Clinical efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri-containing lozenges in the supportive therapy of generalized periodontitis stage III and IV, grade C: 1-year results of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this 12-month mono-centre double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri-containing lozenges during the supportive therapy of generalized periodontitis stage III and IV, grade C (GPIII-IVC) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty treated GPIII-IVC patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. The test group received two 3-month-long administrations of L. reuteri (2 lozenges/day after brushing) with a 3-month washout period, while the control one received a placebo. Outcome measures were tooth survival, complications and adverse events, change in probing pockets depth (PPD), change in probing attachment level (PAL), presence of bleeding on probing (BOP) and patient's evaluation of treatment. Measurements were collected at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. RESULTS: At 1 year, no dropout, tooth loss, complications or adverse event were recorded. Mean PPD and mean PAL and percentages of sites with BOP were statistically improved (p < 0.05) compared with baseline in both groups, while more PPD reduction at all time points (p < 0.05) and more PAL gain at 6 months and more BOP reduction at 6 and 9 months were found in the probiotic group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitation of the study, the use of L. reuteri probiotics lozenges improved some clinical outcomes in treated GPIII-IVC patients during maintenance therapy. Studies with a larger number of patients are needed to confirm these data. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of L. reuteri probiotic lozenges could be considered as an adjunct in the maintenance therapy of GPIII-IVC patients.

Distribution of Trabecular Bone Density in the Maxilla and Mandible.

INTRODUCTION: Implant osseointegration is strongly influenced by the bone quality at the implant insertion site. The present work aims to create distribution diagrams showing the average bone density at each position within the jaws. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were retrospectively collected from 4 oral surgeons who sought bone-density measurements during implant placement using a torque-measuring implant micromotor. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate whether bone density correlated with the patients' sex and age and whether the bone-density values at different positions within each arch correlated to each other. RESULTS: Records of 2408 patients and 6060 bone-density readings were retrieved, and density distribution diagrams were created. Density values showed a significant variation within subjects. Within the same jaw, density between adjacent positions showed significant differences. Density at a given position correlated significantly with that at the other positions in most cases. Bone density was significantly lower in women than in men; no significant correlation was found between bone density and the patient age. CONCLUSIONS: Bone density of patients displays significant interindividual variation, thus meaningful assessment must be conducted on a patient-by-patient basis.

Histomorphometric Evaluation of Two Different Bone Substitutes in Sinus Floor Augmentation Procedures.

The aim of this study is to compare the histomorphometric data of deproteinized bovine bone (DBB) and a fully synthetic bone substitute, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid/hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA) applied for sinus floor augmentation technique. Twelve maxillary atrophic ridges of 8 patients requiring major maxillary sinus floor augmentation were studied; the sites were randomly assigned to the study groups and reexamined at 6 months after grafting using cone beam computed tomography scans and biopsy samples harvested during dental implant placement. Total bone volume, residual graft material volume, and new bone volume were assessed. Measurable biopsies were available from 67% of test sites and 100% of control sites. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid/hydroxyapatite grafts showed no trace of graft material, whereas DBB grafts had a mean graft area of 16.60%. Mean percent of newly formed bone tended to be greater for PLGA/HA than for DBB group. Mean total bone volume percent did not differ significantly: PLGA/HA = 44.45% (CI, 16.42-72.48), DBB = 44.11% (CI, 36.61-51.60). Deproteinized bovine bone and PLGA/HA produced similar total bone volumes. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid/hydroxyapatite appeared to be completely replaced by newly formed bone, whereas DBB presented significant amounts of residual graft material. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid/hydroxyapatite necessitates of more clinical trials to be considered suitable for sinus floor augmentation.

Dimensional Changes of Fresh Sockets With Reactive Soft Tissue Preservation: A Cone Beam CT Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess dimensional changes of the fresh sockets grafted with collagen sheets and maintenance of reactive soft tissue, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tooth extractions were performed with maximum preservation of the alveolar housing, reactive soft tissue was left into the sockets and collagen sheets filled bone defects. Cone beam computed tomography were performed before and 3 months after extractions. RESULTS: One hundred forty-five teeth, 60 monoradiculars and 85 molars, were extracted. In total, 269 alveoli were evaluated. In Group A, not statistically significant differences were found between monoradiculars, whereas statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between molars, both for mesial and distal alveoli. In Group B, not statistically significant differences were found between maxillary and mandibular bone changes values (P > 0.05) for all types of teeth. CONCLUSIONS: This study reported an atraumatic tooth extraction, reactive soft tissue left in situ, and grafted collagen sponge may be helpful to reduce fresh socket collapse after extraction procedures.

Evaluation of resistance against bacterial microleakage of a new conical implant-abutment connection versus conventional connections: an in vitro study.

The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate bacterial microleakage from inside to outside the implant-abutment assembly in a new design of internal conical connection compared to eight different internal connections. The design of this connection should prevent or limit microbiologic leakage into the surrounding implant tissue, that could contribute to infections without bone loss (mucositis) or with bone loss (peri-implantits). In order to investigate bacterial microleakage, the inner part of each system was inoculated with an Escherichia coli suspension. Eight different groups were considered; each group was composed of 10 dental implants, for a total of 80 implants. Groups 1-7 were considered controls, while group 8 was the test connection (an internal connection characterized by a double taper principle). Results showed that in control implants (Group 1 to 7), little microleakage was observed after the first 6 hours (500 CFU/ µl) and, after 24 hours of incubation, they showed a significant bacterial contamination in all samples (>100.000 CFU/ µl). In group 8 (test connection) no contamination was found in the first 6 hours, with 7 out of 10 implants showing no contamination even after 96 hours. Statistically significant differences were found between Group 8 and the other groups (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found among implants of the control groups (from group 1 to 7). Within the limits of the present study, the new connection studied presented significantly less microleakage at 96 h in comparison with the other control internal connections.

Digital impressions for fabrication of definitive "all-on-four" restorations.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of digital impressions for "all-on-four" implant rehabilitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients edentulous in one or both jaws were randomly selected for this study. Complete arch immediately loaded prostheses supported by 4 implants (2 axial and 2 tilted) were placed. Five hours after implant placement, screw-retained full-arch temporary prostheses were positioned. After 4 months, a digital scan body was used to finalize definitive prosthesis. Radiographic assessments were obtained immediately after surgery and at each follow-up visit. Bone level measurements were reported at 6 and 12 months, and bone loss between upright and tilted implants was compared. RESULTS: Fourteen definitive cast metal frameworks prosthesis were delivered to the patients. No implant dropout occurred. All prosthesis were screwed onto the dental implants, and x-ray examinations revealed a bar-implant connection accuracy. The implant survival rate was 100% for all positioned implants. No statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in crestal bone loss between tilted and upright implants were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Digital impression creates an accurate physical model significantly improving efficiencies for the dental team and streamlining the workflow.

New surgical technique and distraction osteogenesis for ankylosed dental movement.

Dental ankylosis often presents a significant vertical alveolar defect that is an esthetic problem for prosthetic rehabilitation. Moreover, surgical-orthodontic treatment by corticotomies and distraction devices provides special attention to avoid the loss of blood supply to the segment; furthermore, gingival recessions may appear because the gingival tissues cannot proliferate as fast as the immediate repositioning of the tooth. This case report presents a surgical technique for buccal, palatal, and vertical movements, and examines the effects of a tooth/arch-borne tooth distractor appliance, for the alignment of ankylosed teeth. The slow movements of tooth and bone block and fine cut simplifies orthodontic treatment in patients and makes it possible to achieve complex movements in a relatively short period. The reported dislocation procedure allows a use of buccal-lingual vertical osteotomy with horizontal osteotomy to correct tooth positions via bony block movement maintaining gingival tissues in position. The used sonic saw have proven to be a valuable alternative to manual or rotating tools, oscillating saws, or piezoelectric units because it is faster and easier for surgical approach.

Could Dental Material Reuse Play a Significant Role in Preservation of Raw Materials, Water, Energy, and Costs? Microbiological Analysis of New versus Reused Healing Abutments: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: The objective of this in vitro study was to compare reused and sterilized versus new healing abutments to assess whether a decontamination and sterilization process performed on resued healing abutments was sufficient to remove residual proteins. The two groups were comparable with respect to patient safety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the period from September 2022 to October 2023, healing abutment screws were selected and divided into two groups according to whether they were new or previously used in patients. The samples were subjected to a decontamination and sterilization protocol, and results from sample sterility evaluation and assessment of surface protein levels were recorded. RESULTS: The obtained results revealed a significant difference in the OD562 nm values between new and reused healing abutment samples. The assay demonstrates how treated healing abutments were still contaminated by residual proteins. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the present study, although from an infectious point of view sterilization results in the total eradication of pathogens, surface proteins remain on reused healing abutments.

Immediate Loaded Full-Arch Mandibular Rehabilitations in Younger vs. Elderly Patients: A Comparative Retrospective Study with 7-Year Follow-Up.

The aim of this comparative retrospective clinical study was to assess the effect of age on immediate loaded full-arch mandibular rehabilitation in younger vs. elderly patients. Patients with an age between 45 and 60 years (younger group, YG) or with an age more or equal to 75 years (older group, OG), requiring a mandibular full-arch rehabilitation were scheduled for the present study. Implant and prosthetic failure, biological and prosthetic complications, and peri-implant marginal bone level changes were recorded until a 7-year follow-up. Sixty-six patients were included in the study; a total of 264 implants were placed and, in total, 66 "all-on-four" rehabilitations were delivered. In total, 33 patients were scheduled in the YG and 33 patients in the OG. At the 7-year follow-up, an overall implant failure rate of 1.14% was reported. Moreover, at the 7-year radiographic evaluation, peri-implant crestal bone loss averaged 1.12 ± 0.91 mm for the YG and 1.04 ± 1.01 mm for the OG. No statistically significant differences were found between the YG and OG except for the rate of peri-implantitis, which was statistically higher in the YG. The present study reported that immediate fixed mandibular full-arch rehabilitation is a viable procedure in elderly people of equal or more than 75 years of age.

Full-Digital Workflow for TMDs Management: A Case Series.

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) have always been the subject of studies due to the difficult management of symptoms and the complex stabilization of the so-called therapeutic position. In this effort, digital technologies open new opportunities for such planning, allowing the clinician to digitally assess the situation and verify the stability of the new position from a functional point of view. The present case series shows examples of preliminary full-digital planning of treatment in TMDs patients made with the preliminary evaluation of the kinematic activity of the mandible through a digital device (Tech in motion™, ModJaw, Villeurbanne, France). Three TMD clinical cases are analyzed with full-digital techniques and workflow. A personalized treatment for each case was digitally planned on the base of proper kinematic tracings recorded for each patient, and intraoral appliances were digitally customized through a full-digital or semi-digital workflow. The digitalization of mandibular kinematic gave us the possibility of making a more "aware" diagnosis, especially in a dynamic key, and then it allowed a faster realization and execution of the intraoral appliance through a digital workflow, memorizing the therapeutic position and early checking the device, before its realization, on the real kinematics of the patient.

Dental Restorations.

Fulfilling a patient's request for a healthy, functional and esthetic smile represents a daily challenge for dental practitioners [...].

Efficacy of the Cervical Vertebral Maturation Method: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: The present systematic review was carried out to evaluate both qualitatively and quantitatively the effectiveness of the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method in predicting the pubertal growth spurt. METHODS: PubMed, PMC, Scopus, SciELO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science databases were searched. The research included every article published from 1970 to June 2019, featuring the keywords: ("cervical vertebrae" OR ("cervical" AND "vertebrae") AND ("orthodontics" OR "growth and development" OR ("growth" AND "development") OR ("growth"). The Preferred Reporting Items for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) protocol was adopted, and quality assessments modified from the "Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology" (STROBE) and the "Standards for the Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies" (STARD) were performed to conduct this systematic review. RESULTS: Initially, 1284 articles were found. All the articles were then examined, and 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen articles had low-quality scores, 25 had moderate scores, and 2 had high scores. The results showed a moderate to high statistically significant correlation between the CVM and other maturation methods. CONCLUSION: Overall, the CVM method can be considered an effective method and may be used with other skeletal indices for the radiographic assessment of skeletal maturity, and also to identify the growth peak in growing patients.

A retrospective preliminary histomorphometric and clinical investigation on sinus augmentation using enzyme-deantigenic, collagen-preserving equine bone granules and plasma rich in growth factors.

BACKGROUND: Enzyme-deantigenic equine bone (EDEB) is a substitute of autogenous bone. Mixing it with plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) seems a viable option to achieve enhanced bone formation in alveolar bone augmentation surgeries. This retrospective study aims to first report the histomorphometric and clinical outcomes achieved when using the EDEB/PRGF mixture for performing sinus augmentation procedures followed by delayed implant placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of 11 patients who underwent 14 sinus augmentation surgeries using EDEB/PRGF followed by delayed implant placement were retrospectively collected and analyzed to assess histomorphometric data concerning newly formed bone (NFB) and residual biomaterial (RB) recorded at implant placement, marginal bone loss (MBL) values of implants placed in the augmented sinuses, and implant and prosthetic success and survival rates. RESULTS: At 5.6 ± 1.1 months after grafting, NFB and RB were 34.0 ± 9.1% and 11.3 ± 2.2% respectively, and no histologic signs of inflammation or immune reaction were observed in any of the 34 bone biopsies being collected. Further, 86.5 ± 4.3 months after implant placement, MBL was 0.40 ± 0.07 mm. No implant or prosthesis failed, and the implant success and survival rates were 100% CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study, grafting EDEB/PRGF for lateral sinus augmentation and delayed implant placement seems to be safe. Compared to published data concerning EDEB alone, results of the present study do not suggest that the EDEB/PRGF combination may provide a histomorphometric or medium-/long-term clinical advantage.

Digital Smile Designed Computer-Aided Surgery versus Traditional Workflow in "All on Four" Rehabilitations: A Randomized Clinical Trial with 4-Years Follow-Up.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the traditional "All on Four" technique with digital smile designed computer-aided "All on Four" rehabilitation; with a 4-years follow-up. The protocol was applied to a total of 50 patients randomly recruited and divided in two groups. Digital protocol allows for a completely virtual planning of the exact position of the fixtures, which allows one to perform a flapless surgery procedure with great accuracy (mini-invasive surgery) and also it is possible to use virtually planned prostheses realized with Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) (methods for an immediate loading of the implants. After 4 years from the treatments 98% of success were obtained for the group of patients treated with the traditional protocol and 100% for the digital protocol. At each time interval a significant difference in peri-implant crestal bone loss between the two groups was detected; with an average Marginal Bone Loss (MBL) at 4 years of 1.12 ± 0.26 mm in the traditional group and 0.83 ± 0.11 mm in the digital group. Patients belonging to the digital group have judged the immediate loading (92%), digital smile preview (93%), the mock-up test (98%) and guided surgery (94%) as very effective. All patients treated with a digital method reported lower values of during-surgery and post-surgery pain compared to patients rehabilitated using traditional treatment. In conclusion, the totally digital protocol described in the present study represents a valid therapeutic alternative to the traditional "All on Four" protocol for implant-supported rehabilitations of edentulous dental arches.

Digital versus Traditional Workflow for Immediate Loading in Single-Implant Restoration: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to compare the immediate-loading protocol, in single restorations in the esthetic zone, by comparing the digital workflow in a test group (TG) vs. the analogical workflow in a control group (CG). A total of 50 patients were enrolled, requiring single hopeless tooth extraction. Twenty-five patients (TG) were randomly assigned to the immediate-loading protocol using the digital workflow, and twenty-five patients (CG) were assigned to the conventional workflow. Clinical and radiographic parameters were evaluated at the time of implant insertion (baseline) and after 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. A clinician blind to conditions measured the Pink Esthetic Score (PES), as well as patient satisfaction. At 12-month follow-up, a cumulative survival rate of 100% was reported for all implants. No failures or biological complications were observed. No statistically significant differences were detected in the mean values of marginal bone loss and PES between the TG (0.12 ± 0.66 mm for MBL, 7.75 ± 0.89 for PES) and the CG (0.15 ± 0.54 mm for MBL, 7.50 ± 0.89 for PES). In 11 cases of TG, and 10 cases of CG, a one-year follow-up period showed an increased marginal bone level. No statistically significant differences were found in the mean total PES between test (7.75 ± 0.89) and control (7.5 ± 0.81) conditions. Furthermore, a customer satisfaction survey showed that patients preferred the digital workflow over the conventional workflow procedure (97.6 ± 4.3 vs. 69.2 ± 13.8). Digital workflow was more time-efficient than conventional workflow (97.2 ± 7.3 vs. 81.2 ± 11.3). Within the limitations of this study, no statistically significant differences were found between digital and traditional workflow.

Stability of Dental Implants and Thickness of Cortical Bone: Clinical Research and Future Perspectives. A Systematic Review.

Dental surgery implantation has become increasingly important among procedures that aim to rehabilitate edentulous patients to restore esthetics and the mastication ability. The optimal stability of dental implants is correlated primarily to the quality and quantity of bone. This systematic literature review describes clinical research focusing on the correlation between cortical bone thickness and primary/secondary stability of dental fixtures. To predict successful outcome of prosthetic treatment, quantification of bone density at the osteotomy site is, in general, taken into account, with little attention being paid to assessment of the thickness of cortical bone. Nevertheless, local variations in bone structure (including cortical thickness) could explain differences in clinical practice with regard to implantation success, marginal bone resorption or anchorage loss. Current knowledge is preliminarily detailed, while tentatively identifying which inconclusive or unexplored aspects merit further investigation.

Developmental Enamel Defects (DDE) and Their Association with Oral Health, Preventive Procedures, and Children's Psychosocial Attitudes towards Home Oral Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Developmental enamel defects (DDE) exert significant effects both on esthetics and occlusal function and prevention should be the general clinical approach to DDE. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was, therefore, to detect, within a pediatric sample, any significant association between DDE and children's psychosocial attitudes towards home oral hygiene, as well as potential associations between primary preventive procedures and DDE. METHODS: 394 schoolchildren (197 males and 197 females, 8.9 ± 1.4 years) underwent an intra-oral examination; they were then interviewed with a brief questionnaire. RESULTS: 5-6% and 12-14% of participants had, respectively at least one molar and one incisor affected by DDE. In general, no associations were observed in the examined clinical categories (caries and other oral health indices). A strong relationship was found between the presence of molar DDE and children's positive vs. negative psychosocial attitudes towards home oral hygiene. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of finding DDE in our sample of examined children was approximately more than doubled for children with negative psychosocial attitudes towards home oral hygiene, than for children with positive attitudes towards home oral hygiene.

Prevalence of Caries and Associated Risk Factors in a Representative Group of Preschool Children from an Urban Area with High Income in Milan Province, Italy.

The present survey provides a quantitative assessment of caries prevalence, covering a group of 3-5 year-old children from an urban area generally with a high income in the province of Milan, and a comparison of the obtained results with the data presented by the W.H.O. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the period from March to September 2018 to investigate the prevalence of caries in a sample of 160 children (82 females and 78 males). The absence/presence of caries was defined as a dependent variable. Factors concerning lifestyle, diet, oral habits, oral hygiene, the presence and type of malocclusion and mouth breathing attitude were considered as risk factors. Data were analyzed by Chi-square (χ2) and regression tests using SPSS (version 25.0) software. In total, 84.38% of children (135 out of 160) showed no caries. A regression analysis demonstrated that children who had already received an early first dental visit were mostly those already affected by caries. Furthermore, children who had four meals daily or more were less exposed to the risk of developing caries compared to those who had only 1-3 meals daily. The caries prevalence of preschool children from urban areas with a high income in Milan province is relatively close to that considered acceptable by the W.H.O. in its proposed goals for the year 2020. Therefore, it can be concluded from the obtained results that there is a possibility for further improvement in preventing caries growth at its initial stage: it is necessary for the number of meals daily consumed by children to be controlled by parents, and conducting a dental visit early in childhood must not be neglected.

The 'All-on-four' protocol in HIV-positive patients: A prospective, longitudinal 7-year clinical study.

PURPOSE: This prospective study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of 'All-on-four' rehabilitations in controlled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Edentulous patients requiring an implant prosthetic restoration of one or both jaws were enrolled in the present study. Each patient received at least one fixed full-arch prosthesis. Four implants, immediately loaded, were placed in each jaw using the 'All-on-four' protocol. Marginal bone loss, implant and prosthetic failure, biological and mechanical complications, and serological levels (CD4 cell count, CD4/CD8 ratio, and HIV viral load) were recorded up to 7-year follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 116 implants were placed in 24 patients, and 29 rehabilitations based on the 'All-on-four' concept were achieved. Implant failures were registered in four patients (10 of 116 implants), and the implant survival rate was 91.37%. At the 7-year radiographic evaluation, peri-implant crestal bone loss averaged 1.91 ± 1.3 mm for upright maxillary implants (n = 30 implants) and 1.79 ± 1.28 mm for tilted maxillary implants (n = 30 implants). In the mandible, mean peri-implant crestal bone loss was 1.54 ± 1.27 mm for upright implants (n = 28) and 1.5 ± 1.3 mm for tilted implants (n = 28). No statistically significant correlation was found between serological parameters and marginal bone levels at 6 months, or through 7 years of annual follow-up (P > 0.05). A statistically significant linear correlation (P < 0.001) was found between early implant failure and HIV viral load. The CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly correlated with late implant failure (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this prospective 7-year longitudinal study, HIV-positive patients with a stable immune system can be candidates for the 'All-on-four' treatment concept.

Influence of Intra-Oral Scanner (I.O.S.) on The Marginal Accuracy of CAD/CAM Single Crowns.

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the quality of digital workflows generated by different scanners (Intra-oral digital scanners (I.O.S.s)) focusing on marginal fit analysis. A customized chrome-cobalt (Cr-Co) implant abutment simulating a maxillary right first molar was fixed in hemi-maxillary stone model and scanned by eight different I.O.S.s: Omnicam® (Denstply Sirona, Verona, Italy) CS3500®, CS3600®, (Carestream Dental, Atlanta, GA, USA), True Definition Scanner® (3M, St. Paul, MN, USA), DWIO® (Dental Wings, Montreal, Quebec, Canada), PlanScan® (Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland), 3D PROGRESS Plus® (MHT, Verona, Italy), TRIOS 3® (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). Nine scans were performed by each tested I.O.S. and 72 copings were designed using a dental computer-assisted-design/computer-assisted-manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software (exocad GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany). According to CAD data, zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) copings were digitally milled (Roland DWX-50, Irvine, CA, USA). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) direct vision allowed for marginal gap measurements in eight points for each specimen. Descriptive analysis was performed using mean, standard deviation, and median, while the Kruskal⁻Wallis test was performed to determine whether the marginal discrepancies were significantly different between each group (significance level p < 0.05). The overall mean marginal gap value and standard deviation were 53.45 ± 30.52 µm. The minimum mean value (40.04 ± 18.90 µm) was recorded by PlanScan®, then 3D PROGRESS Plus® (40.20 ± 21.91 µm), True Definition Scanner® (40.82 ± 26.19 µm), CS3500® (54.82 ± 28.86 µm) CS3600® (59,67 ± 28.72 µm), Omnicam® (61.57 ± 38.59 µm), DWIO® (62.49 ± 31.54 µm), while the maximum mean value (67.95 ± 30.41 µm) was recorded by TRIOS 3®. The Kruskal⁻Wallis tests revealed a statistically significant difference (p-value < 0.5) in the mean marginal gaps between copings produced by 3D PROGRESS Plus®, PlanScan, True Definition Scanner, and the other evaluated I.O.S.s. The use of an I.O.S. for digital impressions may be a viable alternative to analog techniques. Although in this in vitro study PlanScan®, 3D PROGRESS Plus® and True Definition Scanner® may have showed the best performances, all I.O.S.s tested could provide clinically encouraging results especially in terms of marginal accuracy, since mean marginal gap values were all within the clinically acceptable threshold of 120 µm.