Nematicidal Activity of 20-Deoxyingenol-3-angelate from Euphorbia peplus Latex Through Protein Kinase C Isotype TPA-1.

The latex of Euphorbia peplus and its major component 20-deoxyingenol-3-angelate (DI3A) displayed significant nematicidal activity against Caenorhabditis elegans and Panagrellus redivivus. DI3A treatment inhibited the growth and development of nematodes and caused significantly negative effects on locomotion behavior, reproduction, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Transcriptome analysis indicated that differential expression genes in DI3A-treated C. elegans were mainly associated with the metabolism, growth, and development process, which were further confirmed by RT-qPCR experiments. The expression level of TPA-1 gene encoding a protein kinase C isotype was obviously upregulated by DI3A treatment, and knockdown of TPA-1 by RNAi technology in the nematode could relieve the growth-inhibitory effect of DI3A. Metabolic analysis indicated that DI3A was hardly metabolized by C. elegans, but a glycosylated indole derivative was specifically accumulated likely due to the activation of detoxification. Overall, our findings suggested that DI3A from E. peplus latex exerted a potent nematicidal effect through the gene TPA-1, which provides a potential target for the control of nematodes and also suggests the potential application value of E. peplus latex and DI3A as botanical nematicides.

Bioactive tigliane diterpenoids from the latex of Euphorbia fischeriana.

Latex is a type of sticky endogenous fluids derived from diverse plants including Euphorbia fischeriana, and is of great scientific and commercial values. In the current study, it was demonstrated that the latex extracted from E. fischeriana strongly respelled the growth of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Using spectroscopic methods, HPLC, and GC-MS analyses, six aliphatic tigliane diterpenoids were isolated from the latex of E. fischeriana, among which three compounds (2, 3, and 5) were new. Two major compounds (1 and 4) exhibited remarkable antifeedant activity against H. armigera, with EC50 values at 2.59 and 15.32 µg/cm2, respectively. In addition, the quantification analysis of diterpenoids in different organs indicated that 4 was the most abundant constituent and was highly accumulated in the latex. Collectively, the current study highlighted that the diterpenoids in latex of E. fischeriana had a considerable antifeedant function against H. armigera, which might be employed for the future development of natural insecticides for organic farming.

[Precise investigation of digital guide plates applied to implant surgery of anterior teeth].

OBJECTIVE: To study the precision of digital guide plates applied to the implant surgery of anterior teeth. METHODS: Fifty patients scheduled to receive implant restoration treatment in anterior teeth were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups (n=25, each group): those who were given routine implant restoration treatment (control group, 45 implants) and those who received implant restoration treatment using a digital guide plate (test group, 51 implants). After implantation, planned and placed implants were superimposed using digital software, and deviations (corona, apex, depth, degree) were analyzed. Esthetic parameters were assessed at 1 week (baseline), 6 month, and 1 year post final restoration. Pink esthetic (PES) and white esthetic (WES) scores were respectively used to evaluate the soft tissue and restoration esthetic outcome. RESULTS: The deviation parameters in the test group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). PES and WES values recorded for the control group at 1 week, 6 month, and 1 year post final restoration were significantly lower than those in the test group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The digital guide plate can improve the accuracy of the three-dimensional position of implants in the maxillary esthetic zone. As such, this device may play an important role in obtaining the ideal aesthetic effects of maxillary anterior teeth.

Oral health in patients with stroke: a meta-analysis of comparative studies.

Objective: This meta-analysis systematically analyzed and compared oral health between stroke patients and controls.Data source: The electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Medline and Web of Science were independently searched by two authors from their inception to 14 June 2018.Study selection: Eleven studies comparing oral health between stroke patients (n = 1,742) and controls (n = 1,193) were analyzed.Data extraction: The full texts of the 11 studies were independently reviewed. Data on oral health were independently extracted by two authors.Data synthesis: Mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and synthesized using fixed or random-effects models, as appropriate. Compared to controls, stroke patients had poorer oral health: they had more Dental Caries (5 studies; MD = 2.89, 95% CI: 0.91-4.88, p= .04), but less Remaining Teeth scores (6 studies; MD = -2.93, 95% CI: -3.91, -1.95; p < .00001). Both the Plaque Index (3 studies; MD = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.28; p < .00001) and Gingival Index scores (4 studies; MD = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.30; p < .00001) were significantly higher in stroke patients, indicating worse periodontal status.Conclusions: Stroke patients had poorer overall oral health status compared to controls. Given the importance of oral health to overall health, further research on screening for oral health problems after stroke should be conducted and effective management strategies should be devised and implemented.

Chemical profile and defensive function of the latex of Euphorbia peplus.

Plant latex is an endogenous fluid secreted from highly specialized laticifer cells and has been suggested to act as a plant defense system. The chemical profile of the latex of Euphorbia peplus was investigated. A total of 13 terpenoids including two previously unknown diterpenoids, (2S*,3S*,4R*,5R*,6R*,8R*,l1R*,13S*,14S*,15R*, 16R*)-5,8,15-triacetoxy-3-benzoyloxy-11,16-dihydroxy-9-oxopepluane and (2R*,3R*, 4S*,5R*,7S*,8S*,9S*,l3S*,14S*,15R*)-2,5,8,9,14-pentaacetoxy-3-benzoyloxy-15-hydroxy-7-isobutyroyloxyjatropha-6(17),11E-diene), ten known diterpenoids, and a known acyclic triterpene alcohol peplusol, were identified, using HPLC and UPLC-MS/MS analyses and through comparison with the authentic compounds isolated from the whole plant. The diterpenoids exhibited significant antifeedant activity against a generalist plant-feeding insect, the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), with EC50 values ranging from 0.36 to 4.60 µg/cm2. In particular, (2R*,3R*,4S*,5R*,7S*,8S*,9S*,l3S*,14S*,15R*)-2,5,9,14-tetraacetoxy-3-benzoyloxy-8,15-dihydroxy-7-isobutyroyloxyjatropha-6(17),11E-diene and (2R*,3R*, 4S*,5R*,7S*,8S*,9S*,l3S*,14S*,15R*)-2,5,14-triacetoxy-3-benzoyloxy-8,15-dihydroxy-7-isobutyroyloxy-9-nicotinoyloxyjatropha-6(17),11E-diene had EC50 values of 0.36 and 0.43 µg/cm2, respectively, which were approximately 7-fold more potent than commercial neem oil (EC50 = 2.62 µg/cm2). In addition, the major peplusol showed obvious antifungal activity against three strains of agricultural phytopathogenic fungi, Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum litchi and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. The results indicated that terpenoids in the latex of E. peplus are rich and highly diversified, and might function as constitutive defense metabolites against insect herbivores and pathogens for the plant.

Macrocyclic Diterpenoids from the Latex of Euphorbia helioscopia.

One new jatrophane diterpenoid, 7α,9ß,15ß-triacetoxy-3ß-benzoyloxy-14ß-hydroxyjatropha-5E,11E-diene (3), together with four known macrocyclic diterpenoids, euphoheliosnoid A (1), epieuphoscopin B (2), euphohelioscopin A (4) and euphoscopin C (5), were isolated from the stem latex of Euphorbia helioscopia. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses. In the anti-inflammatory assay, euphohelioscopin A (4) exhibited moderate inhibitory activity on the release of cytokine TNF-α (IC50 = 23.7 ± 1.7 µM), IL-6 (IC50 = 46.1 ± 1.1 µM) and chemokine MCP-1 (IC50 = 33.7 ± 3.8 µM) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 macrophages without notable cytotoxicity (IC50 > 80 µM).