comprised of 15,365 participants. Our pooled analysis demonstrated that perceived susceptibility (OR 1.40, 95% CI, 1.03-1.89), perceived benefits (OR 1.30; 95% CI, 1.13-1.50), and self-efficacy (OR 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05-1.17) were significantly associated with both the uptake of and intention to adopt preventive measures against cervical cancer. Conversely, women with higher perceptions of barriers were less likely to adopt any measure for cervical cancer screening or prevention (OR 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57-0.91). In terms of sociodemographic effectors, older age (OR 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.19), graduate/post-graduate education (OR 2.80; 95% CI, 1.46-5.37), higher knowledge of cervical cancer (OR 2.21; 95% CI, 1.27-3.84), and being married (OR 3.89; 95% CI, 1.38-10.92) were all associated with altering preventive behaviors and intentions toward cervical cancer. CONCLUSION: This review delineates the most important and effective cognitive components that should be targeted within interventions aiming to promote cervical cancer prevention.