RESUMEN
Sporopollenin in the pollen cell wall protects male gametophytes from stresses. Phenylpropanoid derivatives, including guaiacyl (G) lignin units, are known to be structural components of sporopollenin, but the exact composition of sporopollenin remains to be fully resolved. We analyzed the phenylpropanoid derivatives in sporopollenin from maize and Arabidopsis by thioacidolysis coupled with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The NMR and GC-MS results confirmed the presence of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), G, and syringyl (S) lignin units in sporopollenin from maize and Arabidopsis. Strikingly, H units account for the majority of lignin monomers in sporopollenin from these species. We next performed a genome-wide association study to explore the genetic basis of maize sporopollenin composition and identified a vesicle-associated membrane protein (ZmVAMP726) that is strongly associated with lignin monomer composition of maize sporopollenin. Genetic manipulation of VAMP726 affected not only lignin monomer composition in sporopollenin but also pollen resistance to heat and UV radiation in maize and Arabidopsis, indicating that VAMP726 is functionally conserved in monocot and dicot plants. Our work provides new insight into the lignin monomers that serve as structural components of sporopollenin and characterizes VAMP726, which affects sporopollenin composition and stress resistance in pollen.
Asunto(s)
Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Calor , Lignina/química , Lignina/genética , Lignina/metabolismo , Polen/genética , Polen/metabolismo , Rayos Ultravioleta , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To choose the best supplementary material and formulation process of Yigong capsule. METHODS: Critical relative humidity, absorption curve of moisture, angle of repose were used as the norms of the research. The suitable preparation and formulation process of Yigong capsule had been sieved. RESULTS: It was feasible that the combined preparation of PH102 micro cellulse were mixed with the medicinal powder. The absorption of moisture of the medicinal powder was improved. The humidity of mass production and store was lower than 64%. CONCLUSION: This craft simple is feasible and can provide the better anti-water absorbability of formulation process condition for Yigong capsule.
Asunto(s)
Celulosa/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Lactosa/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Cápsulas , Química Farmacéutica , Dextrinas/química , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Humedad , Tecnología Farmacéutica/métodosRESUMEN
Sinomenine transdermal patch was prepared and its properties were studied. The patches were produced by salivation method. The releasing rate in vitro of the patch was determined by HPLC. Peel test was used to evaluate the adhesion. Acute skin irritation test was performed in comparison with formalin (0.8%) by using mouse model. The Sinomenine TDDS Patch was prepared. The releasing rate in vitro followed the Higuchi equation (r>0.99), the releasing amount was beyond 90% in 24h. The peel adhesion to steel (N/25 mm) is 10 or above. The skin irritation tests showed negligible erythema and edema. The Sinomenine transdermal patch was prepared successfully and it may be beneficial for topical use.