A Novel Tri-Functional Liposome Re-Educates "Cold Tumor" and Abrogates Tumor Growth by Synergizing Autophagy Inhibition and PD-L1 Blockade.

Immunotherapy has been regarded as a breakthrough in cancer treatment and achieved great success. However, the poor response rate is still a formidable challenge of current immunotherapies, especially in solid tumors without sufficient infiltration of immune cells, also known as "cold tumor." SAR405 is a highly specific VPS34 inhibitor and has been suggested as a potential approach converting "cold tumor" into "hot tumor" by inhibiting autophagy. In this study, a tri-functional doxorubicin (DOX) plus SAR405 liposome system is established and further modified with a novel anti-PD-L1 peptide JY4 for targeted delivery (DOX-SAR-JY4LIPO ). The data here demonstrate that in a lung cancer xenograft mouse model, by facilitating the tumoral enrichment of both SAR405 and DOX, DOX-SAR-JY4LIPO effectively increases the infiltration of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the tumor by synergizing DOX-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) and SAR405-mediated upregulation of chemokines including CCL5 and CXCL10. As results, DOX-SAR-JY4LIPO significantly inhibits tumor growth, metastasis, and resurrection by re-educating immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In conclusion, this study not only proves the concept of inhibiting autophagy for better immune infiltration in the tumor but also presents a novel tri-functional liposomal system that overcomes the deficiencies of current therapies and holds great promise in cancer immunotherapy.

[Determination of sugars, organic acids and alcohols in microbial consortium fermentation broth from cellulose using high performance liquid chromatography].

A high performance liquid chromatographic method was established for the determination of metabolites (sugars, organic acids and alcohols) in microbial consortium fermentation broth from cellulose. Sulfate was first added in the samples to precipitate calcium ions in microbial consortium culture medium and lower the pH of the solution to avoid the dissociation of organic acids, then the filtrates were effectively separated using high performance liquid chromatography. Cellobiose, glucose, ethanol, butanol, glycerol, acetic acid and butyric acid were quantitatively analyzed. The detection limits were in the range of 0.10-2.00 mg/L. The linear correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 6 in the range of 0.020 to 1.000 g/L. The recoveries were in the range of 85.41%-115.60% with the relative standard deviations of 0.22% -4.62% (n = 6). This method is accurate for the quantitative analysis of the alcohols, organic acids and saccharides in microbial consortium fermentation broth from cellulose.

Alkaline pretreatment for enhancement of biogas production from banana stem and swine manure by anaerobic codigestion.

The objective of this research was to propose and investigate the availability of digested banana stem (BS) to produce biogas. Squeezed BS with less moisture content was used for biogas production through a combination of NaOH pretreatment, solid-state fermentation, and codigestion technologies. NaOH doses were optimized according to biogas fermentation performance, and the best dose was 6% (by weight) based on the total solid (TS) of BS. Under this condition, the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose contents decreased from 18.36%, 32.36% and 14.6% to 17.10%, 30.07%, and 10.65%, respectively, after pretreatment. After biogas digestion, TS and volatile solid (VS) reductions of the codigestion were 48.5% and 70.4%, respectively, and the biogas and methane yields based on VS loading were 357.9 and 232.4 mL/g, which were 12.1% and 21.4%, respectively, higher than the control. Results indicated that the proposed process could be an effective method for using BS to produce biogas.