A randomized placebo-blind study of the effect of low power laser on pain caused by irreversible pulpitis.

This randomized placebo-blind study aimed to evaluate the effect of laser phototherapy (LPT) on pain caused by symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP). Sixty patients diagnosed with SIP were randomly assigned to treatment groups (n = 15): G1 (control), G2 (laser placebo-sham irradiation), G3 (laser irradiation at 780 nm, 40 mW, 4 J/cm2), and G4 (laser irradiation at 780 nm, 40 mW, 40 J/cm2). Spontaneous pain was recorded using a VAS score before (T0), immediately after (T1), and 15 min after treatment (T2). Local anesthetics failure during emergency endodontic treatment was also assessed. There was no pain difference in T1 and T2 between the experimental laser groups (G3 and G4) and the placebo group (G2). The 4-J/cm2 (G3) irradiation resulted in significant increase in the local anesthetics failure in lower jar teeth. This effect could be suggested as consequence of the LPT improvement in local circulation and vasodilatation that would result in the increase of local anesthetic agent absorption. The application of 780-nm diode laser irradiation, at 4 and 40 J/cm2, showed no effect in reducing the pain in SIP in comparison to the placebo group. The fluence of 4 J/cm2 showed a negative effect in local anesthetics, resulting in significant increase of complimentary local anesthesia during emergency endodontic treatment. This work provides evidence of the consequence of LPT application on teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. LPT should be avoided in teeth with pain due to irreversible pulpitis.

A study of effectiveness of midazolam sedation for prevention of myocardial arrhythmias in endosseous implant placement.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to assess electrocardiographic alterations during oral implant placement surgeries under local anesthesia (lidocaine chlorhydrate with epinephrine), using 15 mg of midazolam as an anxiolytic premedication. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study randomly selected 20 patients, aged 21-50 years old, requiring bilateral mandibular dental implants. Each patient was assessed using placebo on one side and midazolam on the contralateral side, with random, double-blinded distribution. The electrocardiogram recorded 12 static leads every 2 min, while D2 derivations were recorded continuously. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between the placebo and midazolam when analyzing the morphological behavior of the electrocardiographic wave and the presence of arrhythmias during the experiment. However, under sedation, assessment of the behavior of electrocardiographic parameters during different stages of the procedure revealed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) for heart rate, P-wave amplitude and duration of the RR and QTc intervals. The arrhythmias detected were considered low risk for patients without systemic alterations and were observed in 53.3% of patients. The most frequently occurring alterations were tachycardia, bradycardia, supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles and blocked atrial extrasystole, which were similar for both placebo and midazolam, with the greatest incidence during the initial, incision and bone drilling stages. CONCLUSION: The use of 15 mg of midazolam made no difference compared with the placebo. The use of 15 mg of midazolam did not show an advantage in the incidence of arrhythmias The anxiolytic premedication does not prevent myocardial arrhythmias in endosseous implant placement. The clinical significance of the arrhythmias may not represent serious risks.

Electrocardiographic alterations during endosseous implant placement performed with local anesthetic agents.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze electrocardiographic alterations during dental implant surgeries when local anesthetic agents were used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty implants were placed in 18 healthy patients. An electrocardiogram and Wincardio software were used to gather recordings from 12 static leads every 2 minutes, continuously record coronary artery (D2) derivations, and automatically measure the following electrocardiographic parameters: heart rate, duration and amplitude of the P wave, PR segment duration, ST segment deviation, QRS complex duration, and duration of the RR, QT, and corrected QT (QTc) intervals. RESULTS: Analysis of variance of the values obtained at the different stages showed significant differences (P<.05) for the heart rate and for the duration of the RR and QT intervals. The heart rate increased during the anesthesia, incision, and bone drilling stages, reaching a peak during drilling. Duration of the RR and QT intervals decreased during the incision and drilling stages. Among the electrocardiographic parameters individually assessed, several altered values were found for the duration of the P wave, the QRS complex, and the QT and QTc intervals. Sinusal tachycardia and bradycardia, sinusal arrhythmia, supraventricular extrasystole, ventricular extrasystole, and T-wave inversion were detected. CONCLUSION: Dental implant placement surgery may induce electrocardiographic alterations. The most frequently found arrhythmias were extrasystole and sinusal tachycardia. The anesthesia, incision, and bone drilling stages exhibited the highest heart rate values and the shortest durations of the RR and QT intervals.

In vitro analysis of a local polymeric device as an alternative for systemic antibiotics in Dentistry.

The development of a biodegradable material with antimicrobial properties for local applications is required in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to produce blends of poly-L-lactide acid (PLLA) synthetic polymer associated with several antimicrobials, as an alternative in the prevention and treatment of infections, as well as to evaluate its cytotoxicity, release of antimicrobials and inhibit bacteria growth. Blends of PLLA added with 20% Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, Clindamycin or Azithromicyn were used to produce Films (F) or Meshs (M) by casting and electrospinning methods, respectively. Standardized discs of the films and meshs were stored in buffer solutions (pH 5 or 7.4) and aliquots were analyzed by high performance chromatography (HPLC) during 168 hours. Cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblasts was tested after 24, 48 and 72h by MTT reaction. The antimicrobial capacity was determined against P. gingivalis and S. pyogenes. The specimens were weighed after 3 and 6 months of storage for degradation analysis. SEM was performed to control interfaces and degradation. Antimicrobials presented a continuous and exponential drug release. Analysis showed that both M and F were able to inhibit S. pyogenes and P. gingivalis growth, indicating the release of active antimicrobial agents. The products were not toxic to the fibroblasts. Amoxicillin-film showed more degradation than PLLA at both pHs (p < 0.05), whereas Azithromycin-meshes were more degraded than PLLA at pH 7.4 (p < 0.05). PLLA association with antimicrobials is biocompatible and may represent a potential tool for the local delivery of antimicrobials.

Effects of opioids on local anesthesia in the rat: a codeine and tramadol study.

Opioids are central analgesics that act on the CNS (central nervous system) and PNS (peripheral nervous system). We investigated the effects of codeine (COD) and tramadol (TRAM) on local anesthesia of the sciatic nerve. Eighty Wistar male rats received the following SC injections in the popliteal fossa: local anesthetic with epinephrine (LA); local anesthetic without vasoconstrictor (LA WV); COD; TRAM; LA + COD; LA + TRAM; COD 20 minutes prior to LA (COD 20' + LA) or TRAM 20 minutes prior to LA (TRAM 20' + LA). As a nociceptive function, the blockade was considered the absence of a paw withdraw reflex. As a motor function, it was the absence of claudication. As a proprioceptive function, it was the absence of hopping and tactile responses. All data were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Opioids showed a significant increase in the level of anesthesia, and the blockade duration of LA + COD was greater than that of the remaining groups (p < 0.05). The associated use of opioids improved anesthesia efficacy. This could lead to a new perspective in controlling dental pain.

Clinical and surgical evaluation of the indication of postoperative antibiotic prescription in third molar surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the need for antibiotic prescription in third molar surgery. STUDY DESIGN: A double-blind randomized study was carried out with 71 patients from CODONT (Dentistry Center of the Police of São Paulo). Amoxicillin, clindamycin, or no medication was administered for 7 days immediately after surgery. The participants evaluated the presence of pain, edema, interincisal distance (ID), presence of infection, Pell and Gregory classification, rescue analgesia, osteotomy, and odontosection. RESULTS: There was no difference (P < .05) between antibiotics and control over the surgery duration, dose, visual analog scale (VAS), ID, and edema, yet significant differences were seen over time for VAS, edema, and ID. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prescription should not be indicated in all clinical conditions, yet it is necessary to correctly evaluate factors such as systemic condition of the patient, skill of the operator, and contamination of the surgical environment.

Evaluation of simulated bone lesion in the head of the mandible by using multislice computed tomography.

UNLABELLED: Conventional radiography has shown limitation in acquiring image of the ATM region, thus, computed tomography (CT) scanning has been the best option to the present date for diagnosis, surgical planning and treatment of bone lesions, owing to its specific properties. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate images of simulated bone lesions at the head of the mandible by multislice CT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Spherical lesions were made with dental spherical drills (sizes 1, 3, and 6) and were evaluated by using multislice CT (64 rows), by two observers in two different occasions, deploying two protocols: axial, coronal, and sagittal images, and parasagittal images for pole visualization (anterior, lateral, posterior, medial and superior). Acquired images were then compared with those lesions in the dry mandible (gold standard) to evaluate the specificity and sensibility of both protocols. Statistical methods included: Kappa statistics, validity test and chi-square test. Results demonstrated the advantage of associating axial, coronal, and sagittal slices with parasagittal slices for lesion detection at the head of the mandible. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the types of protocols regarding a particular localization of lesions at the poles. CONCLUSIONS: Protocols for the assessment of the head of the mandible were established to improve the visualization of alterations of each of the poles of the mandible's head. The anterior and posterior poles were better visualized in lateral-medial planes while lateral, medial and superior poles were better visualized in the anterior-posterior plane.

Effects of opioids on local anesthesia in the rat: a codeine and tramadol study

Opioids are central analgesics that act on the CNS (central nervous system) and PNS (peripheral nervous system). We investigated the effects of codeine (COD) and tramadol (TRAM) on local anesthesia of the sciatic nerve. Eighty Wistar male rats received the following SC injections in the popliteal fossa: local anesthetic with epinephrine (LA); local anesthetic without vasoconstrictor (LA WV); COD; TRAM; LA + COD; LA + TRAM; COD 20 minutes prior to LA (COD 20' + LA) or TRAM 20 minutes prior to LA (TRAM 20' + LA). As a nociceptive function, the blockade was considered the absence of a paw withdraw reflex. As a motor function, it was the absence of claudication. As a proprioceptive function, it was the absence of hopping and tactile responses. All data were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Opioids showed a significant increase in the level of anesthesia, and the blockade duration of LA + COD was greater than that of the remaining groups (p < 0.05). The associated use of opioids improved anesthesia efficacy. This could lead to a new perspective in controlling dental pain.

A doença periodontal como fator etiopatogênico à hiperplasia gengival inflamatória / The periodontal disease how etiopathogenic factor to the inflammatory gingival hyperplasia

A hiperplasia gengival inflamatória é considerada um processo proliferativo reacional não neoplásico, geralmente, relacionado a fatores irritativos crônicos de baixa intensidade. Desta forma, a presença de doenças periodontais pode ocasionar o desenvolvimento da hiperplasia gengival em decorrência da presença de cálculos e biofilme dentários e a própria inflamação e infecção gengivais. A proposta deste trabalho é de revisar os possíveis mecanismos etiopatogênicos desta relação, bem como as características clínicas e histopatológicas, incidência e freqüência, diagnóstico diferencial e modalidades terapêuticas empregadas na hiperplasia gengival inflamatória.

The inflammatory gingival hyperplasia is considered a non-neoplasic reactional proliferative process usually related to low intensity chronic irritative factors. Thus, the presence of periodontal diseases may lead to the development of this gingival hyperplasia by the presence of calculus and dental biofilm and to the gingival infection or inflammatory processes itself. The purpose of this paper is to review the possible ethiopathogenic mechanisms of this relationship as well as the clinical and histopathologic characteristics incidence and frequency differential diagnosis and treatment modalities applied on the inflammatory gingival hyperplasia.

Evaluation of simulated bone lesion in the head of the mandible by using multislice computed tomography

Conventional radiography has shown limitation in acquiring image of the ATM region, thus, computed tomography (CT) scanning has been the best option to the present date for diagnosis, surgical planning and treatment of bone lesions, owing to its specific properties. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate images of simulated bone lesions at the head of the mandible by multislice CT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Spherical lesions were made with dental spherical drills (sizes 1, 3, and 6) and were evaluated by using multislice CT (64 rows), by two observers in two different occasions, deploying two protocols: axial, coronal, and sagittal images, and parasagittal images for pole visualization (anterior, lateral, posterior, medial and superior). Acquired images were then compared with those lesions in the dry mandible (gold standard) to evaluate the specificity and sensibility of both protocols. Statistical methods included: Kappa statistics, validity test and chi-square test. Results demonstrated the advantage of associating axial, coronal, and sagittal slices with parasagittal slices for lesion detection at the head of the mandible. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the types of protocols regarding a particular localization of lesions at the poles. CONCLUSIONS: Protocols for the assessment of the head of the mandible were established to improve the visualization of alterations of each of the poles of the mandible's head. The anterior and posterior poles were better visualized in lateral-medial planes while lateral, medial and superior poles were better visualized in the anterior-posterior plane.

Opção terapêutica de hemangioma labial / Therapeutic option of lip hemangioma

O hemangioma é um tumor benigno proveniente da proliferação anormal de vasos sangüíneos que acomete, na cavidade bucal, freqüentemente os lábios, língua, mucosa jugal e palato. Dependendo da situação anatômica, a estética é a principal queixa reportada pelo paciente. O correto diagnóstico permite, de acordo com a extensão da lesão, o tratamento de forma conservadora ou radical. Este artigo apresenta o tratamento de um hemangioma de lábio inferior tratado através de injeções de solução esclerosante de oleato de monoetanolamina com remissão da lesão e resultado estético satisfatório

Abordagem interdisciplinar em reabilitacão bucal / Interdisciplinary approach in oral rehabilitation

A complexidade do tratamento definirá a necessidade de uma abordagem interdisciplinar para alcançar resultados de sucesso. Quando se associa perdas dentárias, perda do relacionamento oclusal, mau posicionamento dentário, ao descontrole do estado geral da saúde bucal como, por exemplo, a perda de inserção devido à doença periodontal, a decisão da proposta de tratamento merece cuidados e o prognóstico de uma etapa do tratamento depende do su- cesso de outra. Desta forma, no caso a seguir, as disciplinas de Ortodontia do Departamento de Ortodontia e Odontopediatria e de Clínica Integrada do Departamento de Estomatologia da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (Fousp), de maneira interdisciplinar, foram determinantes para o sucesso da reabilitação do paciente. Após a fase de controle da saúde bucal iniciou-se o tratamento ortodôntico fixo em ambas as arcadas. Concluída a movimentação dentária com fechamento dos diastemas e nivelamento oclusal (cerca de 24 meses) e sua manutenção, iniciou-se a fase reabilitadora do tratamento, com um minucioso estudo com a finalidade de apresentar alternativas para o tratamento protético.

The complexity of the treatment will define the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to achieve successful results. The association between tooth loss, loss of occlusal relationship, bad teeth positioning, with the lack of the general state of oral health such as insertion loss due to periodontal disease, the decision of the proposed treatment deserves care and prognosis of a stage of treatment depends on the success of a nother. Th us, i n the followi ng case, the Orthodontics Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry and Integrated Clinic, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, in an interdisciplinary way, were crucial to the success of rehabilitation. After the stage of the oral health control began the fixed orthodontic treatment in both arches. Complete tooth movement with diastemas resolution and occlusalleveling (about 24 months) and their maintenance, the rehabilitative phase of treatment started, with a detailed study with the purpose of presenting of prosthetic treatment alternatives.

Carcinoma epidermóide: diagnóstico e condutas imediatas / Squamous cell carcinoma: diagnosis and first behavior

O carcinoma epidermóide apresenta moderada freqüência na cavidade bucal, podendo ser considerado um problema de saúde pública. O escopo deste trabalho é apresentar o caso de um paciente portador de carcinoma epidermóide em lábio inferior, o qual foi submetido ao tratamento cirúrgico. Foram discutidas as características clínicas, radiográficas e histopatológicas, freqüência, incidência e modalidades de tratamento.

The squamous cell carcinoma is frequent in the oral cavity, and is considered an important public health concern. The purpose of this study is to present the case of squamous cell carcinoma on lip that was submitted to the surgical treatment. We discussed the clinical, radiographic and histopathologic characteristics, frequency, incidence and treatment modalities.

A conduta em pacientes transplantados renais: proposta de protocolo clínico-periodontal / The management at kidney transplanted patients: purpose of clinic periodontal protocol

0 paciente transplantado renal, que durante a terapia imunossupressora apresenta-se mais suscetível às infecções oportunistas, é considerado um paciente que requer cuidados odontológicos especiais. Algumas alterações bucais e sistêmicas podem estar presentes em decorrência da terapia imunossupressora empregada. A ciclosporina A tem sido a droga imunossupressora mais utilizada e diversas alterações bucais e sistêmicas são decorrentes da sua administração. Dentre os efeitos colaterais bucais da ciclosporina A, a hiperplasia gengival medicamentosa é a mais comum. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar as condutas inerentes ao atendimento odontológico no paciente transplantado renal, os protocolos de conduta odontológica e os aspectos quanto à condição sistêmica do paciente, às quais o cirurgião-dentista deverá estar familiarizado. Foram descritos ainda os aspectos clínicos, etiopatogenia e tratamentos empregados da hiperplasia gengival medicamentosa, já que esta lesão propicia o acúmulo de bio-fllme dentário, favorecendo a instalação de doenças periodontais.

Antimicrobianos locais coadjuvantes ao tratamento periodontal / Co-adjuvant local antimicrobials to the periodontal treatment

É conhecido o papel da microbiota como principal fator etiológico das doenças periodontais, baseado na teoria da especificidade do biofilme. Considera-se ainda a resposta do hospedeiro associada ao agente agressor, com variáveis clínicas da severidade da doença periodontal. Atualmente, a incidência e severidade das doenças periodontais pode ser estabilizada por diversas modalidades terapêuticas, optando-se inicialmente por um paradigma conservador e variando até os procedimentos cirúrgicos mais invasivos. Independentemente das condutas escolhidas, embora particularizado em cada caso, o uso de antimicrobianos desempenha uma satisfatória modalidade coadjuvante no tratamento das doenças periodontais, especialmente na periodontite. A proposta deste trabalho é de revisar e discutir os fármacos de uso local coadjuvante ao tratamento periodontal. Pode-se concluir que a administração de antimicrobianos de uso tópico, como coadjuvante ao tratamento periodontal, apresenta diversos benefícios como a manutenção da concentração do fármaco por período prolongado, redução dos efeitos colaterais e da possibilidade de resistência bacteriana. A tetraciclina apresentou melhores resultados clínicos em comparação com os outros fármacos.

The role of the bacteria is known as the main etiological factor of periodontal diseases, based on the biofilm specificity theory. The hostÆs answer to the aggressor agent is also considered, with clinical variables of the periodontal disease severity. Nowadays, the incidence and the severity of the periodontal diseases can be stabilized through many therapeutic modalities, as the first step choosing conservative paradigms, and even ranging the most invasive surgical procedures. Independently on the chosen procedure, although it is particularized case by case, the antimicrobial therapy represents a satisfactory coadjuvant modality in the treatment of periodontal diseases, specially in cases of periodontitis. The purpose of this paper is to review and to discuss the role of the topical antimicrobial drugs in the periodontal treatment. It is possible to conclude that topic antimicrobials administration, as a coadjuvant for periodontal treatment, presents many benefits like concentration drug maintenance for extended time, reduction of side effects and bacterial resistance possibility. The tetracycline has presented better clinical results when it was compared with other drugs.

Frenectomia a laser (Nd: YAP) em Odontopediatria / Laser frenectomy (Nd: YAP) in pediatric dentistry

A frenectomia, tratamento realizado na indicação da excisão do freio labial ou lingual, apresenta diversas complicações trans e pós-operatórias, quando utilizados os métodos cirúrgicos convencionais. O laser cirúrgico vem, crescentemente, sendo empregado nas diversas especialidades odontológicas. O propósito deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso de frenectomias labial e lingual, utilizando-se o laser Nd:YAP em paciente com 5 anos de idade, alcançando melhores condições trans e pósoperatórias ao paciente infantil.

The frenectomy, preconized treatment to the excision of lingual or labial frenun, presents several trans or post complications, when conventional surgical methods are used. Surgical laser has been used in several dentistry specialities. The purpose of this article was to present a case of lingual and labial frenectomies by utilizing the Nd:YAP laser in a 5 years-old patient, achieving the best trans and post surgical conditions to the pediatric patient.

Médias de tempo despendidas a execução de atividades clínicas por alunos de graduação da disciplina de clínica integrada da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo / Average time expended for the acomplishment of several clinical activities, by graduation students of ntegrated clinics in dentistry school of University of São Paulo

Este estudo avalia a média de tempo despendida na execução de diversas atividades clínicas em pacientes, pelos alunos do Curso de Graduação na Disciplina de Clínica Integrada da FOUSP, com o intuito de contribuir para a avaliação do nível de aprendizado e para o aperfeiçoamento do processo educacional em Odontologia. Através da utilização, pelos alunos, de relógios digitais, (cronômetros), fez-se a mensuração de tempo das atividades propostas. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a análise estatística (média, desvio padrão e análise de variância -Teste "t" ). Foi elaborado também um diagrama de desvio-padrão que possibilita a aferição dos graus de complexidade nas diversas atividades e promove a avaliação do binômio ensino/aprendizado. Pode-se concluir através dos resultados que: I) A média de tempo despendida na execução de exames clínicos, moldagens de estudo, e procedimentos básicos em periodontia, enquadram-se em padrões aceitáveis embora possam apresentar diferentes graus de' complexidade. 2) Exodontias de elementos posteriores demandam em média de tempo superior à sua execução em comparação a elementos anteriores, sendo que ambas as atividades, parecem envolver o mesmo grau de complexidade. 3) Nas três etapas do tratamento endodôntico (abertura, preparo químico mecânico e obturação de condutos) a média de tempo utilizada em elementos unirradiculares é inferior a elementos birradiculares. O grau de complexidade dos elementos uni e birradiculares é similar.

Alterações eletrocardiográficas em cirurgias para a colocação de implantes dentários sob anestesia local e pré-medicação ansiolítica / Electrocardiographic changes during oral implant surgeries under local anesthesia and sedative premedicantion

A significância clínica dos achados eletrocardiográficos para pacientes sem histórico de doença cardiovascular é pequeno ou inexistente; porém, em pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares poderia justificar o uso de monitoração contínua, incluindo uso de eletrocardiograma, além de terapêutica comportamental ou medicamentosa para certos procedimentos odontológicos com níveis de estresse moderado a elevado. Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação das alterações eletrocardiográficas em cirurgias para a colocação de implantes dentários sob anestesia local com cloridrato de lidocaína 2% associado a epinefrina e uso de pré-medicação ansiolítica, com 15 mg de midazolam. O estudo foi realizado em 15 pacientes ASA I, com necessidade de implantes dentários, bilaterais em mandíbula. O estudo foi comparativo com placebo administrado aleatoriamente, duplo-cego uma hora antes do procedimento. O eletrocardiograma registrou 12 derivações estáticas a cada 2 minutos e o registro da derivação D2 de maneira contínua, avaliando a presença de arritmias durante o experimento. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre os grupos estudados. Foram observadas arritmias em 53,3% dos pacientes. As arritmias encontradas foram a taquicardia e a bradicardia sinusal, as extra-sístoles supraventriculares, ventriculares e a extra-sístole atrial bloqueada, em ambos os grupos de maneira semelhante, com maior incidência nas fases início e perfuração. As arritmias encontradas foram consideradas de baixo risco para pacientes sem comprometimento sistêmico. Concluiu-se que o uso de 15 mg de midazolam não apresentou diferença quando comparado ao placebo. As arritmias mais freqüentes foram as extra-sístoles e as taquicardias sinusais.