Hypoglycemic effect of insulin-loaded hydrogel-nanogel composite on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

At present, how to increase insulin rapidly, availably and stably is still a conundrum in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In vitro studies have shown that insulin can be released from hydrogel-nanogel composite according to the changes of glucose level. This study aimed to observe the glucose-lowering effects and evaluate the safety of the insulin-loaded hydrogel-nanogel composite in diabetic rats. We found that significant glycemic regulation could be observed up to 30 hours after subcutaneous injection, and the fasting blood glucose was reduced effectively. The result of an oral glucose tolerance test showed that the level of insulin expressed a stable increase from 0.5 hours to 3.5 hours, which led to a reduction of glucose with steady steps. Also, compared with Ins group, the Gel+Ins group showed slighter skin and pancreas damage, while the oxidative stress and inflammation response were similar to the normal control group. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the glucose-lowering action of the insulin-loaded hydrogel-nanogel composite was superior to that of the regular insulin, and might thus become an insulin carrier in the future.

Recent advances on porous interfaces for biomedical applications.

Porous structures on solid surfaces prepared artificially through the water droplet template method have the features of easy operation, low cost and self-removal of templates, and thus are widely applied in the fields of medicine, biomedicine, adsorption, catalysis, and separation, optical and electronic materials. Due to their tunable dimensions, abundant selection of materials, mechanical stability, high porosity, and enlarged pore surface, the formed porous interfaces show specific significance in bio-related systems. In this study, recent achievements related to applications of porous interfaces and a focus into biological and medical-related systems are summarized. The discussion involves the preparation of porous interfaces, and porous interface-induced cell behaviors including culture, growth, proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation of cells. The inhibitory effect of bacteria and separated features of microorganisms supported by porous interfaces, the immobilization of biomolecules related to proteins, DNA and enzymes, and the controllable drug delivery are also discussed. The summary of recent advances pointed out in the study, are suggestive of insights for motivating unique potential applications including their extension to porous interfaces in biomedical materials.

Biocompatible Polymer Nanocomposites Integrating Magnetic Polyoxomolybdates for Enhanced MRI and On-Site Activated Photothermal Properties.

This work reports the ionic composition of a PEGylated and chemically crosslinked polyethyleneimine with a gadolinium-coordinated polyoxomolybdate cluster, K17 [Gd(P2 Mo17 O61 )2 ], via electrostatic interaction. The prepared composites form nanoobjects with an average size of ≈27 nm at dried state and maintain structural stability in aqueous solution. While the biocompatibility on HeLa cells is demonstrated, the polymer-shielded multifunctional nanoplatform shows both the combined magnetic resonance imaging and redox-triggered photothermal conversion effect. As a contrast agent, the T1 -weighed relaxivity reaches up to 22.77 mm-1  s-1 . The photothermal conversion of the prepared composites can be aroused by yielding a broad near infrared (NIR) adsorption through on-site reduction of the glutathione that is enriched in the tumor environment. The high efficiency ≈61.0% under the irradiation of 808 nm NIR laser illustrates a distinct treatment capability according to cell counting Kit-8 assay while the obvious inhibition for the growth of tumor cells is observed.

Effect of biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents versus biocompatible polymer everolimus-eluting stents: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Biocompatible polymer everolimus-eluting stents (EES) are associated with risk of stent thrombosis (ST); biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents (BP-DES) were designed to reduce these risks. However, the long-term benefits are not completely clear. METHOD: We undertook a meta-analysis of randomized studies identified in systematic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database. Primary outcome was the risk of ST. RESULTS: Twelve studies (11,692 patients) were included. Overall, compared with EES, BP-DES were associated with a broadly equivalent risk of definite and probable ST (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.55 to 1.50; P = 0.71; I2 = 0.0%), early ST (OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 0.78 to 6.47; P = 0.13; I2 = 0.0%), late ST (OR, 3.57; 95% CI, 0.42 to 30.58; P = 0.25; I2 = 0.0%) and very late ST (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.05 to 5.52; P = 0.57). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.32; P = 0.54; I2 = 0.0%), myocardial infarction (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.30; P = 0.47; I2 = 0.0%), target vessel revascularization (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.21; P = 0.80; I2 = 12.0%), and major adverse cardiac events (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.16; P = 0.53; I2 = 0.0%). Furthermore, angiographic data showed that in-stent and in-segment late luminal loss were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with biocompatible polymer EES, biodegradable polymer stents appear to have equivalent clinical benefits.

Bacterial community shift along with the changes in operational conditions in a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor.

Membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is a promising wastewater treatment process. Although bacteria inhabiting the MABR biofilm are important in wastewater treatment, the community composition and its correlation with operating conditions were less clear. A laboratory-scale MABR was designed to investigate the shift of bacterial community through a complete operational process by pyrosequencing the bacterial 16S rRNA genes. From around 19,000 sequences, 175 bacterial genera were retrieved, mainly belonging to Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. A large number of unclassified bacterial sequences were also detected in the biofilm, suggesting a wide variety of uncharacterized species in MABR. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4-N, and NaHCO3 concentrations could exert distinct influences on the composition of the bacterial community. The influent COD and NaHCO3 concentrations stimulated proliferation of denitrification-related species such as Dokdonella, Azospira, Hydrogenophaga, Rhodocyclaceae, and Thauera, while inhibiting the growth of Acidovorax and Sinobacteraceae. Some denitrifying Thermomonas spp. tended to survive in NH4-N-rich environments, while Flavobacterium preferred to inhabit NH4-N-poor or COD-rich environments. Conversely, the influent NH4-N and NaHCO3, to some extent, appeared to be the growth-promoting factors for nitrifying bacteria. Furthermore, the presence of potential aerobic denitrifiers such as Comamonas, Enterobacter, and Aeromonas indicated that MABR could have the capability of simultaneous aerobic and anoxic denitrification particularly during treatment of low-ammonia nitrogen sewage.

[Theoretical modeling and experimental research on direct compaction characteristics of multi-component pharmaceutical powders based on the Kawakita equation].

Base on the Kawakita powder compression equation, a general theoretical model for predicting the compression characteristics of multi-components pharmaceutical powders with different mass ratios was developed. The uniaxial flat-face compression tests of powder lactose, starch and microcrystalline cellulose were carried out, separately. Therefore, the Kawakita equation parameters of the powder materials were obtained. The uniaxial flat-face compression tests of the powder mixtures of lactose, starch, microcrystalline cellulose and sodium stearyl fumarate with five mass ratios were conducted, through which, the correlation between mixture density and loading pressure and the Kawakita equation curves were obtained. Finally, the theoretical prediction values were compared with experimental results. The analysis showed that the errors in predicting mixture densities were less than 5.0% and the errors of Kawakita vertical coordinate were within 4.6%, which indicated that the theoretical model could be used to predict the direct compaction characteristics of multi-component pharmaceutical powders.

Hybrid treatment of varied orthodontic appliances for a patient with skeletal class II and temporomandibular joint disorders: A case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: The relation between orthodontic treatment and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) is under debate; the management of TMD during orthodontic treatment has always been a challenge. If TMD symptoms occur during orthodontic treatment, an immediate pause of orthodontic adjustments is recommended; the treatment can resume when the symptoms are managed and stabilized. CASE SUMMARY: This case report presents a patient (26-year-old, female) with angle class I, skeletal class II and TMDs. The treatment was a hybrid of clear aligners, fixed appliances and temporary anchorage devices (TADs). After 3 mo resting and treatment on her TMD, the patient's TMD symptom alleviated, but her anterior occlusion displayed deep overbite. Therefore, the fixed appliances with TAD were used to correct the anterior deep-bite and level maxillary and mandibular deep curves. After the levelling, the patient showed dual bite with centric relation and maximum intercuspation discrepancy on her occlusion. After careful examination of temporomandibular joints (TMJ) position, the stable bite splint and Invisible Mandibular Advancement appliance were used to reconstruct her occlusion. Eventually, the improved facial appearance and relatively stable occlusion were achieved. The 1-year follow-up records showed there was no obvious change in TMJ morphology, and her occlusion was stable. CONCLUSION: TMD screening and monitoring is of great clinical importance in the TMD susceptible patients. Hybrid treatment with clear aligners and fixed appliances and TADs is an effective treatment modality for the complex cases.

Multifunctional fish-skin collagen-based hydrogel sealant with dual-dynamic-bond cross-linked for rapid hemostasis and accelerated wound healing.

Collagen (COL) is the most widespread functional protein. Designing and developing dual-dynamic-bond cross-linked COL adhesive hydrogel sealants with multifunctional is highly advantageous for achieving a superior wound closure effect and hemostasis. In this study, we developed hybrid hydrogels consisting of fish-skin COL, oxidized sodium alginate (OSA), borax and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to enhance full-thickness wound healing. The hydrogels were furnished with first-rate self-healing capabilities through the dual-dynamic-bond cross-linking of dynamic Schiff base bonds (COL-OSA) and diol boric acid bonds (OSA-borax) with reversible breakage and re-formation. Moreover, the incorporation of PVA stimulated the formation of hydrogen bonds in the system, bolstering the stability of the hydrogel framework. The prepared hydrogel manifests self-healing, injectability, multifunctional adhesiveness and biodegradability. In vivo assessment of the hemostatic capacity of COSP20 hydrogel was superior to gauze both in the mice liver injury model and mice tail amputation model. In addition, a full-thickness skin wound model in mice revealed that the COSP20 hydrogel facilitated faster wound closure by accelerating reepithelialization, COL deposition and angiogenesis. These findings illustrate the potential of hybrid fish-skin COL-based hydrogels to enhance wound healing and promote rapid tissue repair, and provide new possibilities for the effective utilization of marine fishery resources.

Bioinformatics analysis and reveal potential crosstalk genetic and immune relationships between atherosclerosis and periodontitis.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory and immune-related disease with links to several systemic diseases, and the pathological process of atherosclerosis also involves inflammatory and immune involvement. The aim of this study was to investigate the common immune cells and potential crosstalk genes between periodontitis (PD) and atherosclerosis (AS). By analyzing the weighted gene co-expression network of differentially immune infiltrating cells in two diseases to obtain important module genes, and taking the intersection of the module genes, we obtained 14 co-expressed immune-related genes, and evaluated the predictive value of 14 immune-related genes using three machine learning models.Two potential immune-related crosstalk genes (BTK and ITGAL) were finally obtained by taking intersections of WGCNA intersection genes, DEGs and IRGs.Then, the diagnostic column line graphs were constructed based on the 2 crosstalk genes, and the calibration curves, DCA curves and clinical impact curves indicated that the two genes had strong disease prediction ability, and we further validated the accuracy of the two potential crosstalk genes for disease diagnosis in the validation dataset.Single gene GSEA analysis showed that both genes are jointly involved in biological processes such as antigen presentation and immune regulation, and single sample GSEA analysis showed that macrophages and T cells play an important role in periodontitis in atherosclerosis.This study explored the genetic correlation between atherosclerosis and periodontitis using bioinformatics tools. BTK and ITGAL were found to be the most important crosstalk genes between the two diseases and may have an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of the diseases. Macrophage and T cell mediated inflammatory and immune responses may play an important role in periodontitis and atherosclerosis.

The liposomal daunorubicin plus tamoxifen: improving the stability, uptake, and biodistribution of carriers.

The synergistic effects of tamoxifen on the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to daunorubicin have been reported. Whether the effects of daunorubicin on MCF-7/adr cells can be improved by tamoxifen in liposomes and how tamoxifen changes daunorubicin's behavior in vivo remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tamoxifen on the uptake and biodistribution of daunorubicin liposomes by breast-cancer-resistant MCF-7/adr cells in vitro and in vivo. The uptake of liposomes by MCF-7/adr cells in vitro studies was measured using flow cytometry and laser confocal microscopy. The biodistributions of carriers and free drugs were evaluated by DiR dye using in vivo imaging. Tamoxifen obviously enhanced the cellular uptake of liposomes by MCF-7/adr cells in time-dependent manners. According to the results from in vivo imaging analysis, the mean fluorescence intensity of DiR liposomes with tamoxifen in the tumor regions of MCF-7/adr tumor-bearing nude mice was much stronger than that of DiR liposomes alone (16,450 ± 1,331 versus 3,666 ± 321; n = 3). Pegylated liposomes elongated the existence of daunorubicin in the circulatory system and the enhanced permeability and retention effect enhanced its concentration in local tumor tissues, which may provide the precondition for tamoxifen further promoting the uptake by MCF-7/Adr cells in vivo. Using daunorubicin liposomes and tamoxifen together generates better biodistribution profiles in tumor tissue than using daunorubicin liposomes only, which contributes to improving the therapeutic effect of breast cancer treatment.

[A controlled study on the treatment of acute progressive cerebral infarction by continuous anticoagulation with small doses of heparin].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the treatment of acute progressive cerebral infarction by continuous anticoagulation with small doses of heparin. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, and controlled clinical research was conducted. Three hundred and fifty-one patients were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (n=119) was treated with heparin, which was controlled by an infusion pump with a speed of 18 U×kg(-1)×h(-1) for 24 hours, and the dosage was regulated according to the changes in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) which was determined every 8 hours. Group B (n=115) was treated with intravenous drip of 12,500 U of heparin with a speed of 18 U×kg(-1)×h(-1) once a day. Group C (n=117) was treated with 5000 U of low-molecular-weight heparin calcium injection twice a day. After 14 days, nerve function defect according to the National Institutes of Heath stroke scale (NIHSS) score was determined, the adverse events (e.g. intracranial hemorrhage, subcutaneous ecchymosis, gingival bleeding, hematuria and occult blood in stools) were observed. After 6 months, the recurrence rate and Barthel index (BI) would be determined. RESULTS: The total efficiency in group A (95.80%) was significantly higher than that in group B (85.22%) and group C (85.47%). Recurrence rate in group A (1.68%) was significantly lower than group B (8.70%) and group C (8.33%) with significant differences (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while there was no significant difference between group B and group C (both P>0.05). The BI of group A (89.27±8.56) was significantly higher than group B (72.57±9.77) and group C (71.66±9.37) with significant difference (both P<0.01), while there was no significant difference between group B and group C (P>0.05). Adverse event rate in group A (5.88%) was slightly higher than that of group B (3.48%) and group C (4.27%), but the difference was not significant (both P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous infusion of low dosage of heparin could significantly reduce neurologic impairment score in patients with progressive cerebral infarction, increase cure rate, reduce the recurrence rate, and raise the BI of patients, and it dose not increase the risk of intracranial and extracranial hemorrhage.

Cell-free protein synthesis of influenza virus hemagglutinin HA2-integrated virosomes for siRNA delivery.

It is well known that the difficulty of siRNA therapeutic application is the lack of safe and effective delivery vector. Virosome is a nano vesicle composed of lipid membrane and membrane protein. It retains fusion protein without virus genetic material, and therefore has the reduced immunogenicity compared with viral vector. Virosomes have the potential to deliver protein and nucleic acid drugs, but the traditional preparation method of virosomes is quite limited. In this study, we firstly proposed to synthesize influenza virus hemagglutinin HA2 virosomes by cell-free protein synthesis. In this study, liposomes provided the hydrophobic lipid bilayer environment for the formation of HA2 protein multimer, which inhibited the aggregation of hydrophobic HA2 and improved HA2 protein expression. Chitosan as a rigid core adsorbed siRNA and improved the encapsulation efficiency of siRNA. In conclusion, the cell-free protein synthesis was used to prepare HA2 virosomes, which paves the way for constructing a novel nano vector with high delivery efficiency and biosafety for the delivery of siRNA.

Recovery Infectious Enterovirus 71 by Bac-to-Bac Expression System in vitro and in vivo.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the most important etiological agents for hand-foot-mouth disease. Compared with coxsackievirus A16 infection, EV71 infection is often associated with severe central nervous system complications, such as encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and acute flaccid paralysis in infants and young children. In this study, we constructed a recombinant baculovirus with T7 ribonucleic acid polymerase under the control of a cytomegalovirus promoter and simultaneously engineered the T7 promoter upstream of a full-length EV71 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. After transduction into mammalian cells, typical cytopathic effects (CPEs) and VP1 signals were detected in cells transfected with recombinant baculovirus. Additionally, viral particles located in the cytoplasm of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (Rd) and Vero cells were observed by electron microscope, indicating that EV71 was recovered using a Bac-to-Bac expression system in vitro. After four passages, the rescued virus had a growth curve and plaque morphology similar to those of the parental virus. Furthermore, the Vp1 gene and the protein from the mouse brain were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry after intracerebral injection of purified recombinant baculovirus. Typical CPEs were observed after inoculation of the supernatant from mouse brain to Rd cells, revealing a reconstruction of EV71 in vivo. Thus, we established a new approach to rescue EV71 based on a baculovirus expression system in vitro and in vivo, which may provide a safe and convenient platform for fundamental research and a strategy to rescue viruses that currently lack suitable cell culture and animal models.

Thermally induced and photoinduced valence tautomerism in a two-dimensional coordination polymer.

Herein reported is the first two-dimensional coordination polymer capable of undergoing thermally induced and photoinduced valence tautomeric transitions.

Systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics of a high dose of polyethylene glycol 400 in dogs following intravenous injection.

Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) has been used in injections. However, limited data are available concerning the toxicity of a high dose of PEG-400 following intravenous (i.v.) injection. The aim of the present study was to estimate the systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics of a high dose of PEG-400 in dogs following i.v. injection. Twenty-four dogs were divided into four groups: a control group receiving normal saline and three test groups receiving 4.23, 6.34, and 8.45 g/kg of PEG-400, respectively, by i.v. injection once a day for 30 days. The repeated-dose toxicity of PEG-400 was assessed. Toxicokinetic parameters of PEG-400 in dogs were estimated on days 1 and 30. Dry mouth and dry nasal mucus membrane were observed in dogs treated with 6.34 and 8.45 g/kg of PEG-400. Cloudy swelling of kidney cell and increased glomerular volume were observed in dogs treated with 8.45 g/kg of PEG-400 when the animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. No significant histological changes were found 21 days later. Repeated dosing did not affect the toxicokinetic profile of PEG-400 in dogs. This study has shown that the toxicity of a high dose of PEG-400 following repeated intravenous injections is low, and alterations produced are reversible.

The Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide on the Pyroptosis of Gingival Fibroblasts.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and other pathogens. P. gingivalis release various virulence factors including lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, whether P. gingivalis-LPS inducing pyroptosis in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) remains unknown. In present study, P. gingivalis-LPS decreased the membrane integrity of HGFs, and pyroptosis-associated cytokines were upregulated at the mRNA level. In addition, pyroptosis proteins were highly expressed in gingival tissues of periodontitis. P. gingivalis-LPS induced gingivitis in the rat model, and the expression level of pyroptosis-associated proteins increased. Together, P. gingivalis-LPS can activate the pyroptosis reaction, which may be a pro-pyroptosis status in a relative low concentration.

Periodontitis Exacerbates and Promotes the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease Through Oral Flora, Cytokines, and Oxidative Stress.

Periodontitis is a type of systemic immune inflammation that is caused by the complex infection of a variety of microorganisms in the subgingival plaque and the imbalance of the microbial ecological environment in the mouth. Periodontitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) share many risk factors, such as obesity, smoking, and age. A growing body of data supports a strong correlation between periodontitis and kidney disease. Evidence supports the role of periodontal inflammation and elevated serum inflammatory mediators in renal atherosclerosis, renal deterioration, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) development. Periodontitis is a risk factor for kidney disease. However, to our knowledge, there are few studies detailing the possible link between periodontitis and CKD. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms underlying periodontitis and CKD. More importantly, it highlights novel and potential pathogenic factors for CKD, including bacteria, pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. However, most research on the relationship between periodontitis and systemic disease has not determined causality, and these diseases are largely linked by bidirectional associations. Future research will focus on exploring these links to contribute to new treatments for CKD.

Nanocomposites of ionic copolymer integrating Gd-containing polyoxometalate as a multiple platform for enhanced MRI and pH-response chemotherapy.

This article describes the fabrication of nanosized paramagnetic drug carriers via the assembly of a pH-responsive hydrophilic block copolymer poly(polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate)-b-poly(methacrylic acid-co-trimethyl ammonium bromide propyl methacrylate) (PPMT) and polyoxometalate K13[Gd(ß2-SiW11O39)2] (GdSiW11) through electrostatic interaction. Owing to the hydrophilicity, large molecular weight, and high content of the GdSiW11 cluster bearing in the nanocomposites, the organic-inorganic nanocomposite exhibited an impressive longitudinal relaxivity as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The surplus negative charges from the polyoxometalate cluster in the polymer nanocomposites facilitated the capture of the anti-tumor drug doxorubicin (DOX). The DOX-loaded nanocomposites were stable under the physiological environment, whereas a responsive release of DOX was achieved at pH values similar to the tumor microenvironment due to the regulation of the polyoxometalate and carboxyl groups. The DOX-loaded PPMT2-GdSiW11 nanocomposites were observed to enrich effectively at tumor sites through MRI after intravenous injection. Furthermore, the DOX-loaded composites manifested enhanced in vivo anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy and sustainable circulation time of more than 5 h, which were favourable for imaging measurement. With the advantages of the designed composite system, the present experiments propose a strategy for developing a new multiple imaging-drug delivery-local therapy platform for synergistic diagnosis and therapy.

A case of multilevel percutaneous vertebroplasty for vertebral metastases resulting in temporary paraparesis.

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is a minimally invasive treatment that has been widely used for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures and vertebral tumors. However, the maximum number of vertebral segments treated in a single PVP remains controversial. Furthermore, PVP may cause complications, including cement leakage, pulmonary embolism, bone cement toxicity, and spinal nerve-puncture injury. We report the rare case of a patient who underwent multilevel PVP for vertebral metastases, with no bone cement leakage or spinal cord injury, but who developed temporary paraparesis.

Effects of D-arginine on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm.

Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is one of the major pathogenic bacteria of periodontitis or peri-implantitis. P. gingivalis tends to attach to the implant's neck with the formation of biofilm, leading to peri-implantitis. d-arginine has been shown to have a potential antimicrobial role. In this study, P. gingivalis was cultured in Brain Heart Infusion broth together with d-arginine. After 3 days (inhibition) or 6 days (dissociation), these were characterized using crystal violet (CV) staining for the biofilm, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production from the biofilm, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for biofilm activation. Furthermore, the P. gingivalis biofilm was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). d-arginine effectively reduced biomass accumulation and promoted dissociation at concentrations of ≥50 mM and 100 mM, respectively. Through CV staining, d-arginine concentrations of EPS production from the biofilm for inhibition and dissociation effects was ≥50 mM and 100 mM, respectively. In addition, d-arginine affected biofilm activation for the corresponding concentrations: ≥60 mM for inhibition and ≥90 mM for dispersal. Under SEM observation, d-arginine changed the P. gingivalis biofilm structure in relatively high concentrations for inhibition or dissociation, respectively. The authors concluded that d-arginine could inhibit the formation of P. gingivalis biofilm and promote the dissociation of P. gingivalis biofilm.