Clinical efficacy of grape seed extract as an adjuvant to scaling and root planing in treatment of periodontal pockets.

Grape seed extract (GSE), a naturally producing polyphenolic compound, is found to be a potent hostmodulatory agent and considered for management of periodontal disease. Its anti-bacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory property may aid in achieving periodontal health. To assess the clinical efficacy of GSE in adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in healing of periodontal pockets. The present study was a longitudinal, parallel design, randomized clinical trial. Seventy-two patients (mean age 39.2±8.6 years) with periodontal pockets were randomly divided into two groups; Test group received intra-pocket delivery of GSE with SRP and Control group received SRP alone. The clinical parameters like Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing Depth (PD) and Relative Attachment Level (RAL) were recorded at baseline and 3 months. 64 patients completed the study. Test group at the end of 3 months had statistically significant reduced PD (p=0.002) and RAL (p=0.01). No significant difference was observed for PI and GI at the end of 3 months. Intra-pocket application of GSE with SRP could be beneficial in management of periodontal pockets.

Clinical effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri in the treatment of peri-implant diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In the last decades, the presence of peri-implant diseases (PD) has increased. One of the therapies currently used is probiotics with Lactobacillus reuteri (LR). The aim of this article is to determinate, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, the clinical effectiveness of LR in the treatment of PD. We searched the literature until January 2021, in the biomedical databases: Pubmed, Embase, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, SIGLE, LILACS, Google Scholar and Cochrane Central Registry of Clinical Trials. The selection criteria of the studies were: randomized controlled clinical trials, without language and time restriction, reporting the clinical effects (depth to probing, plaque index and bleeding index) of the LR in the PD treatment. The risk of study bias was analyzed through the Cochrane tool for randomized studies using Review Manager software. The search strategy resulted in 6 articles of which four investigated peri-implantitis and three peri-implant mucositis. All studies reported that there was a difference in the depth of the probing in the treatment of PD, in favor of the group using LR, though not always achieving significance. The use of LR can be clinically effective in terms of pocket depth reduction in the treatment of PD.

Murine IRF8 Mutation Offers New Insight into Osteoclast and Root Resorption.

Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), a transcription factor expressed in immune cells, functions as a negative regulator of osteoclasts and helps maintain dental and skeletal homeostasis. Previously, we reported that a novel mutation in the IRF8 gene increases susceptibility to multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption (MICRR), a form of tooth root resorption mediated by increased osteoclast activity. The IRF8 G388S variant in the highly conserved C-terminal motif is predicted to alter the protein structure, likely impairing IRF8 function. To investigate the molecular basis of MICRR and IRF8 function in osteoclastogenesis, we generated Irf8 knock-in (KI) mice using CRISPR/Cas9 technique modeling the human IRF8G388S mutation. The heterozygous (Het) and homozygous (Homo) Irf8 KI mice showed no gross morphological defects, and the development of hematopoietic cells was unaffected and similar to wild-type (WT) mice. The Irf8 KI Het and Homo mice showed no difference in macrophage gene signatures important for antimicrobial defenses and inflammatory cytokine production. Consistent with the phenotype observed in MICRR patients, Irf8 KI Het and Homo mice demonstrated significantly increased osteoclast formation and resorption activity in vivo and in vitro when compared to WT mice. The oral ligature-inserted Het and Homo mice displayed significantly increased root resorption and osteoclast-mediated alveolar bone loss compared to WT mice. The increased osteoclastogenesis noted in KI mice is due to the inability of IRF8G388S mutation to inhibit NFATc1-dependent transcriptional activation and downstream osteoclast specific transcripts, as well as its impact on autophagy-related pathways of osteoclast differentiation. This translational study delineates the IRF8 domain important for osteoclast function and provides novel insights into the IRF8 mutation associated with MICRR. IRF8G388S mutation mainly affects osteoclastogenesis while sparing immune cell development and function. These insights extend beyond oral health and significantly advance our understanding of skeletal disorders mediated by increased osteoclast activity and IRF8's role in osteoclastogenesis.

Unfolded protein ensembles, folding trajectories, and refolding rate prediction.

Computer simulations can provide critical information on the unfolded ensemble of proteins under physiological conditions, by explicitly characterizing the geometrical properties of the diverse conformations that are sampled in the unfolded state. A general computational analysis across many proteins has not been implemented however. Here, we develop a method for generating a diverse conformational ensemble, to characterize properties of the unfolded states of intrinsically disordered or intrinsically folded proteins. The method allows unfolded proteins to retain disulfide bonds. We examined physical properties of the unfolded ensembles of several proteins, including chemical shifts, clustering properties, and scaling exponents for the radius of gyration with polymer length. A problem relating simulated and experimental residual dipolar couplings is discussed. We apply our generated ensembles to the problem of folding kinetics, by examining whether the ensembles of some proteins are closer geometrically to their folded structures than others. We find that for a randomly selected dataset of 15 non-homologous 2- and 3-state proteins, quantities such as the average root mean squared deviation between the folded structure and unfolded ensemble correlate with folding rates as strongly as absolute contact order. We introduce a new order parameter that measures the distance travelled per residue, which naturally partitions into a smooth "laminar" and subsequent "turbulent" part of the trajectory. This latter conceptually simple measure with no fitting parameters predicts folding rates in 0 M denaturant with remarkable accuracy (r = -0.95, p = 1 × 10(-7)). The high correlation between folding times and sterically modulated, reconfigurational motion supports the rapid collapse of proteins prior to the transition state as a generic feature in the folding of both two-state and multi-state proteins. This method for generating unfolded ensembles provides a powerful approach to address various questions in protein evolution, misfolding and aggregation, transient structures, and molten globule and disordered protein phases.

Stratification and segregation features of pulverized electronic waste in flowing film concentration.

Gravity separation of metals from plastics in pulverized e-waste using flowing film concentration in a shaking table was investigated. Over 51% rejection of plastics in a single stage operation was achieved under optimum conditions. The shaking table was shown to be suitable for processing ground PCBs. Pulverized e-waste containing 22% metals was enriched to around 40% metals in a single pass. Statistical models for the mass yield of metal-rich stream and its grade were developed by design of experiments. Optimization was carried out to maximize the mass yield at a target product grade and preferred operating regimes were established. Experiments were designed to prevent metal loss and over 95% recovery values were obtained under all conditions. Settling distances of metals and plastics were computed and shown to be good indicators of separation performance. Particle morphology and stratification in the troughs in between the riffles were shown to influence the separation significantly. Water flow-assisted motion of the plastics was captured and its role in determining the effectiveness of separation was described. The efficacy of tabling was well established for treating ground PCBs. The wet process was shown to be environment friendly and sustainable. It is also relatively cheap and has good potential for industrial application. However, rigorous cost estimates will be required before commercial application.

Prediction of sustained virological response to combination therapy with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin in patients with genotype 3 chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: Sustained virological response (SVR) rates in patients with hepatitis C are heterogeneous and are influenced by a wide range of host and viral factors. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of combination therapy with pegylated interferon alfa (PEG-IFN-α) and ribavirin (RBV), and document the SVR rates taking into consideration various predictive factors in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) genotype 3. METHODS: Ninety-seven treatment-naive patients with CHC genotype 3 (mean age 41.46±11.51 years, M:F ratio 79:18), who received a combination of PEG-IFN (α-2a or α-2b) and RBV were retrospectively analyzed (2006-2008) for the early virological response (EVR) at 12 weeks, end of treatment response (ETR), and SVR at 6 months. RESULTS: Eighty-four (86.6%) patients achieved EVR and 81 (83.5%) achieved ETR, while SVR was achieved in 65 (67.0%) patients. Of the 84 patients who achieved EVR, 77 (91.7%) achieved ETR and 61 (72.6%) achieved SVR at 6 months. Age and body mass index (BMI) were found to be important predictors (*P<0.05) of SVR. CHC patients with a history of alcohol intake showed decreased SVR (52%) (*P=0.035) as compared to nonalcoholics (80%). Cirrhotic versus noncirrhotic patients showed no difference in SVR (54.5% vs. 70.7%) (P=0.157). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P=0.169) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels (P=0.42) also did not have an influence on the SVR. CONCLUSION: Combination therapy with PEG-IFN-α and RBV demonstrated good tolerability in CHC genotype 3 infection. Age, BMI, and alcohol consumption play an important role in determining treatment outcome.

Leveraging antibacterial efficacy of silver loaded chitosan nanoparticles on layer-by-layer self-assembled coated cotton fabric.

The present study relates to form a self-assembled coating on cotton fabric using layer-by-layer (L-B-L) technique to impart antimicrobial property. Poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and synthesised silver loaded chitosan (CS-Ag) nanoparticles were used as anionic and cationic agents, respectively, for the L-B-L electrostatic assembly of polyelectrolytes. The alternate L-B-L deposition of PSS and CS-Ag nanoparticles on fabric was done up to 15 bi-layers, which was confirmed by measuring the change in depth of colour of fabric after each single layer deposition. Scanning electron micrographs showed the successful deposition of CS-Ag nanoparticles as the topmost surface layer of coated fabric, which was further reaffirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Results of both qualitative and quantitative analysis showed enhancement in the antibacterial activity of fabric coated L-B-L with CS-Ag nanoparticles (using minimal loading of silver) with respect to that of fabric coated L-B-L with chitosan (CS) nanoparticles. This was further substantiated by sustained release of Ag+ from fabric coated L-B-L with CS-Ag nanoparticles, as observed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Besides, no adverse effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the fabric, such as air-permeability, tensile strength and bending (flexural) rigidity, was observed after L-B-L coating of nanoparticles.

Effect of TiO2 addition on adhesion and biological behavior of BCP-TiO2 composite films deposited by magnetron sputtering.

The present investigation focuses on the deposition of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and titania (TiO2) composite films on Ti-6Al-4V substrates using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. Three different compositions such as 100% BCP, 25% TiO2-75% BCP and 50% TiO2-50% BCP films were fabricated, and the physical, mechanical and biological behaviors of the films were analyzed. Post deposition, the films were annealed at 700 °C for 2 h to induce the crystallinity and to study its effect on different properties. The wettability was found to be 95°(±3°) for 100% BCP, 73°(±2°) for 25% TiO2-75% BCP and 35°(±1°) for 50% TiO2-50% BCP films, indicating improvement in wettability with an increase of TiO2 weight percent in the composite films. The value of critical load (Lc2) for 100 BCP film improved from 8.7 N to 14.8 N (25 TiO2-BCP) and >19 N (50 TiO2-BCP film), indicating improvement in bonding strength with TiO2 addition. The fetal bovine serum (FBS) adsorption decreased from 7.11 ± 0.25 to 4.42 ± 0.17 µg/cm2 with TiO2 weight percent from 0 to 50%. Cell adhesion and proliferation significantly improved in 100% BCP, 25% TiO2-75% BCP and 50% TiO2-50% BCP films as compared to uncoated Ti-6Al-4V. The maximum cell proliferation was found on the surface of 50% TiO2-50% BCP film (210.1 ± 6.5%) after 6 days of incubation. However, after annealing all the films exhibited less cell adhesion and cytocompatibility presumably due to change in composition. Globular apatite structure was observed on all modified surfaces after 7 days immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF); however, the growth rate was higher for 50 TiO2-BCP films. All these results revealed that the addition of TiO2 in BCP film (without annealing) is advantageous for improving the bonding strength as well as the bioactivity of implants, which can be used for long-term dental and orthopedic applications.

Povidone iodine soaked gelfoam for the treatment of recalcitrant otomycosis - Our experiences at a tertiary care teaching hospital of eastern India.

INTRODUCTION: Otomycosis is a common clinical condition seen in outpatient department of otorhinolaryngology. The treatment of the otomycosis is also very simple. However, sometime it is difficult to treat otomycosis along with mastoid cavity, chronic suppurative otitis media, immunocompromised patient, etc. with conventional treatment, called recalcitrant otomycosis. Here, we describe a technique of treatment for recalcitrant otomycosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective observational study/clinical trial carried out on 44 patients of recalcitrant otomycosis. They are divided into two groups, each of 22. One group treated with routine clotrimazole topical eardrops whereas other group treated with povidone iodine soaked gelfoam, placed in the external auditory canal. RESULTS: There was no significance difference according to the age (P=0.134), gender (P=0.760) and causative agents (P=0.750) between treatment groups. The resolution of the symptoms showed statistically significant on itching (P=0.0001), otorrhoea (P=0.0033), fullness (P=0.0432) and earache (P=0.0259), whereas no statistical significant on hearing loss (P=0.0683), when treating with povidone iodine soaked gelfoam as compared to routine (clotrimazole) treatment. Resolution of signs like canal wall erythema (P=0.0045), tragal tenderness (P=0.0012) and congestion of tympanic membrane (P=0.0088) is statistically significant when comparing clotrimazole with povidone iodine. Apart from these, we did not reveal any adverse effects from the study populations treated with povidone iodine soaked gelfoam. CONCLUSION: Use of the povidone iodine soaked gelfoam at the external auditory canal in recalcitrant otomycosis is an effective and well-tolerated treatment.

Mechano-tribological properties and in vitro bioactivity of biphasic calcium phosphate coating on Ti-6Al-4V.

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) consists of hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP). BCP is mainly used in artificial tooth and bone implants due to higher protein adsorption and osteoinductivity compared to HA alone. Although, many studies have been investigated on radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering of HA on Ti and its alloy, however, limited studies are available on BCP coating by this process and its bioactivity and adhesion behavior. Thus, in order to obtain a better understanding and applications of BCP films, RF magnetron sputtering is used to deposit BCP films on Ti-6Al-4V in the present study. The effect of film thickness on wettability, mechanical properties and in vitro bioactivity at a particular set of sputtering parameters are investigated. BCP film thickness of 400 nm, 700 nm and 1000 nm are obtained when sputtered for 4 h, 6 h and 8 h, respectively. Although the phase compositions are almost same for all films, the surface roughness values varies around 112-153 nm with rise in film thickness. This in turn enhances hydrophilicity in accordance to Wenzel relation as the contact angle decreases from 89.6 ±â€¯2° to 61.2 ±â€¯2°. It is found that the 1000 nm film possess highest micro-hardness and surface scratch resistance. No cracking of film up to scratch load of 2.3 N and no significant delamination up to load of 7.8 N are observed, indicating very good adhesion between BCP films and Ti-6Al-4V substrate. There is a great improvement in wt% apatite layer formation on all films when dipped in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 14 days. Among these, 1000 nm sputtered film results the highest increase in wt% apatite layer from 44.87% to 86.7%. The apatite layer possess small globular as well as elliptical structure are nucleated and grew on all the BCP films. Thus, sputtering of BCP films improves wettability, mechanical properties as well as bioactivity of Ti-6Al-4V, which can be applied for orthopedic implants.

Abrogation of tumor induced Ly49 expression on mouse spleen cells by mitomycin C.

Mouse spleen cells were activated with IL2 for 4 days in the presence or absence of paraformaldehyde fixed YAC (PFY) tumor cells (spleen cell: PFY ratio 100:1). Fresh spleen cells had poor expression of Ly49A but the expression was significantly upregulated by IL2 activation. Addition of PFYs resulted in a further boosting of Ly49A expression. Besides Ly49A, the Ly49C receptors were also upregulated by PFYs. Upregulated Ly49 expression was not restricted to NK cells (NK1.1 positive cells) but was also seen on T cells (TCRbeta positive cells). Time kinetics studies indicated that maximum upregulation of Ly49 in response to PFY cells occurred on day 3 and 4 and the expression declined thereafter. Ly49 expression in response to PFYs was completely blocked if spleen cells were pre-treated with Mitomycin C, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. These results show that the addition of a small number of paraformaldehyde fixed YAC cells to spleen cell cultures undergoing IL2 activation, resulted in a significant upregulation of Ly49 receptors and this process was dependent upon cell proliferative activity.

Tardive dyskinesia: dental prosthetic therapy.

The object of this study was to demonstrate that the dental prosthetic therapy that has long been shown to be effective in the treatment of idiopathic ov Spontaneous Orofacial Dyskinesia (SOFD) was also effective in the treatment of the orofacial manifestations of Tardive Dyskinesia (TD). This preliminary work consisted of evaluation of the results of dental prosthetic treatment provided to TD patients at the University of Illinois, College of Dentistry at Chicago. All patients who presented demonstrating orofacial manifestations of TD were accepted for treatment. No standard dental appliance exists to treat either SOFD or TD. Each case requires an individualized approach. Natural teeth should be maintained because the more natural teeth present, the easier it is to fabricate a stable and effective prosthesis, and TD occurs with greater frequency and severity in edentulous than in dentulous patients. Effective treatment of such patients requires the dentist to be flexible and tailor his therapy to idiosyncrasies of each case, rather than being wedded to rigid theories of what is supposed to be appropriate treatment and appliance design. Two representative cases of treatment of TD with dental prostheses are presented. Prosthetic dental therapy should be considered in the management of the orofacial manifestations of Tardive Dyskinesia because it often is effective and has no known side effects. Since the treatment described here is prosthetic, any team approach to the treatment of TD should include an interested general dentist or prosthodonist.

Use of perfluorocarbon (fluorinert) to enhance reporter gene expression following intratracheal instillation into the lungs of Balb/c mice: implications for nebulized delivery of plasmids.

Perfluorocarbons combine high respiratory gas dissolving capabilities with extreme chemical and biological inertness and therefore offer an attractive option as an excipient in the area of pulmonary therapeutics. Perfluorocarbons have also been shown to "float" mucus, because of their high densities (1.9-2.5 g/mL), which may hold potential in gene delivery for cystic fibrosis patients, in terms of enhancing penetration through highly viscous mucus and thereby providing access to target epithelial cells to correct the gene defect. Additionally, their low surface tension allows for better dispersion. A commonly available perflurocarbon, heptacosafluorotributylamine (Fluorinert), was used to deliver either plasmid DNA (pDNA) alone or cationic-lipid-complexed plasmid DNA to the lungs of Balb/c mice by direct intratracheal instillation. The complexes consisted of supercoiled (SC) plasmid DNA (4.7 Kb, 0.625 mg/mL) and lipid (ethyldimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine [EDMPC]/cholesterol [1:1 mole ratio], with pDNA (3:1 mg pDNA/mM EDMPC in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0) expressing chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) or beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal). pDNA alone was supplemented with 14% w/v Fluorinert. Cationic lipid/pDNA complexes were supplemented with 3, 8, and 14% w/v Fluorinert. Results showed that the CAT expression from pDNA alone was enhanced 24 x using 14% w/v Fluorinert, whereas that from the cationic-lipid-formulated pDNA was enhanced 7 x using 14% w/v Fluorinert. Immunohistochemistry showed that beta-Gal expression was primarily from epithelial cells and not from F4/80 or MAC3 antigen-stained cells (predominantly macrophages), indicating efficient delivery.

Ameloblastoma of the mandible: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration cytology.

The fine needle aspiration cytologic findings of 3 cases of histologically proven ameloblastoma of the mandible are described. Tightly packed clusters of basaloid epithelial cells with palisading are a characteristic feature. Squamous differentiation was noted in all cases but was marked in one case seen as larger cells with central nucleus and abundant cytoplasm showing keratohyaline granules and whorls. A careful examination of the centrifuged sediment is important when fluid is aspirated as it may reveal a few characteristic clusters enabling a cytodiagnosis when supplemented by radiologic findings.

Safety of three toothbrushes.

PURPOSE: To assess the oral soft tissue safety and tolerability of two electric toothbrushes, the Crest Spin Brush and Colgate ActiBrush, and one manual toothbrush, the Oral B 40. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 104 subjects were enrolled in this single center, randomized, examiner-blind parallel study over a 4-wk test period. Subjects were randomized to treatment and were instructed to brush in their normal manner, twice per day for 60 s. A detailed oral soft tissue examination and interview were conducted by a trained clinician at baseline, 3 days and 4 wks to assess clinical signs and symptoms associated with use of the toothbrushes. RESULTS: Over the 4-wk period, a total of 19 subjects (18% of the study population) were observed for signs/symptoms. The adverse events were distributed across test groups with 12 subjects in the Oral B 40 group, 4 subjects in the Crest Spin Brush group, and 3 subjects in the Colgate ActiBrush group experiencing at least one adverse event. All adverse events were mild in severity indicating the general safety of all three toothbrushes. The most frequently encountered event was localized gingivitis. The Oral B 40 test group was observed with more adverse events when compared to the Crest Spin Brush and Colgate ActiBrush at 4 wks but not at 3 days. The proportion of subjects experiencing an adverse event in the Crest Spin Brush test group was similar to that of Colgate ActiBrush group. All three toothbrushes were generally well tolerated by subjects enrolled in the study with the Crest Spin Brush and Colgate ActiBrush being the best tolerated. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results of this study indicated that abnormal oral soft tissue findings were distributed among the treatment groups, indicating that daily use of an electric toothbrush is at least as safe as a manual toothbrush.

A review of pediatric oral biopsies from a surgical pathology service in a dental school.

This report presents a review of results from 2370 biopsies of patients up to 20 years of age received over 11 years in the biopsy service at the University of Illinois at Chicago. The computerized data were retrieved and compiled for site, age, sex, race, and diagnosis of the biopsies. The lesions were divided into 1) inflammatory and reactive, 2) cystic, 3) neoplastic, and 4) other anomalies. The patients were divided into three racial groups: whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Whites were in the majority (57%), blacks were the next most prevalent (26%), and Hispanics were the smallest group (17%). Private practitioners were the major source of the biopsies. The predominant site of the biopsies was periodontium followed by the lips. Inflammatory and reactive lesions formed the largest group of biopsies (66.1%) followed by neoplasms (11.2%) and cystic lesions (10.7%). Mucus extravasation phenomenon was the most common lesion followed by periapical granuloma, periapical cyst, dentigerous cyst, pyogenic granuloma, and papilloma. Three malignancies and five ameloblastomas also were found.

Aspartame and dental caries in the rat.

Aspartame (NutraSweet--The NutraSweet Co., Deerfield, IL) an artificial intense sweetener, was tested for its cariogenicity alone and in the presence of sucrose. Sprague-Dawley rat pups (Charles River Laboratories, Bloomington, MA) inoculated with Streptococcus mutans were fed basal diet 2000 with one of the following added: 50% sucrose; 30% sucrose; 30% sucrose + 0.15% aspartame; 0.30% aspartame; 0.15% aspartame and no addition. The animals were sacrificed after eight weeks. Caries was evaluated using Keyes' technique. It was found that the addition of 0.15% aspartame to 30% sucrose diet significantly reduced caries in comparison to rats fed only 30% sucrose diet. In animals fed aspartame only, there was no caries. The S. mutans counts were high in the animals receiving sucrose diets with and without aspartame. The animals receiving only aspartame had very low S. mutans counts.

Potentiality of a new compound for in vitro differentiation between halophilic and non-halophilic vibrios.

Sensitivity of 21 halophilic vibrios and 16 clinical isolates of non-halophilic vibrios was determined against a new possible antivibrio agent, a pyrimidine analogue, 4, 6-dimethylpyrimidine -2-thiol (4,6-DMPT). It appeared to be a vibriocidal agent, having a mean MIC and MBC of 32 microg/ml for halophilic strains and 64 microg/ml for non-halophilic strains and an LD50 of 300 mg/Kg body weight of mice. Thus, 4,6-DMPT may help an in vitro distinction between halophilic and non-halophilic vibrios. Sensitivity of these strains was also studied with respect to pteridine, crystal violet and Tween 80 hydrolysis as further markers distinguishing between these 2 groups which could also be differentiated by their growth on TCBS or/and CLED media.

Mimicking sensing mechanism of smell-oscillations of electrical potential difference across a bipolar liquid membrane induced by olfactory agents.

Electrical potential oscillations across a bipolar liquid membrane, induced by olfactory agents have been reported. The data indicate that the bipolar liquid membrane system can be a good candidate for mimicking biological olfactory transduction.