Biomechanical analysis of inclined and cantilever design with different implant framework materials in mandibular complete-arch implant restorations.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Inclined distal implants with posterior framework cantilevers are an alternative to straight implants for the treatment of edentulous jaws, avoiding grafting procedures and utilizing pre-existing bone. However, little is known about the implant, framework, and peri-implant bone stresses exerted by this design. PURPOSE: The purpose of this finite element analysis study was to assess the biomechanical properties of the inclined versus straight design, with different implant framework material to generate implant-supported complete-arch fixed mandibular prostheses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A finite element model of the edentulous mandible was generated by using 4 implants in 2 distinct configurations: the inclined design and the straight design. Different framework materials were tested: pure titanium, cobalt-chromium alloy, type IV gold alloy, zirconia, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK). A 300-N load at a 75-degree angle was applied to the occlusal plane from the lingual side of the buccal cusps of the 2 premolars and the first molar teeth. Subsequently, stresses on the implant, surrounding bone, and framework were measured and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. RESULTS: In terms of implant configurations, the inclined design demonstrated less stress on the posterior cortical bone, implants, and framework than the straight design. Comparing the framework materials, zirconia and metal exhibited reduced cortical bone and implants stresses but elevated framework stress when compared with the polymeric frameworks. CONCLUSIONS: From a biomechanical viewpoint, in edentulous patients with excessive posterior alveolar bone resorption, the inclined design exhibited more favorable stress distribution around the posterior implants than the straight design. In implant-supported complete-arch fixed mandibular prostheses, zirconia and metal, particularly cobalt-chromium alloy, distributed the stresses more effectively to the implants and supporting bone than polymeric materials.

Evaluation of 1-Piece Versus 3-Piece Framework Designs for the Edentulous Mandible with Fixed Implant-Supported Prostheses: A Clinical, Occlusal and Biomechanical Study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the clinical, occlusal and biomechanical performance of 1-piece and 3-piece designs for implant-supported fixed dentures in the edentulous mandible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 65 patients with edentulous mandibles who underwent fixed implant-supported restorations were recruited and subsequently assigned to 1 of 2 groups based on the framework design (1-piece or 3-piece). The participants underwent clinical and occlusal examination using a periodontal probe, T-Scan III system, and electromyography 12 months after prosthesis delivery. Two mandibular finite element models were created to evaluate stress values and their distribution during function. RESULTS: Ninety-five point four percent (n = 62) of participants in the follow-up period underwent clinical and occlusal examination after prosthesis delivery. Clinical examination revealed a trend towards increased inflammation around the implants in the 1-piece prostheses. Occlusal parameters indicated that the 1-piece design was superior for the masticatory system than the 3-piece design. Biomechanical analysis revealed the highest stress values in the posterior region of the 3-piece design. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of ease of ensuring oral hygiene, when compared to the 3-piece design, the 1-piece framework design might be the superior therapy for restoring an edentulous mandible, based on occlusal and biomechanical outcomes.

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust around a zinc smelting plant in China based on bioavailability and bioaccessibility.

In order to investigate pollution level, chemical speciation and health risk of exposure to heavy metals in street dust from smelting district, we carried the following studies: (a). the differences in the morphology of street dust in smelting and non-smelting districts using a scanning electron microscope; (b). the chemical speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals in <100 µm and <63 µm particles near a smelting district using a modified three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure and in vitro digestion test, respectively; (c). the evaluation of the non-carcinogenic risk of children and adults exposure to dust based on bioaccessibility. The results showed that most of the dust particles near Huludao Zinc Plant (HZP) were relatively solid with less porosity, which might originate from incompletely burned mineral particles from the smelting process. The concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cu were much higher than the background levels: 1560, 178.5 and 917.9 mg kg-1 in <100 µm dust samples, and 2099, 198.4, 1038 mg kg-1 in <63 µm dust samples, respectively. Pb was mostly present in the reducible fraction and the acid exchangeable fraction, while Cd and Cu were the most common heavy metals in the acid exchangeable fraction and oxidizable fraction, respectively. The rank order of bioaccessibility for the gastric and intestinal phase was Cd (58.13%) > Pb (50.00%) > Cu (19.19%) and Cd (20.36%) > Cu (15.67%) > Pb (5.08%), respectively. Hand-to-mouth ingestion poses the greatest non-carcinogenic exposure risk compared with other exposure pathways. When bioavailability is taken into account, children experienced higher non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of dust exposure compared with adults, and the <63 µm particles posed greater risks than <100 µm particles.

Genetic Relationship Between IL-6 rs1800796 Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: There are accumulating reports for the potential role of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) rs1800796 polymorphism in the risk of periodontitis. However, distinct conclusions are observed. In this study, we have an interest in comprehensively analyzing the genetic relationship between IL-6 rs1800796 and the susceptibility to periodontitis. METHODS: We retrieved the eligible case-control studies from on-line database and conducted a meta-analysis. P-value of association test, OR (odd ratios) and 95% CI (confidence interval) were calculated for the assessment of potential genetic association. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 20 case-control studies for pooling analysis. A positive association between periodontitis cases and controls was observed in the overall meta-analysis under all genetic models (all P < 0.05, OR > 1). Similar results were detected in the "population-based, PB" and "China" subgroups (all P < 0.05, OR > 1). In the "Asian" subgroup, there is an increased periodontitis risk under the allele, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant and carrier models (all P < 0.05, OR > 1). Nevertheless, negative results were found in the "Caucasian" subgroup under all models [all P > 0.05]. In addition, a positive association between IL-6 rs1800796 and the risk of chronic periodontitis was detected under the models of allele [G vs. C], GG vs. CC, GG vs. CC+ CG and carrier [G vs. C] (all P < 0.05, OR > 1). CONCLUSION: IL-6 rs1800796 may serve as one genetic risk factor for periodontitis patients in the Asian population, especially the Chinese population. G/G genotype of IL-6 rs1800796 appears to be associated with an increased risk of chronic periodontitis.

Evaluating the Role of Postbiotics in the Modulation of Human Oral Microbiota: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

There is a lack of clinical data to support the effectiveness and safety of postbiotics in the modulation of human oral microbiota and oral health care. Here, volunteers were recruited and randomly assigned to two cohorts: a placebo group (n = 15) and a postbiotic group (n = 16). The placebo group used toothpaste that did not contain postbiotics, while the postbiotic group used toothpaste with postbiotics (3 × 1010 CFU inactivated Lactobacillus salivarius LS97, L. paracasei LC86, and L. acidophilus LA85). Saliva samples were collected at different time points and the immunoglobulin A (IgA) and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were determined, while the salivary microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The results showed that salivary IgA levels and acetic and propionic acid levels were notably higher in the postbiotic group (P < 0.05), accompanied by an increase in the level of alpha diversity of the salivary microbiota, and these indexes remained high 1 month after discontinuing the use of toothpaste with or without postbiotics. A notable decrease in the relative abundance of the unclassified_Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia, etc. in the postbiotic group was accompanied by a notable increase in Ruminofilibacter and Lactobacillus. However, both groups did not cause significant changes in the overall structure of the host salivary microbiota. In conclusion, postbiotics dramatically and consistently improved oral immunity levels and SCFA content in the host. In addition, postbiotics were able to increase the level of microbial alpha diversity and down-regulate the abundance of some harmful microbes without significantly altering the structure of the host salivary microbiota. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) ( www.chictr.org.cn ) under the registration number ChiCTR2300074088.

Knowledge mapping and global trends of drug hypersensitivity from 2013 to 2023: A bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND: Drug hypersensitivity is a major global public health issue with a significant increase in prevalence in populations. Here, we provide a deep insight into the frontier hotspot and future direction in the field of drug hypersensitivity. METHODS: A knowledge map is portrayed based on publications related to drug hypersensitivity from Web of Science Core Collection using CiteSpace. Co-occurrence relationships of countries, institutes, authors, journals, references, and keywords are constructed. According to the co-occurrence relationships, hotspots and future trends are overviewed. RESULTS: The United States ranked first in the world and China with the second highest publications was the only developing country. Torres, Mayorga, and Blanca were highly productive authors. Harvard University was the institution with the most research publications. Keywords co-occurrence analysis suggested applications in emerging causes, potential mechanisms, and clinical diagnosis as the research hotspots and development frontiers. CONCLUSION: Research on drug hypersensitivity is in a rapid development stage and an emerging trend in reports of anaphylaxis to polyethylene glycols is identified. Developing algorithms for understanding the standardization process of culprit drugs, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic methods will be the focus of future direction. In addition, a better understanding of the mechanisms to culprit drugs with immunological precise phenotypic definitions and high-throughput platforms is needed.

Association between plant microbiota and cadmium uptake under the influence of microplastics with different particle sizes.

Plant microbiota are an important factor impacting plant cadmium (Cd) uptake. However, little is known about how plant microbiota affects the Cd uptake by plants under the influence of microplastics (MPs) with different particle sizes. In this study, bacterial structure and assembly in the rhizosphere and endosphere in pakchoi were analyzed by amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes under the influence of different particle sizes of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) combined with Cd treatments. Results showed that there were no significant differences observed in the shoot endophytes among different treatments. However, compared to Cd treatment, larger-sized PS-MPs (2 and 20 µm) significantly increased community diversity and altered the structural composition of rhizosphere bacteria and root endophytes, while smaller-sized PS-MPs (0.2 µm) did not. Under the treatment of larger-sized PS-MPs, the niche breadth of rhizosphere bacteria and root endophytes were significantly increased. And larger-sized PS-MPs also maintained stability and complexity of bacterial co-occurrence networks, while smaller-sized PS-MPs reduced them. Furthermore, compared to Cd treatment, the addition of larger particle size PS-MPs decreased the proportion of homogeneous section, while increased the proportion of drift in root endophytic bacterial community assembly. The role of larger-sized MPs in the community assembly of rhizosphere bacteria was opposite. Using random forest and structural equation models, the study found that larger-sized PS-MPs can promote the colonization of specific bacterial taxa, such as Brevundimonas, AKAU4049, SWB02, Ellin6055, Porphyrobacter, Sphingorhabdus, Rhodobacter, Erythrobacter, Devosia and some other bacteria belonging to Alphaproteobacteria, in the rhizosphere and root endosphere. The colonization of these taxa can may induce the formation of biofilms in the roots, immobilize heavy metals through oxidation processes, and promote plant growth, thereby reducing Cd uptake by pakchoi. The findings of this study provide important insights into the microbial mechanisms underlying the influence of MPs with different particle sizes on plant Cd uptake.

Distribution and major driving elements of antibiotic resistance genes in the soil-vegetable system under microplastic stress.

Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are both enriched in soil-vegetable systems as a consequence of the prolonged use of agricultural mulches. MPs can form unique bacterial communities and provide potential hosts for ARGs. Therefore, MPs stress may promote the spread of ARGs from soil to crops. Increasing ARGs pollution in soil-vegetable system. In our research, we investigated the distribution and major driving elements of antibiotic resistance genes in the soil-vegetable system under microplastic stress. The results showed that MPs treatment decreased the relative abundance of ARGs in non-rhizosphere soil. High concentrations of MPs promoted the enrichment of tetracycline antibiotic resistance genes in rhizosphere soil. MPs treatment promoted the enrichment of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in lettuce tissues, and the overall abundance of ARGs in root after 0.5 %, 1 %, and 2 % (w/w, dry weight) polyethylene (PE) administration was considerably higher compared to that in the untreated group (p < 0.05). At the same time, high PE concentrations promoted the spread of sulfa ARGs from root to leaf. MPs also impacted the bacterial communities in the soil-plant system, and the changes in ARGs as well as MGEs in each part of the soil-vegetable system were significantly correlated with the bacterial diversity index (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis and network analysis showed that bacterial communities and MGEs were the main drivers of ARGs variation in soil-lettuce systems.

Biodegradable and flame-retardant cellulose-based wearable triboelectric nanogenerator for mechanical energy harvesting in firefighting clothing.

Integrating flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) into firefighting clothing offers exciting opportunities for wearable portable electronics in personal protective technology. However, it is still a grand challenge to produce eco-friendly TENGs from biodegradable and low-cost natural polymers for mechanical-energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Herein, conductive polypyrrole (PPy) and natural chitosan (CS)/phytic acid (PA) tribonegative materials were employed onto the Lycra fabric (LC) in turn to assemble the biodegradable and flame-retardant single-electrode mode LC/PPy/CS/PA TENG (abbreviated as LPCP-TENG). The resultant LPCP-TENG exhibits truly wearable breathability (1378.6 mm/s), elasticity (breaking elongation 291 %), and shape adaptivity performance that can produce an open circuit voltage of 0.3 V with 2 N contact pressure at a working frequency of 5 Hz with a limiting oxygen index of 35.2 %. Furthermore, facile monitoring for human motion of firefighters on fireground is verified by LPCP-TENG when used as self-powered flexible tactile sensor. In addition, degradation experiments have shown that waste LPCP-TENG can be fully degraded in soil within 120 days. This work broadens the applicational range of wearable TENG to reduce the environmental effects of abandoned TENG, exhibiting prosperous applications prospects in the field of wearable power source and self-powered motion detection sensor for personal protection application on fireground.

Estimate of the maximum amount of dust adhering to skin and the upper limit of dust-skin adherence factor for young adults: An example from Changchun, China.

Contaminants present in dust adhering to the skin can pose a significant risk to human health through dermal absorption and hand-to-mouth contact. The adhesion capacity of dust differs significantly from that of soil due to its physicochemical properties. Therefore, applying the raw soil exposure parameters to estimate the health risks associated with dermal exposure to dust may lead to erroneous conclusions. In this study, we quantified the maximum amount of dust that adhered to the skin (MADmax) and the upper limit of dust-skin adherence factor (DSAFmax) in 26 adults using element markers as a proxy for dust. The volunteers were exposed to dust and rinse water samples were collected from their hands, forearms, lower legs, and feet. We analyzed both the raw dust samples and the rinse water samples for 11 element markers, including Be, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ba, and Pb. The results showed that the MADmax of indoor dust and outdoor dust increased by 0.08-0.62 mg and 0.33-0.56 mg following a 1 cm2 increase in skin surface area, respectively. Based on best dust element markers, the body part-weighted dust-skin adherences (WDSAFmaxs) of indoor dust and outdoor dust were 0.35 and 0.64 mg/cm2, respectively. A smaller particle size and higher moisture content resulted in a larger DSAFmax. Only when indoor dust concentrations exceed 24.2 mg/m3 or outdoor dust concentrations exceed 44.3 mg/m3, can the WDSAFmax be applied directly in the health risk assessment of dermal exposure to dust. The method from this study can be re-applied in different regions, and the adherence data can help to improve future studies on the health effects of dermal exposure to dust.

Effect of vitamin E and supragingival scaling on salivary gland function in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer treated with 131I.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin E and supragingival scaling with vitamin C on the salivary glands of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma after 131I treatment. METHODS: A total of 89 prospective patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma were enrolled and randomly divided into the following groups: vitamin E group (n = 30, group A), vitamin C group (n = 30, group B) and supragingival scaling with vitamin C group (n = 29, group C). Using functional indices (e.g. maximum uptake fraction, uptake index, excretion fraction, secretion time and excretion rate), changes in the salivary gland functions before and a month after 131I treatment were assessed by dynamic imaging of salivary gland. RESULTS: We compared the before and after 131I therapy results of the three groups. In group A (P < 0.05), the excretion fraction and excretion rate of the left parotid gland were significantly higher, and the uptake index of the bilateral submandibular glands was significantly lower. No significant changes in salivary gland functional parameters were observed in group B (P > 0.05). The uptake index of the bilateral parotid glands and the excretion rate of the left parotid gland were significantly higher in group C (P < 0.05). The degree of serum amylase level reduction decreased significantly in group C (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Vitamin E showed a protective effect on parotid excretion function in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma who underwent 131I treatment. Supragingival scaling may be a promising radiation protector because it is associated with a protective effect on the salivary gland functions.

Improved efficacy and safety of low-dose oxaliplatin/pegylated liposomal doxorubicin/S-1 regimen in advanced gastric cancer: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Dose-limiting neurotoxicity is the major side effect caused by oxaliplatin treatment. Optimization of oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapeutic regimens may potentially benefit advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients. We tried to reduce the dose of oxaliplatin and add a drug to compensate for the efficacy. This cohort study evaluated the efficacy and side effects of low-dose oxaliplatin combined with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and S-1 (D-SOX) as first-line treatment for AGC. METHODS: 64 AGC patients treated in our hospital between January 2015 and December 2018 were included in this study. Among them, 29 cases received standard S-1 and oxaliplatin (SOX) regimen, and 35 cases received D-SOX. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), response rate (RR), and safety were analyzed. DISCUSSION: The median PFS was 7.0 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.77 to 8.23 months] in the SOX group and 9.3 months (95% CI: 8.145 to 10.45 months) in the D-SOX group (P=0.021). The median OS was 12.5 months (95% CI: 7.00 to 17.97 months) in the SOX group and 18.7 months (95% CI: 14.485 to 22.9 months) in the D-SOX group (P=0.027). The incidence of treatment-related grade III-IV adverse events (AEs) was less than 10%. The RRs to these 2 regimens were similar (P=0.609). The incidence of neurotoxicity was significantly reduced in the D-SOX group (62.8% vs. 82.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose oxaliplatin combined with S-1 and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) regimen improved OS and PFS, while exhibiting better toxicity profile as compared with standard SOX regimen for AGC.

Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Enteroviruses-Associated Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and Herpangina Outbreak in Zunyi, China, 2019.

Background: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA), two of the most common childhood infectious diseases, are associated with enteroviruses (EVs) infection. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular epidemiology of enterovirus causing HFMD/HA in Zunyi, China, during 2019, and to describe the clinical features of the cases. Methods: We collected the information on demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory data of laboratory-confirmed EVs associated HFMD/HA cases in Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital between March 1 and July 31, 2019. EV types were determined by either one-step real time RT-PCR or partial VP1 gene sequencing and sequence alignment. Phylogenetic analysis of CVA6, CVA2, and CVA5 were established based on the partial VP1 gene sequences by neighbor-joining method. Differences in clinical characteristics and laboratory results of the cases were compared among patients infected with the most prevalent EV types. Results: From 1 March to 31 July 2019, 1,377 EVs associated HFMD/HA inpatients were confirmed. Of them, 4 (0.3%, 4/1,377) were EV-A71-associated cases, 84 (6.1%, 84/1,377) were CVA16-associated cases, and 1,289 (93.6%, 1,289/1,377) were non-EV-A71/CVA16-associated cases. Of the randomly selected 372 non-EV-A71/CVA16 cases, EV types have been successfully determined in 273 cases including 166 HFMD and 107 HA cases. For HFMD cases, the three most common types were CVA6 (80.7%, 134/166), CVA2 (5.4%, 9/166) and CVA5 (3.0%, 5/166); similarly, for HA cases, the three most prevalent serotypes were CVA6 (36.5%, 39/107), CVA2 (21.5%, 23/107) and CVA5 (18.7%, 20/107). Phylogenetic analysis showed that subclade D of CVA5, and subclade E of CVA6 and CVA2 were predominant in Zunyi during the outbreak in 2019. Compared with the cases caused by CVA16, the incidence of high fever and severe infection associated with CVA2, CVA5, and CVA6 was higher. Conclusions: The recent HFMD/HA outbreak in Zunyi is due to a larger incidence of CVA6, CVA2, and CVA5. Novel diagnostic reagents and vaccines against these types would be important to monitor and control EV infections.

[Gnathology in implant-supported fixed restoration in edentulous mandible].

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the occlusal and myoelectric characteristics of implant-supported fixed denture in the mandibular region and provide reference for the design of fixed restoration. METHODS: Sixty edentulous patients with implant-supported fixed denture were selected and divided into three groups: group A, 20 cases with implant-supported fixed restoration in the maxillary region; group B, 20 cases with natural dentition, and group C, 20 cases with removable partial denture. The T-scan 8.0 digital occlusion analysis system was used to evaluate the occlusal characteristics of patients in the three groups at intercuspal, protrusion, and left and right lateral positions. Electromyography was used to analyze the myoelectric amplitude and bilateral asymmetry index of the anterior temporalis and masseter of the three groups in different states such as resting and clenching. The relationship between occlusion and myoelectricity was also investigated. RESULTS: In the occlusion analysis by T-scan, the occlusion time, the balance of left and right bite force, the left and right asymmetry of the occlusion center, the trajectory of central occlusion force, and the disclusion time were higher in group C than in groups A and B (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the anterior and posterior asymmetry of the occlusion center and percentage of bite force at anterior region among the three groups. In the analysis of myoelectricity, the myoelectric amplitude at resting state and the asymmetry index of masticatory muscles in group C were higher than those in groups A and B (P<0.05). The myoelectric amplitude during clenching in groups A and B groups was higher than that in group C (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In implant-supported fixed restoration at edentulous mandibular, when maxillary includes the removable partial denture, degree of occlusal instability and left and right asymmetry of occlusion center are greater than those with the natural dentition and implant-supported fixed denture at maxillary. The myoelectricity is closely related to occlusion. The removable partial denture can increase the myoelectric activity and reduce the potential of the masticatory muscle. The asymmetry of bilateral myoelectricity is related to the occlusion imbalance.

[Occlusal analysis of implant-supported fixed denture in edentulous patients].

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the occlusal characteristics of full edentulous patients with implant-supported prostheses and to provide a reference with the occlusal situation for clinicians. METHODS: A Teetester occlusal analysis system was used with 30 full edentulous patients of implant-supported fixed denture (test group) in comparison with 30 natural dentition (control group). The percentage of occlusal force distribution were measured, as well as the occlusal time at the intercuspal, protrusion, and left and right lateral positions. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the occlusion time, maximum occlusal force in intercuspal of test group significantly reduced (P<0.05); while control group was obviously superior to test group in the left and right bit force degree. Disclusion time in protrusion, occlusion times in lateral positions of test group also significantly reduced (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in average occlusion force, percentage of total force in anterior teeth, and lateral occlusion between test group and control group. CONCLUSIONS: The maximum occlusal force in intercuspal of full edentulous patients with implant-supported prostheses reduce. The occlusal force in protrusive occlusion is concentrated in the front teeth, and the group function occlusion is the main lateral occlusal pattern.

Enhanced chemiluminescence detection of glutathione based on isoluminol-PSM nanoparticles probe.

In this paper, a new chemiluminescence (CL) strategy was constructed for the determination of physiological thiols by using an isoluminol labeled nano-probe. The amino group on the surface of the magnetic beads (MBs) were converted into pyridyl disulfide groups by treatment with N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), in the meantime, isoluminol and thiolated signal DNA were labeled on the surface of the polystyrene microspheres (PSMs). By treating the SPDP activated MBs with the modified PSMs, isoluminol molecules on the surface of the PSMs, along with the thiolated signal DNA, were attached to the surface of the MBs through disulfide bonds to form a CL probe. In the presence of glutathione (GSH), the disulfide bonds could be cleaved readily. The isoluminol molecules modified on the surface of the PSMs released from the CL probes were detached by magnetic separation and transferred to the dark closet for CL detection of isoluminol-H2O2-HRP system. Using GSH detection as a model, we prove a linear dose response in the range from 5 × 10(-10) to 8 × 10(-8)M. The detection limit of this trial for GSH determined is 5 × 10(-10)M. The proposed design was successfully applied to the extracts of K562 cell for intracellular thiols detection, the average amount of thiols was about 4.114 × 10(-13)M per K562 cell.