Polystyrene microplastics induce pulmonary fibrosis by promoting alveolar epithelial cell ferroptosis through cGAS/STING signaling.

Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) are new types of environmental pollutant that have garnered significant attention in recent years since they were found to cause damage to the human respiratory system when they are inhaled. The pulmonary fibrosis is one of the serious consequences of PS-MPs inhalation. However, the impact and underlying mechanisms of PS-MPs on pulmonary fibrosis are not clear. In this study, we studied the potential lung toxicity and PS-MPs-developed pulmonary fibrosis by long-term intranasal inhalation of PS-MPs. The results showed that after exposing to the PS-MPs, the lungs of model mouse had different levels of damage and fibrosis. Meanwhile, exposing to the PS-MPs resulted in a markedly decrease in glutathione (GSH), an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), and iron overload in the lung tissue of mice and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). These findings suggested the occurrence of PS-MP-induced ferroptosis. Inhibitor of ferroptosis (Fer-1) had alleviated the PS-MPs-induced ferroptosis. Mechanically, PS-MPs triggered cell ferroptosis and promoted the development of pulmonary fibrosis via activating the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. Inhibition of cGAS/STING with G150/H151 attenuated pulmonary fibrosis after PS-MPs exposure. Together, these data provided novel mechanistic insights of PS-MPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis and a potential therapeutic paradigm.

[Development and Challenges of Additive Manufactured Customized Implant].

Additive manufacturing (3D printing) technology aligns with the direction of precision and customization in future medicine, presenting a significant opportunity for innovative development in high-end medical devices. Currently, research and industrialization of 3D printed medical devices mainly focus on nondegradable implants and degradable implants. Primary areas including metallic orthopaedic implants, polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) bone implants, and biodegradable implants have been developed for clinical and industrial application. Recent research achievements in these areas are reviewed, with a discussion on the additive manufacturing technologies and applications for customized implants. Challenges faced by different types of implants are analyzed from technological, application, and regulatory perspectives. Furthermore, prospects and suggestions for future development are outlined.

A Y(III)-based Metal-Organic Framework as a Carrier in Chemodynamic Therapy.

A biocompatible Y(III)-based metal-organic framework [Y4(TATB)2]·(DMF)3.5·(H2O) (ZJU-16, H3TATB= 4,4',4''-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl) tribenzoic acid) was synthesized, and it was adopted to load Mn2+ for chemodynamic therapy. Meanwhile, ibuprofen sodium (IBUNa), an anti-inflammatory drug, was introduced to increase the amount of Mn2+ (about 5.66 wt %) due to the low loading capacity of Mn2+. Mn&IBUNa@ZJU-16 which was loaded by Mn2+ and IBUNa exhibited significant effects of chemodynamic therapy and excellent inhibition of the 4T1 tumor cell growth, implying its long-term prospects in chemodynamic therapy and its possibility in bimodal cancer therapy.

Ultrasound-triggered effects of the microbubbles coupled to GDNF- and Nurr1-loaded PEGylated liposomes in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.

The purpose of this study was to investigate ultrasound-triggered effects of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) + nuclear receptor-related factor 1 (Nurr1)-polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated liposomes-coupled microbubbles (PLs-GDNF + Nurr1-MBs) on behavioral impairment and neuron loss in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). The unloaded PEGylated liposomes-coupled microbubbles (PLs-MBs) were characterized for zeta potential, particle size, and concentration. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was used to establish the PD rat model. Rotational, climbing pole, and suspension tests were used to detect behavioral impairment. The immunohistochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) was used to assess the neuron loss. Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis were used to measure the expression levels of GDNF and Nurr1. The particle size of PLs-MBs was gradually increased, while the concentration and absolute zeta potential were gradually decreased as the time prolongs. 6-OHDA increased amphetamine-induced rotations and loss of dopaminergic neurons as compared to sham group. Interestingly, PLs-GDNF-MBs or PLs-Nurr1-MBs decreased rotations and increased the TH and DAT immunoreactivity. Combined of both genes resulted in a robust reduction in the rotations and a greater increase of the dopaminergic neurons. The delivery of PLs-GDNF + Nurr1-MBs into the brains using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided focused ultrasound may be more efficacious for the treatment of PD than the single treatment.

Detection of λ-cyhalothrin by a core-shell spherical SiO2-based surface thin fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymer film.

A fluorescent core-shell molecularly imprinted polymer based on the surface of SiO2 beads was synthesized and its application in the fluorescence detection of ultra-trace λ-cyhalothrin (LC) was investigated. The shell was prepared by copolymerization of acrylamide with allyl fluorescein in the presence of LC to form recognition sites. The experimental results showed that the thin fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymer (FMIP) film exhibited better selective recognition ability than fluorescent molecularly non-imprinted polymer (FNIP). A new nonlinear relationship between quenching rate and concentration was found in this work. In addition, the nonlinear relationship allowed a lower concentration range of 0-5.0 nM to be described by the Stern-Volmer equation with a correlation coefficient of 0.9929. The experiment results revealed that the SiO2@FMIP was satisfactory as a recognition element for determination of LC in soda water samples. Therefore this study demonstrated the potential of MIP for the recognition and detection of LC in food.

A core-shell surface magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers with fluorescence for λ-cyhalothrin selective recognition.

In this study, we report here a general protocol for making core-shell magnetic Fe3O4/SiO2-MPS/MIPs (MPS = 3-(methacryloxyl) propyl trimethoxysilane, MIPs = molecularly imprinted polymers, Fe3O4/SiO2-MPS as core, MIPs as shell) via a surface molecular imprinting technique for optical detection of trace λ-cyhalothrin. The fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymer shell was first prepared by copolymerization of acrylamide with a small quantity of allyl fluorescein in the presence of λ-cyhalothrin to form recognition sites without doping. The magnetic Fe3O4/SiO2-MPS/MIPs exhibited paramagnetism, high fluorescence intensity, and highly selective recognition. Using fluorescence quenching as a detecting tool, Fe3O4/SiO2-MPS/MIPs were successfully applied to selectively and sensitively detect λ-cyhalothrin, and a linear relationship could be obtained covering a wide concentration range of 0-50 nM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9962 described by the Stern-Volmer equation. The experimental results of practical detection revealed that magnetic Fe3O4/SiO2-MPS/MIPs as an attractive recognition element was satisfactory for determination of trace λ-cyhalothrin in honey samples. This study, therefore, demonstrated the potential of MIPs for detection of λ-cyhalothrin in food.

Automatic three-dimensional facial symmetry reference plane construction based on facial planar reflective symmetry net.

OBJECTIVES: Three-dimensional (3D) facial symmetry analysis is based on the 3D symmetry reference plane (SRP). Artificial intelligence (AI) is widely used in the dental and oral sciences. This study developed a novel deep learning model called the facial planar reflective symmetry net (FPRS-Net) to automatically construct an SRP and established a method for defining a 3D point-cloud region of interest (ROI) and high-dimensional feature computations suitable for this network model. METHODS: Overall, 240 patients were enroled. The deep learning model was trained and predicted using 200 samples, and its clinical suitability was evaluated with 40 samples. Four FPRS-Net models were prepared, each using supervised and unsupervised learning approaches based on full facial and ROI data (FPRS-NetS, FPRS-NetSR, FPRS-NetU, and FPRS-NetUR). These models were trained on 160 3D facial datasets, validated on 20 cases, and tested on another 20 cases. The model predictions were evaluated using an additional 40 clinical 3D facial datasets by comparing the mean square error of the SRP between the parameters predicted by the four FPRS-Net models and the truth plane. The clinical suitability of FPRS-Net models was evaluated by measuring the angle error between the predicted and ground-truth planes; experts evaluated the predicted SRP of the four FPRS-Net models using the visual analogue scales (VAS) method. RESULTS: The FPRS-NetSR and FPRS-NetU models achieved an average angle error of 0.84° and 0.99° in predicting 3D facial SRP, respectively, with a VAS value of >8. Using the four FPRS-Net models to create an SRP in 40 cases of 3D facial data required <4 s. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated a new solution for automatically constructing oral clinical 3D facial SRPs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study proposes a novel deep learning algorithm (FPRS-Net) to construct a symmetry reference plane that can reduce workload, shorten the time required for digital design, reduce dependence on expert experience, and improve therapeutic efficiency and effectiveness in dental clinics.

Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Drinking Water Type of Endemic Fluorosis - China, 2009-2022.

What is already known about this topic?: Endemic fluorosis, caused by high fluoride levels in drinking water, has been a significant health issue in rural areas of China for many decades. What is added by this report?: There has been a notable decline in the detection rate of dental fluorosis in children aged 8-12 years in drinking water fluorosis areas across the country from 2009 to 2022. While 14 provincial-level administrative divisions are classified as low-probability clusters, Tianjin remains classified as a high-probability cluster. What are the implications for public health practice?: The current policy for preventing and controlling endemic fluorosis in China needs adjustment. Rather than focusing solely on regions with high incidence, there should be a shift towards monitoring and early warning of fluoride exposure. Additionally, local containment measures should be intensified.

[DNA extraction from bones and teeth using AutoMate Express forensic DNA extraction system].

OBJECTIVE: To explore a new method in order to extract DNA from bones and teeth automatically. METHODS: Samples of 33 bones and 15 teeth were acquired by freeze-mill method and manual method, respectively. DNA materials were extracted and quantified from the triturated samples by AutoMate Express forensic DNA extraction system. RESULTS: DNA extraction from bones and teeth were completed in 3 hours using the AutoMate Express forensic DNA extraction system. There was no statistical difference between the two methods in the DNA concentration of bones. Both bones and teeth got the good STR typing by freeze-mill method, and the DNA concentration of teeth was higher than those by manual method. CONCLUSION: AutoMate Express forensic DNA extraction system is a new method to extract DNA from bones and teeth, which can be applied in forensic practice.

LC-NeRF: Local Controllable Face Generation in Neural Radiance Field.

3D face generation has achieved high visual quality and 3D consistency thanks to the development of neural radiance fields (NeRF). However, these methods model the whole face as a neural radiance field, which limits the controllability of the local regions. In other words, previous methods struggle to independently control local regions, such as the mouth, nose, and hair. To improve local controllability in NeRF-based face generation, we propose LC-NeRF, which is composed of a Local Region Generators Module (LRGM) and a Spatial-Aware Fusion Module (SAFM), allowing for geometry and texture control of local facial regions. The LRGM models different facial regions as independent neural radiance fields and the SAFM is responsible for merging multiple independent neural radiance fields into a complete representation. Finally, LC-NeRF enables the modification of the latent code associated with each individual generator, thereby allowing precise control over the corresponding local region. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations show that our method provides better local controllability than state-of-the-art 3D-aware face generation methods. A perception study reveals that our method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of image quality, face consistency, and editing effects. Furthermore, our method exhibits favorable performance in downstream tasks, including real image editing and text-driven facial image editing.

Cell membrane derived liposomes loaded with DNase I target neutrophil extracellular traps which inhibits colorectal cancer liver metastases.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like chromatin structures that are coated with granule proteins and trap microorganisms. However, NETs can damage the host tissue, contribute to the development of autoimmunity and lead to other dysfunctional outcomes in noninfectious diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), diabetes, atherosclerosis, vasculitis, thrombosis, and cancer. As a potential therapeutic approach, targeted ablation of neutrophil extracellular traps is of utmost importance for the treatment of NET-associated diseases. Here, the specific interaction between CCDC25 and NETs was exploited to produce biomimetic CCDC25-overexpressing cell membrane hybrid liposomes capable of targeting NETs in NET-associated diseases. The hybrid liposomes were constructed by fusing cell membrane nanovesicles derived from genetically engineered cells, which stably express CCDC25, and the resulting cell membrane hybrid liposomes exhibited enhanced affinity for NETs in two different NET-associated disease models. Furthermore, after encapsulation of DNase I in the liposomes, the nanoformulation efficiently eliminated NETs and significantly suppressed the recruitment of neutrophils. Overall, we present a bionic nanocarrier that specifically targets NETs in vivo and successfully inhibits colorectal cancer liver metastases; importantly, this could be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of NET-associated diseases.

[Three-dimensional finite element analysis of three-material endocrown in the restoration of dental defects of mandibular second molars].

PURPOSE: To analyse the effect of restoration and tooth tissue stress distribution under different occlusal preparation thickness, based on three-dimensional finite element modal of the mandibular second molar with root canal therapy and endocrown restorations. METHODS: A mandibular second molar was scanned by cone-beam CT (CBCT) and a three-dimensional finite element model with endocrown restortions was established． Three kinds of endocrown restorations materials with different elastic modulus (glass ceramic, lithium disilicate ceramic and zirconia), and three types of occluscal thickness (1, 2 and 3 mm) were adopted. With a 200 N force loaded vertically and obliquely, the distribution and magnitude of stress in the tooth tissue and endocrown restorations were investigated by three-dimensional finite element analysis． RESULTS: The restoration and tooth tissue maximum stress values were increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing of occlusal thickness; the base material maximum stress values were decreased with the increasing of occlusal thickness; the maximum stress values of tooth tissue and base material were increased with the increasing of restoration material's Young's modulus. Compared to the loading in vertical direction, the maximum stress values were increased with loading in oblique direction. CONCLUSIONS: It's beneficial for tooth tissue to reduce the stress concentration under 2mm thickness. The stress on endocrown will be more concentrated with the increasing of restoration material's Young's modulus.

Use of Interspecies Correlation Estimation (ICE) Models to Derive Water Quality Criteria of Microplastics for Protecting Aquatic Organisms.

Microplastics (MPs) in the water environment pose a potential threat to aquatic organisms. The Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) method was used to assess the ecological risks of microplastics on aquatic organisms in this study. However, the limited toxicity data of aquatic organisms made it impossible to derive water quality criteria (WQC) for MPs and difficult to implement an accurately ecological risk assessment. To solve the data gaps, the USEPA established the interspecies correlation estimation (ICE) model, which could predict toxicity data to a wider range of aquatic organisms and could also be utilized to develop SSD and HC5 (hazardous concentration, 5th percentile). Herein, we collected the acute toxicity data of 11 aquatic species from 10 families in 5 phyla to fit the metrical-based SSDs, meanwhile generating the ICE-based-SSDs using three surrogate species (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Hyalella Azteca, and Daphnia magna), and finally compared the above SSDs, as well as the corresponding HC5. The results showed that the measured HC5 for acute MPs toxicity data was 112.3 µg/L, and ICE-based HC5 was 167.2 µg/L, which indicated there were no significant differences between HC5 derived from measured acute and ICE-based predicted values thus the ICE model was verified as a valid approach for generating SSDs with limited toxicity data and deriving WQC for MPs.

Polydioxanone thread insertion in combination with radio frequency treatment does not exhibit synergistic efficacy: Animal study with pigs.

BACKGROUND: Polydioxanone (PDO) thread insertion and monopolar radio frequency (RF) treatment are two common antiaging modalities. The efficacy and safety profile of PDO in combination with RF treatment is unknown. AIMS: To investigate pathological changes in skin in response to PDO + RF treatment in an animal model. METHODS: PDO threads were implanted into the skin of young white domestic pigs. RF treatment was performed on the PDO insertion sites 2 weeks after the PDO procedure. Skin biopsies were taken at 6 and 12 weeks after PDO for histological examination. RESULTS: Both PDO and PDO + RF treatments induced the fibrous granular formation surrounding the PDO threads. There were more exaggerated inflammatory responses such as development of nodular panniculitis and adipocyte necrosis in the skin at 6 weeks after PDO + RF as compared with PDO alone, which was largely resolved at 12 weeks. All treatments led to thickened and replicated interlobular septa, many of which were connected to the collagenous network in dermis. In all treatment groups, the cross-sectional areas of the dermal collagenous bundles were significantly increased at both endpoint times as compared with the baseline level. PDO + RF treatment did not lead to increases in neocollagenesis as compared with PDO or RF treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that RF and PDO induced comparable levels of collagen remodeling in the skin. PDO + RF treatment did not exhibit evident synergistic effects of derma collagen remodeling but rather amplified the inflammatory responses in the skin. Therefore, combined treatment is not recommended.

The effects of hyperglycemia on the biological behavior of human gingival fibroblasts on a titanium surface.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that diabetes mellitus is one of the high-risk factors for periodontitis and also for the failure of implant restorations. Usually, the success of an implant restoration depends on both the good osseointegration and the stable soft tissue interface on the implant neck. A good gingival interface of the implant neck is the barrier that enables implant to resist oral microorganisms and the site of initiation of peri-implantitis. This study sought to investigate the effects of hyperglycemia on the attachment and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) on pure titanium surfaces. METHODS: HGFs were cultured in cell culture mediums with different glucose concentrations (i.e., 5.5, 8. 8, 10, and 15 mmol/L) for 7 d and seeded on pure titanium surfaces. The cells that were seeded on the titanium surfaces had been cultured in cell culture mediums with different glucose concentrations for 3 and 7 d. The attached HGFs on the titanium surfaces were counted for all groups using a blood cell counting plate, and the results were statistically analyzed. The morphologies of the attached HGFs on the titanium surfaces were observed for all the groups using a scanning electronic microscope. RESULTS: As the glucose concentrations increased, the number of attached HGFs on the titanium surfaces decreased. The numbers of attached cells in Groups A and B 7 d after being seeded on the titanium surfaces were more than those 3 d after being seeded (P<0.05). The numbers of attached cells in Groups C and D 3 d after being seeded on the titanium were more than those 7 d after being seeded (P<0.05). The scanning electronic microscope showed that the attached cells in Groups A and B proliferated well, and most cells grew one on top of another. Conversely, the attached cells in Groups C and D proliferated sparsely and the cell morphologies were not good. CONCLUSIONS: The attachment and proliferation of HGFs on pure titanium surfaces were inhibited by increases in glucose concentrations, and the inhibition was further enhanced by the passage of time.

Size-Dependent Plasmonic Resonance Scattering Characteristics of Gold Nanorods for Highly Sensitive Detection of microRNA-27a.

MicroRNAs, as one kind of significant biomarkers, play indispensable roles in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. Yet, owing to low expression and high sequence homology, high sensitivity and specificity for microRNA detection are greatly challenging. Herein, a sensitive sensing platform with high specificity was developed for microRNA-27a (miRNA-27a) based on the miRNA-27a-triggered chemical etching of gold nanorods to a smaller size, which was accompanied by a significant blue shift and a large decrease of intensity in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) scattering and remarkable color variability from red to green. When combined with strand displacement reactions as well as liposome signal amplification and transduction, the proposed bioassay presented high selectivity toward miRNA-27a in a dynamic range from 100 fM to 3 pM and a low limit of detection of 16.5 fM (3σ/k) by dark-field microscopy. Additionally, the remarkable discrimination of single nucleotide difference suggested superior selectivity and was able to detect miRNA-27a extracted from breast cancer cells. The strategy put forward is universal, presenting amusing application prospects in the early diagnosis of various cancers by adapting the corresponding nucleotide sequences.

Development of pH indicator and antimicrobial cellulose nanofibre packaging film based on purple sweet potato anthocyanin and oregano essential oil.

A pH indicator and antimicrobial cellulose nanofibre packaging film was developed based on cellulose nanofibres as film matrix, anthocyanins from purple sweet potato as a natural dye and oregano essential oil as an antimicrobial agent. The colour of the anthocyanin solution was noticeably different from pH 2 to pH 12. The developed film sensitively responded to a change of pH and showed an obvious colour change from red to yellow, with pH ranging from 2 to 12, which indicated that the film had a superior colorimetric performance to pH change. Moreover, the film showed excellent antimicrobial activity and the inhibition rate against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes reached 99.99%. Bio-compatibility between anthocyanins and cellulose nanofibre matrix was confirmed by the analysis of cross-section morphology of the film. The XRD pattern revealed that the crystallinity index of the film decreased with the addition of anthocyanins and oregano essential oil. The film had a good barrier performance to ultraviolet and visible light; its tensile strength, elongation at break, and elastic modulus was 9.28 MPa, 9.87%, and 0.15 GPa, respectively. The developed pH indicator and antimicrobial film could intuitively indicate the change of food quality during storage and effectively prolong food shelf life.

High-sensitive imprinted membranes based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering for selective detection of antibiotics in water.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is known as one of the widely used membrane separation materials with excellent physical and chemical properties. In this work, we combine surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection technology, membrane separation technology and molecular imprinting technology (MIT) to improve sensitivity and selectivity for selective detection of the enrofloxacin hydrochloride in water. In this investigation, PVDF membranes were used as the support materials and different experiment parameters were investigated to obtain the best property. Meanwhile, the Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) modified by 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570) were used as the SERS substrates and they were uniformly dispersed on the surface of the membrane. Finally, Ag-based SERS imprinted membranes (ASIMs) with specific recognition property were successfully prepared with enrofloxacin hydrochloride as the template molecule, acrylamide (AM) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker agent and 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) as the initiator by a facile and versatile precipitation polymerization strategy. Under the optimal condition, it was presented good linear relationship (R2 = 0.994) between the Raman signal (at 1390.8 cm-1) and the concentration (10-3 mol·L-1-10-7 mol·L-1) of the templates, and the limit of detection was determined as 10-7 mol·L-1. The morphology and characters were investigated and the results proved that the SERS imprinted membranes could be used into the selective detection of antibiotics and it provided a novel approach of antibiotics detection.

Evaluation of poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)-ethanol as enteric coating material.

This study aims at evaluating the potential of SMA-ethanol as enteric coating polymer for erythromycin tablets. SMA-ethanol was synthesized and characterized for physicochemical properties, molecular weight and thermal analysis. Free films were prepared by adding different kinds and amounts of plasticizers, the film surface topography was determined by a SEM, the tensile strength, water vapor transmission rate and moisture absorption were also tested to choose the most promising film. DBP was proved to be the most suitable plasticizer with a best using amount of 20%, such polymer films had low vapor transmission rate and low moisture absorption which were very important to an enteric coating material. The polymer was further characterized for film coating by evaluating the release of erythromycin tablets in vitro, tablets coated with SMA-ethanol can satisfy the drug release requests of USP when the film weight gains were between 4 and 6%; tablets coated with both a subcoat and the polymer showed excellent gastro-resistance, less than 0.2% drug release occurred even with weight gains as less as 2% after 2h exposure to acid (pH 1), while over 90% drug release occurred in pH 6.8 sodium phosphate buffer within 45 min, regardless of weight gains of coating material, moreover, we confirmed that the application of a subcoat could decrease the amount of required coating polymer. In conclusion, the potential use of SMA-ethanol as enteric coating material was demonstrated.

[Optimal design by customized plate on reconstruction of maxillary unilateral defect via free fibula flap].

PURPOSE: To optimize reconstruction of maxillary unilateral defect by free fibula flap rapidly through 3D printing technique. METHODS: 3D models of reconstruction of unilateral maxillary defect by free fibula flap was established via CAD/CAM, metal customized plates and resin osteotomy guides were designed and manufactured via 3D printing technique, simulating operation was performed on models in vitro, and reconstructive accuracy after surgical simulation was analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software package. RESULTS: Digital models involving reconstructive bone and affiliated devices (plates and guides) were established and fabricated rapidly. There was no significant difference between simulating point on computer and surgical simulating point in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: The optimized design and customized plate can increase the accuracy of reconstruction of maxillary defects with free fibula in vitro, which is helpful for accurate surgical reconstruction.