[Radiographic study of the canal anatomy of mandibular premolars in a Senegalese population]. / Etude radiographique de l'anatomie canalaire des premolaires mandibulaires dans une population Senegalaise.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the canal anatomy of mandiblar premolars in Senegalese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retroalveolar radiographs of mandibular premolars of 208 patients in Senegal were obtained. Two experienced practitioners using a long cone tube and the parallel plane technique with angulators took the radiographs. The canal morphology of each tooth was determined in terms of the number of canals radiologically visible to the apex. Any anatomic structure emanating from the pulp chamber or the principal canal to the apex and measuring more than 3 millimetres was considered to be a supplementary canal. RESULTS: For the 208 patients studied, 412 first premolars were present and 4 were absent.Among the 412 teeth, 335 (81.3%) had a single canal, 62 (15.1%) 2 canals, and 17 (3.6%) 3 canals. For the second premolars 408 were present. Of the 408 teeth, 352 (86%) had one canal, 49 (12%) 2 canals, and 8 (2%) 3 canals. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of two or more canals in premolar mandibular from Senegalese patients was similar to that found in the others ethnic population.

[Evaluation of the canal shaping duration with Pro Taper: 50 cases--clinical experience]. / Article original evaluation de la duree de preparation canalaire au Pro Taper: experience clinique a propos de 50 cas.

INTRODUCTION: Shaping canal is one of the most important steps in endodontic treatment. It allows the cleaning solutions to reach the totality of the canal and to control any infection of the canal system. To achieve this goal is not without difficulty with the steel instruments, because of their rigidity. Recently, the Nickel Titanium instruments were introduced in Endodontics, to allow a setting form technically simplified and faster The aim of this study was to evaluate the duration of the canal shaping with the Pro Taper system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This exploratory study was carried out in Conservative Odontology and Endodontics service (OCE) of the department of Odontology of Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology of the University CheikhAnta Diop of Dakar in 2006. Sixty nine root canals (50 teeth) were shaped with ProTaper. RESULTS: The results showed that an average time of 17.35 minutes was necessary for the shaping of the long canals against 15.38 minutes for the middle canals and 14.29 minutes for the short canals. The average duration of canal shaping of the one-root teeth is 13.76 minutes and 17.77 minutes for the plural root teeth. CONCLUSION: Taking into account the necessity of maintaining the teeth on the arcade during long year; include that we have now to respect imperatively the biological principles during the canal shaping in a restricted duration to realize a dense and hermetic canal obturation of the canal system in the same meeting. The Pro Taper system is so a reliable means.

[Evaluation in vitro of the antibacterial effectiveness of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite on endocanal bacteria related to the time contact within root canal]. / Evaluation in vitro de l'action antibacterienne de l'hypochlorite de sodium a 2.5% en fonction du temps de contact avec les parois canalaires.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite on endocanal bacteria related to the time contact Within root canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 110 teeth were prepared and inoculated with Enterococcus feacalis. All teeth were irrigated with a same volume and exposed a period ranging 1 to 10 min. Canals were sampled before and after time contact. RESULTS: All time reduced the number of bacterial cells within the root canal (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference after the time contact of 3 min (p > 0.05). Lack of effectiveness might be caused by irrigant to reach microorganism in dentinal tubules.

[Horizontal root fracture in a maxillary central incisor: restoration after endodontic treatment]. / Fracture radiculaire horizontale d'une incisive centrale maxillaire: conservation après traitement endodontique.

It's about the conservation of a central maxillary incisive, presenting an horizontal radicular fracture, without communication with the intra-oral cavity and after endodontic treatment and fasten down. The post-therapeutic control after 6 months has shown a cicatricial cal formed.

[The place of radiography in endodontic treatment carried out in general practice in Dakar]. / Place de la radiographie dans les traitements endodontiques réalisés en omnipratique à Dakar.

An investigation conducted over dental surgeons of 52 dental offices in Dakar and it's near suburb (40 from private sector and 12 from public and quasi-public) has shown that the use of retro-alveolar radiography during endodontic treatment was not systematic, due to the price of retro-alveolar film, waste of time and relative facility of the endodontic treatment of monoradicular teeth. The preparatory negative is favored (32.70%) particularly by private dental surgeons, who use two retro-alveolar films for endodontic treatment: pre and post operative radiography (30%). The immediate post operator control is executed only in case of post-operator pains by public and quasi-public dental surgeons (16.67%) with one retro-alveolar film on average for the endodontic treatment; at term any radiographic control is done. Three retro-alveolar films per endodontic treatment were exceptionally used (9.61%) and offset incidences (15%) are not much used as well as support-films (angulators). The retro-alveolar radiography is still a reliable guide for a clinical success in endodontic treatment with a minimum of three retro-alveolar films and offset incidences.

[The kinetics of apical cicatrization. An experimental study apropos of 25 cases with radiologic imaging]. / La cinetique de la cicatrisation apicale. Etude experimentale a propos de 25 cas d'images radiologiques.

The conventional usage of endo-canalar antiseptic of Rockle's type (SEPTODONT Laboratory) and the application of a standard protocol during two seances have shown: a 68% successful rate of healing at six months post therapeutic follow up, the diameter decrease of radiological images of peri-apical lesions, more than 80% in relative value; for about 20 teeth drawned lots (in a prospective study). This reduction of 33% at least at the maxillary and 50% at the mandible may be a reliable indicator for an endodontic surgical decision or fixed prosthetic rehabilitation report since the third month (especially peri-apical lesions of more than five millimetres of diameter). The respect of the security apical-limit of the root canal filling is fundamental. The second Senegalese (Dakar) serial will permit us to evaluate the use of calcium hydroxide in mediate and prolonged canalar disinfection.

[Outcome of endodontic retreatments at the Institute of Ondonto-Stomatology of Dakar (from 1986 to 1997]. / Bilan des retraitements endodontiques à l'Institut d'Odonto-Stomatologie de Dakar (de 1986 à 1997).

The retrospective study on the endodontic retreatments done at the Odonto-Stomatology Institute of Dakar from 1986 to 1997 shows a small rate of 1.94% (unreached canalar root filling) for 4325 endodontic treatments. The endodontic retreatments concern almost women (54.76%), ageing between 20 to 30 years (45.24%); maxillary central incisors (21.43%) and first molars (21.43%). The clinical reason having conducted to a retreatment is prosthetic (46.4%) and symptomatic (38.10%); the immediate success rate of these retreatment stays favourable at 59.52%.

[Treatment of Baume class IV pulp diseases with calcium hydroxide: a clinical experimental study in Dakar]. / Traitement des pulpopathies de la catégorie IV de Baume à l'hydroxyde de calcium: étude clinique expérimentale à Dakar.

The calcium hydroxide used as intracanalar temporary medication in modern endodontics, is the aim of this clinical and radiographic appraisal of endodontic treatment during two sessions (HESS J. C. and all. 1990); on 22 mature permanent teeth with peri apical lesion. In this second Dakar serial study, the mediate disinfection during 6 weeks in average, was followed by a root canal filling for: 11 mono-radicular teeth by compactage of gutta percha, adjusted monocone for 11 pluri-radicular teeth; and so by definitive coronal restoration. The direct magistral preparations used in this study are not expensive, but simple and efficient; our endodontic processing (pre-treatment and treatment) end up at clinical silence and radiographic apical healing in 90.91% of cases after 9 months for 66.67% of root canal filling located at the safety apical limit.

[Limit of root canal obturation by gutta percha compaction technique in single rooted teeth. Clinical data apropos of 168 canals]. / Limite d'obturation canalaire par les techniques de compactage de Gutta percha sur dents monoradiculées. Données cliniques à propos de 168 canaux.

After the introduction of the lateral compactage of gutta percha in endodontic clinic of OdontoStomatology Institute of Dakar in 1995; the immediate evaluation of the quality and the limit of the canal obturation due to a prospective study on 157 monoradicular teeth so be 168 canals (11 supplementary canals) has shown that 75% of canals are of type I of Vertucci and that the apical limit of security is reached within 80.25% of cases. The manual step back canal preparation (79.17%) and the technique of canal obturation by lateral compactage of gutta percha [(64.88%); Apical limit of security: 59.52%] permit to obtain a densities (95.83%) and homogeneous (79.57%) canal obturation. The indication of gutta percha compactage on monoradicular teeth (hermetic and tridimensional root canal filling) must avail to apical curved roots of lateral incisive, the use of adapted instruments in case of canines (31 mm) and apical stop cone on necrotic pulp teeth.

[Injuries of permanent incisors: epidemiology and management in a public health clinic in Dakar]. / Traumatismes des incisives permanentes: épidemiologie et prise en charge en pratique publique à Dakar.

This prospective study done in a dental care center in a near suburb of Dakar during a period between January 1999 and December 2000, bas shown that permanent incisors traumatism's frequency is about 10.30% (61 teeth) which come within common values of the literature; and a sex ratio of 2.25. These traumatisms concern central maxillary incisors (75.41%) on patients less than 20 years old; falls, violence and road accidents are the major etiology. The consulting time limit is quite disadvantaged to preserve pulp vitality and dental re-implant in case of recent traumatisms. 53.33% of old dental traumatisms are observed to patients between 20 and 40 years old. And overall 80.76% of endodontic treatments realised in this case were not finished. The control of pain and anxiety would ease the emergency treatment. The information's of patients about significance of the consulting time limit, their motivation on differed dental treatments and/or endodontic treatments, as well the post traumatic watch would improve the management and the prognostic by setting of a referenced dental care units.

[Short term evaluation of 24 cases of endodontic retreatment]. / Evaluation à court terme de 24 cas de retraitements endodontiques.

This study shows and evaluates the quality of the new root canal filling and periapical healing about 24 cases of endodontic retreatment, equivalent of 7.76% of endodontic treatments done at the clinic. The main consultation purposes were pain (54.17%) and pre-prosthetic control (40.90%) on these patients. 75% of teeth were treated in a single session attempt to 45 minutes. The root canal filling is performed in 91.65% of cases, with the safe apical limit reached in 88.13% and 94.11% per apical healing toward a short term results.

[Point of contact and cervical-proximal margin of occlusal-proximal restorations using amalgam. A clinical evaluation]. / Point de contact et limite cervico-proximale des restaurations occluso-proximales a l'amalgame. Evaluation clinique.

The occluso-proximal restorations should restore a coronary morphology permitting a normal physiology. The radiological evaluation of 55 occluso-proximal restorations with the amalgam done by 4th and 5th years students at the Odonto-Stomatology Institute, and judged clinically acceptable, has shown 63,63% of incorrect restorations with faults: of inter-dental contact (absence of contact or large contact area) and of cervico-proximal limit (hiatus or excess. The identified iatrogenic faults come from choice of matrixing material in accordance with the clinical situation, to use of separators or inter-dental wedges. The radiographic control of these restorations has permit an immediate correction of excesses and some big areas of contacts, by improving appreciably the success score (up to 20% without re-doing the obstrusion with the amalgam). The retro-alveolar radiography is a clinical evaluation instrument for a better periodontal integration of occlusoproximal restorations in the biological space and inter-proximal space.

[Clinical use of the Sonic Air MM 1500 and the Meca Sonic 1400 in canal preparation in endodontics]. / De l'utilisation clinique du Sonic Air MM 1500 et du Mecasonic 1400 dans la préparation canalaire en endodontie.

INTRODUCTION: The preparation for canalisation has remained manual for a long time, technically constrictive and lasting for a long time. The application of ultrasound in Endontony allows us to tackle more calmly the canal course of the teath. The aim of this work is to make a qualitative comparison of the endosonic technique and the manual technique with reference to cases treated in the Dentisterie Opératoire clinic in Dakar. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 40 teeth of a complex canal anatomy and or in the posterior position in the buccal cavity were submitted to either a manual canalisation preparation or endosconic followed by monconic canal filling with a paste: 3 inc oxyde eugenol and iodoform. OPERATING FORMULA: Preparatory X rays: Allow us to evaluate the length of the work or the operating length after catheterisation: LO--length PRO, APEX RADIO-IMM LO--operating length PRO - occlusive point of reference The parietal support technique: The "synergetic" effect of ultrasonic oscillations of cavitation and of micro-acoustic currents associated with the action of the irrigation solution allow us to obtain canal incision. INSTRUMENTS: the pneumatic Sonic Air MM 1500; the Meca Sonic MMR 1400 coupled to a standard ISO motor; SHAPERS and Meca Shapers. Activated by shaper or Méca Shaper. Classic monoconic canal filling: Wadding paste + zinc oxyde paste-iodoform eugenol. X rays for orthocentric monitoring. RESULTS--DISCUSSION: In 60% of the cases treated, the patients presented with a complete dentition. The third inferior molar was in almost all the cases, the cause of the patient seeking a dental consultation. By endosonic treatment-conservation of teeth which would otherwise have been destined for extraction; biopulectomy or instituted pulpectomy for cases of desdodontite, endosconic amplication and canal sealing after the cooling of the inflammation. Duration of treatment: 2 sessions for gangrenous cases or desmodondite and one session for biopulpectomy or pulpectomy, with 4 sessions in 10% of the cases. Operation times: Saving of time of 40-50%. If a second session was necessary, 15-20 minutes was sufficient. Incidents or accidents during or after the operation: breakage of instruments, post-operative inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSION: better distribution of the irrigation solution, lessening of the risk of infection, better quality of the state of the canal surface, reduction in operating time, precision and reliability, conservation of teeth which would otherwise have been extracted, as many of the elements which encourages the appreciation of ultrasound in endodonty.

[Periodontal infection in pregnant women and low birth weight babies]. / Infection parodontale de la femme en etat de grossesse et faible poids du bebe a la naissance.

Among several factors in preterm low birth weight, we can find pre-conceptional causes and others depending on pregnant women's behaviour. In 1996 a scientific team composed by periodontists, gynaecologists and epidemiologists found that 18% of preterm low birth weight in 250,000 babies are due to periodontal infection. In our survey we used 113 pregnant women in gynaecological clinic in university hospital. By using Community Periodontal Index Treatment Needs (CPITN) in pregnant woman and by weighting babies as soon as accouchement done. In spite of percentage of preterm low birth weight, we registered 33.9% babies of normal birth weight with mother's CPITN under 1.