A retrospective study of physical activity and coronary deaths.

For a series of 568 married white men aged 30-70 years who died from coronary heart diseases, (CHD), and a matched sample of living neighbourhood controls, information was collected on a large number of variables, including physical activity, (PA), classified according to the Health Insurance Plan Study criteria. Increased leisure PA was associated with a decreased risk of coronary death (p less than .001) but there was no association between job activity and coronary deaths. Step-up multiple regression, based on within-pair differences, was used to control for the possible confounding effects of all variables studied. Even when these variables were controlled for there was still a significant association between increased leisure PA and decreased risk of death due to CHD (P less than .001). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that increased leisure PA can contribute to the prevention of death from CHD.

A longitudinal study of multiple approaches to dental health education.

An evaluation was made of the separate effects on oral hygiene of token reward treatments, discovery (project) learning, and plaque staining feedback demonstrations with children in the first through fifth grades. Both short- and long-term effects were assessed in an open classroom setting. Twenty classrooms were non-randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Plaque scores were recorded according to the Podshadley Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHP) at time T0, before initiation of any of the educational interventions; and again at times T1, T2, and T3; 7 days, 74 days and 255 days, respectively, following cessation of the educational interventions. The combination of dental health interventions at this school had short-range effects at every grade level, and those effects persisted for 9 months among the third and fourth graders. It was not possible to identify which of the various treatments produced the observed differences, although the project learning method was generally less effective. A linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the shifts in oral hygiene behavior, a method not previously used in studies of this type.

A national study of fluoride mouthrinse adoption: implications for school health personnel.

The ongoing adoption of school-based fluoride mouthrinse programs in the U.S. has provided the opportunity to study the issues surrounding the adoption and implementation of a health technology by public schools. Findings from a National Study on the Diffusion of Preventive Health Measures to Schools have been selected for analysis with regard to the role of school health personnel in the adoption and delivery of the service. A more visible role for school health personnel as on-site health experts is discussed, as well as the potential ways for increasing their involvement through facilitating initial program adoption, relaying accurate and up-to-date implementation information to decision-makers, developing a constituency for long-term program support and ensuring program accuracy through monitoring and continuing education.

Policy research related to the diffusion of medical technologies.

There has been a growing interest among policy-makers in improving the transfer of preventive health technologies from research in the laboratory to application in the field. The dissemination of disease prevention technologies depends on understanding the dynamics of local acceptance and long-term commitment to such technologies by institutions, many of which do not have health as their primary responsibility. This paper describes selected national programs concerned with technology transfer and discusses a study of the adoption and implementation of one preventive health innovation---fluoride rinse procedures---as it is diffusing to public schools. Policy implications inherent in research regarding the diffusion and implementation of medical technologies are examined in terms of their relevance to those interested in assessing the school as a feasible site for delivering preventive health services and to those concerned with achieving the successful transfer of a technology from the laboratory to the field.