Nicotinamide extrudates as novel anti-aging and collagen promoting platform: a comparative cosmeceutical study versus the gel form.

The objective of the study was to explore the potential of a novel nicotinamide extrudate as an anti-aging platform compared to the conventional gel. Nicotinamide extrudates were prepared by hot melt extrusion and characterized pharmaceutically for their thermal behavior, mositure uptake, skin adhesion, and deposition in different skin layers. The pharmacological potential of the extrudates was explored in terms of induction of skin amino acids, cellular energy estimation, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine content, Nitrate + nitrite content and histological chacaterization of collagen area percent. Results revealed that the extrusion technique managed to amorphize nicotinamide and enhance its skin deposition (46%) compared to the gel form which only showed about 10% deposition, owing to the mucoadhesive nature of the former. Extrudates were also found superior to the gel form as demonstrated by the increased amino acids level (glycine, proline, hydroxyproline), increased cellular energy, decreased oxidative stress and increased collagen formation. Nictotinamide extrudates were proven to be a scalable promising anti-aging platform which are worthy of entering the cosmeceutical market as products.

Preparation and evaluation of talc agglomerates obtained by wet spherical agglomeration as a substrate for coating.

The present research was aimed at the preparation of spherical agglomerates of talc (SAT) by wet spherical agglomeration (WSA) and evaluation as inert core/substrate for coating. Talc being an inert and inexpensive excipient was used in the design of spherical agglomerates. To evaluate agglomerate performance, comparison was made with sugar spheres (SS), having a size 1200 µm, for surface morphology, micromeritics, mechanical, compressional and drug release properties. Surface morphology studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical profilometry have shown smooth surface of SAT compared to SS. Shape and sphericity analysis of both showed aspect ratio close to 1. Flowability of SAT was similar to SS. Although, crushing force of SAT was significantly less than SS (p = 0.05), friability studies revealed that it was satisfactory. Compressibility studies showed plastic deformation of SAT unlike SS. Both SAT and SS had comparable drug and polymer layering efficiency, with better surface smoothness in SAT than SS, as confirmed from optical profilometry. Thus, SAT, similar to SS, can be used as a substrate for coating due to its comparable surface topography, micromeritics, adequate crushing resistance and satisfactory drug and polymer layering efficiency.

ApoE3 mediated poly(butyl) cyanoacrylate nanoparticles containing curcumin: study of enhanced activity of curcumin against beta amyloid induced cytotoxicity using in vitro cell culture model.

Beta amyloid plays a main role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease by inducing oxidative stress in the brain. Curcumin, a natural antioxidant, is known to inhibit beta amyloid and beta amyloid induced oxidative stress. However, low bioavailability and photodegradation are the major concerns for the use of curcumin. In the present study, we have formulated apolipoprotein E3 mediated poly(butyl) cyanoacrylate nanoparticles containing curcumin (ApoE3-C-PBCA) to provide photostability and enhanced cell uptake of curcumin by targeting. Prepared nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. The entrapment of curcumin inside the nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the suitability of the method of preparation. The photostability of curcumin was increased significantly in nanoparticles compared to plain curcumin. In vitro cell culture study showed enhanced therapeutic efficacy of ApoE3-C-PBCA against beta amyloid induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells compared to plain curcumin solution. Beta amyloid is known to induce apoptosis in neuronal cells, therefore antiapoptotic activity of curcumin was studied using flow cytometry assays. From all the experiments, it was found that the activity of curcumin was enhanced with ApoE3-C-PBCA compared to plain curcumin solution suggesting enhanced cell uptake and a sustained drug release effect. The synergistic effect of ApoE3 and curcumin was also studied, since ApoE3 also possesses both antioxidant and antiamyloidogenic activity. It was found that ApoE3 did indeed have activity against beta amyloid induced cytotoxicity along with curcumin. Hence, ApoE3-C-PBCA offers great advantage in the treatment of beta amyloid induced cytotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease.

Effect of oppositely charged polymer and dissolution media on rheology of spray-dried ionic complexes.

The purpose of this research was to address the utility of rheological study in understanding the influence of oppositely charged polymers on release of naproxen sodium encapsulated in chitosan particles. The interaction between oppositely charged kappa-carrageenan (kappa-Ca) and chitosan leads to relatively higher gel strength, which is proportional to the ability to retard the drug release at acidic pH. The oscillatory tests within the linear viscoelastic range where the stress is proportional to the applied strain were performed on the hydrated sample matrices containing chitosan-naproxen sodium spray-dried complexes and k-Ca or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in various ratios. It was observed that the effect of pH change on the dynamic moduli in spray-dried complexes containing kappa-Ca was much stronger than that with HPMC reflecting presence of strong ionic interaction between kappa-Ca and chitosan. The combination of oppositely charged polymers in different ratios proved to be useful in modulating the rheological properties of the hydrated formulations and their release-retarding properties. Dynamic moduli can be used to measure gel strength and are significant for the interpretation of oral sustained release spray-dried complexes.

Injection moulded controlled release amorphous solid dispersions: Synchronized drug and polymer release for robust performance.

A study has been carried out to investigate controlled release performance of caplet shaped injection moulded (IM) amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) tablets based on the model drug AZD0837 and polyethylene oxide (PEO). The physical/chemical storage stability and release robustness of the IM tablets were characterized and compared to that of conventional extended release (ER) hydrophilic matrix tablets of the same raw materials and compositions manufactured via direct compression (DC). To gain an improved understanding of the release mechanisms, the dissolution of both the polymer and the drug were studied. Under conditions where the amount of dissolution media was limited, the controlled release ASD IM tablets demonstrated complete and synchronized release of both PEO and AZD0837 whereas the release of AZD0837 was found to be slower and incomplete from conventional direct compressed ER hydrophilic matrix tablets. The results clearly indicated that AZD0837 remained amorphous throughout the dissolution process and was maintained in a supersaturated state and hence kept stable with the aid of the polymeric carrier when released in a synchronized manner. In addition, it was found that the IM tablets were robust to variation in hydrodynamics of the dissolution environment and PEO molecular weight.

Rheological investigation of self-emulsification process.

PURPOSE: Aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of self-emulsification through rheological analysis of intermediate liquid crystalline (LC) phase formed during self-emulsification process. METHODS: Binary system of tween 80 (T80) and imwitor 742 (I742) was used and different SES were prepared with I742 at 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90% w/w concentration levels. Self-emulsification was monitored by visual observations and droplet size measurement. Mesophases obtained by 50% v/v hydration of SES were utilized for polarizing microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and rheological studies. RESULTS: Good emulsification with nano sized droplets was observed for SES 30% as compared to micron sized droplets for other SES. In polarizing microscopy, formation of intermediate LC phase was observed in all SES. Lamellar phase was evident in 30% SES while other SES exhibited micellar cubic phase. Presence of high level of structurally bound water in thermal analysis confirmed mesophase formation in all SES. In frequency sweep, decrease in elastic modulus, and an increase in phase degree and loss tangent was observed for 30% SES. Exactly opposite trend was seen in other SES. Thus, rheological studies concluded presence of weak and fragile mesophase structure in 30% SES while LC phase structure with little structural buildup was observed in other SES. This weak mesosphere structure in SES 30% presented no or very little resistance against strain induced deformation. Therefore, during emulsification, weak mesophase in SES 30% ruptured with ease and released jet of nanosize droplets compared to coarse droplets for other SES. CONCLUSION: This study signifies the effect of viscoelastic properties of intermediate LC phase on self-emulsification performance.

Shear and extensional rheology of hydroxypropyl cellulose melt using capillary rheometry.

With increasing interest in hot melt extrusion for preparing polymer-drug systems, knowledge of the shear and extensional rheology of polymers is required for the formulation and process design. Shear and extensional rheology of three commercial grades of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) was examined at 140, 145 and 150 degrees C using twin bore capillary rheometry at range of processing rates. The power law model fitted for shear flow behaviour up to shear strain rates of approximately 1000s(-1), above which measured shear viscosities deviated from the power law and surface instabilities were observed in the extrudate, particularly for higher molecular weight grades. Shear thinning index was found to be relatively independent of temperature and molecular weight, whilst the consistency index, indicative of zero shear viscosity increased exponentially with increase in molecular weight. Extensional viscosity of all grades studied was found to decrease with increasing temperature and increasing processing rate. Foaming of the extrudate occurred especially at low temperatures and with the high molecular weight grade. An understanding of the relationships between shear and extensional flows with temperature, processing rate and molecular weight is a useful tool for process design; optimisation and troubleshooting of Hot melt extrusion (HME) of pharmaceutical formulations.

Novel pepper extract for enhanced P-glycoprotein inhibition.

OBJECTIVES: Piperine is one of the most promising bioenhancers to date. Methods used for its extraction suffer from drawbacks such as use of organic solvents, poor extraction efficiency, tedious and expensive methodology. These methods are not encouraged with a view to reducing global warming. The objective was therefore to develop an alternative solvent-free extraction method. METHODS: An aqueous extract of long pepper fruits was prepared using hydrophilic lipid Gelucire 44/14 as the extracting aid and this was compared with an alcoholic extract. Extracts were characterized using high-performance thin layer chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitory activity of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts and pure piperine was compared using an in-vitro everted rat intestinal model using ornidazole as the model drug. The study was performed using two oral pretreatment dose levels (10 and 20 mg/kg) and durations (1 and 3 days). Exsorption of ornidazole from serosal to mucosal surface was monitored. KEY FINDINGS: P-gp inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract was comparable with that of pure piperine (P > 0.05) and was significantly higher than the alcoholic extract (P < 0.05). Pure piperine and the aqueous extract exhibited significant P-gp inhibitory activity compared with control, which was irrespective of oral pretreatment dose and duration levels. No significant effect of oral pretreatment duration of the aqueous extract was observed. The observed enhancement in P-gp inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract may have been attributed to the P-gp inhibitory potential of Gelucire 44/14 and its efficient extraction and solubility enhancement ability. CONCLUSIONS: In the field of phytopharmaceuticals efficient and eco-friendly extraction processes are still a goal to be achieved. Extraction with Gelucire 44/14 could be a potential method of extraction for phytopharmaceuticals. Compared with conventional methods of extraction it is more efficient, easier to prepare, eco-friendly and scalable.

Cefuroxime axetil solid dispersion with polyglycolized glycerides for improved stability and bioavailability.

OBJECTIVES: Cefuroxime axetil (CA), a poorly soluble, broad spectrum cephalosporin ester prodrug, is hydrolysed by intestinal esterase prior to absorption, leading to poor and variable bioavailability. The objective was therefore to formulate a stable amorphous solid dispersion of the drug with enhanced solubility and stability against enzymatic degradation. METHODS: Spray drying was used to obtain a solid dispersion of CA with Gelucire 50/13 and Aerosil 200 (SDCAGA), and a solid dispersion of CA with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (SDCAP); amorphous CA (ACA) was obtained by spray drying CA alone. The formulations were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies, and compared for solubility, dissolution and bioavailability in rats. KEY FINDINGS: SDCAP and SDCAGA showed improved solubility and dissolution profiles owing to amorphization and formation of solid dispersions with hydrophilic carriers. The improved stability of amorphous CA in solid dispersions compared to ACA alone was attributed to hydrogen bonding interactions involving the amide of CA with the carbonyl of polyvinyl pyrrolidone in SDCAP, whereas in SDCAGA the interactions were at multiple sites involving the amide and carbonyl of CA with the carbonyl and hydroxyl of Gelucire 50/13. However, SDCAGA showed superior bioavailability compared to SDCAP, ACA and CA. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement in physical stability of solid dispersions was attributed to hydrogen bonding, while improvement in bioavailability of SDCAGA compared to SDCAP, in spite of comparable solubility and dissolution profile, may be attributed to Gelucire, which utilizes intestinal esterase for lipolysis, protecting the prodrug from enzymatic degradation to its non-absorbable base form.

Study on mechanism for amorphous drug stabilization using gelucire 50/13.

Methods of preparation and application of amorphous form are well established but it is equally important to note that devitrification of amorphous drugs has limited their applications. Present study was performed to investigate mechanism for amorphous drug stabilization using Gelucire in comparison with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Etoricoxib and celecoxib were taken as model drugs for this study, as etoricoxib has only proton accepting site for hydrogen bonding in comparison with celecoxib, which has both proton accepting and donating site. Solid dispersion of celecoxib with polyvinylpyrrolidone and Gelucire was prepared by spray drying and melt-granulation technique respectively. X-ray powder diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry were used to study the physical state of the drug. Dissolution studies were performed to differentiate dissolution performance. Stability study samples were evaluated for physical state of the drug and dissolution performance. An IR study in correlation with molecular modeling was carried out to study the mechanism for stabilization. Dissolution of melt-granulation of amorphous celecoxib was improved significantly as compared to amorphous celecoxib and Celecoxib-PVP solid dispersion. Melt-granulation with lipid seemed to be more dominant than amorphization of drug for improving dissolution. Stability data revealed that PVP was significantly advantageous for amorphous form stabilization whereas Gelucire failed in case of Celecoxib. In contrast to this, our previous study revealed the stabilization ability of Gelucire for amorphous etoricoxib. Molecular modeling and IR studies revealed that H-bonding was predominant mechanism for stabilization. Out of two proposed mechanism for amorphous drug stabilization by lipids, H-bonding ability is more dominant than immobilization of molecule in lipid matrix.

Hot-melt extrusion process impact on polymer choice of glyburide solid dispersions: The effect of wettability and dissolution.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the choice of polymer and polymer level on the performance of the microstructure and wettability of hot-melt extruded solid dispersion of Glyburide (Gly) as a model drug. The produced solid dispersion were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), image analysis using a focus variation instrument (FVI), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), X-ray microtomography (XµT), dynamic contact angle measurement and dissolution analysis using biorelevant dissolution media (FASSIF). SEM and focus variation analysis showed that the microstructure and surface morphology was significantly different between samples produced. This was confirmed by further analysis using XµT which showed that an increase in polymer content brought about a decrease in the porosity of the hot-melt extruded dispersions. DSC suggested complete amorphorisation of Gly whereas XRPD suggested incomplete amorphorisation. The static and dynamic contact angle measurement correlated with the dissolution studies using FASSIF media indicating that the initial liquid imbibition process as captured by the dynamic contact angle directly affects the dissolution performance.

Novel nicotinamide skin-adhesive hot melt extrudates for treatment of acne.

OBJECTIVES: Hot melt extrusion is a continuous process with wide industrial applicability. Till current date, there have been no reports on the formulation of extrudates for topical treatment of dermatological diseases. METHODS: The aim of the present work was to prepare and characterize medicated hot melt extrudates based on Soluplus polymer and nicotinamide, and to explore their applicability in acne treatment. The extrudates were characterized using DSC, FTIR, XRD, and DVS. The extrudates were also tested for their skin adhesion potential, ability to deposit nicotinamide in different skin layers, and their clinical efficacy in acne patients. RESULTS: The 10% nicotinamide extrudates exhibited amorphous nature which was reserved during storage, with no chemical interaction between nicotinamide and Soluplus. Upon contrasting the skin adhesion and drug deposition of extrudates and nicotinamide gel, it was evident that the extrudates displayed significantly higher adhesion and drug deposition reaching 4.8 folds, 5.3 folds, and 4.3 folds more in the stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis, respectively. Furthermore, the extrudates significantly reduced the total number of acne lesions in patients by 61.3% compared to 42.14% with the nicotinamide gel. CONCLUSION: Soluplus extrudates are promising topical drug delivery means for the treatment of dermatological diseases.

Development of spray-dried co-precipitate of amorphous celecoxib containing storage and compression stabilizers.

The purpose of this study was to obtain an amorphous system with minimum unit operations that will prevent recrystallization of amorphous drugs since preparation, during processing (compression) and further storage. Amorphous celecoxib, solid dispersion (SD) of celecoxib with polyvinyl pyrrollidone (PVP) and co-precipitate with PVP and carrageenan (CAR) in different ratios were prepared by the spray drying technique and compressed into tablets. Saturation solubility and dissolution studies were performed to differentiate performance after processing. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder difraction revealed the amorphous form of celecoxib, whereas infrared spectroscopy revealed hydrogen bonding between celecoxib and PVP. The dissolution profile of the solid dispersion and co-precipitate improved compared to celecoxib and amorphous celecoxib. Amorphous celecoxib was not stable on storage whereas the solid dispersion and co-precipitate powders were stable for 3 months. Tablets of the solid dispersion of celecoxib with PVP and physical mixture with PVP and carrageenan showed better resistance to recrystallization than amorphous celecoxib during compression but recrystallized on storage. However, tablets of co-precipitate with PVP and carageenan showed no evidence of crystallinity during stability studies with comparable dissolution profiles. This extraordinary stability of spray-dried co-precipitate tablets may be attributed to the cushioning action provided by the viscoelastic polymer CAR and hydrogen bonding interaction between celecoxib and PVP. The present study demonstrates the synergistic effect of combining two types of stabilizers, PVP and CAR, on the stability of amorphous drug during compression and storage as compared to their effect when used alone.

Effect of oppositely charged polymer and dissolution medium on swelling, erosion, and drug release from chitosan matrices.

The reasons for retarded release of naproxen sodium from the chitosan matrices at different pH include poor aqueous solubility of drug, the formation of a rate-limiting polymer gel barrier along the periphery of matrices, the interaction of naproxen sodium with protonated amino groups of chitosan, and the interaction of ionized amino groups of chitosan with ionized sulfate groups of kappa-carrageenan.

Development of stability-enhanced ternary solid dispersions via combinations of HPMCP and Soluplus® processed by hot melt extrusion.

The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel combination of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP-HP-50) and Soluplus® polymers for enhanced physicochemical stability and solubility of the produced amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). This was achieved using hot melt extrusion (HME) to convert the crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) into a more soluble amorphous form within the ternary systems. Itraconazole (ITZ), a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II (BCS II) API, was selected as the model drug. The ASDs were characterized by Powder X-Ray diffraction (PXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ssNMR) and dissolution studies. The data showed that the ASDs were physically and chemically stable at 20°C and 50% RH over 12 months. PXRD results indicated that the ITZ in the ASDs was in the amorphous state and no recrystallization occurred. DSC scans confirmed that each formulation exhibited a single intermediate glass transition (Tg), around 96.4°C, indicating that ITZ was completely miscible in the polymeric blends of HPMCP and Soluplus® at up to 30% (w/w) drug loading and that the two polymers were miscible with each other in the presence of ITZ. The FTIR analysis indicated the formation of strong hydrogen bonding between ITZ, HPMCP and Soluplus®. The dissolution end-point of the ASDs was determined to be approximately 10 times greater than that of the crystalline ITZ.

Evaluation of a drug with wax-like properties as a melt binder.

The study investigates ibuprofen with wax-like properties as a multifunctional agent (as an active component and as a melt binder). Binding efficiency was compared with granules prepared by wet granulation using polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP K-30) as a binder for micromeritic, physical and mechanical properties such as angle of repose, particle size distribution Carr's index, Hausner's ratio, crushing strength, percentage fines, Heckel plot study and tensile strength. To check the binder distribution during melt granulation, the content uniformity was determined. To check changes in the physical state of ibuprofen, XRPD, DSC and FTIR studies were carried out. The present study underlines the fact that ibuprofen may be adopted as a binder in ibuprofen formulations using the melt granulation technique.

Porous polystyrene beads as carriers for self-emulsifying system containing loratadine.

The aim of this study was to formulate a self-emulsifying system (SES) containing a lipophilic drug, loratadine, and to explore the potential of preformed porous polystyrene beads (PPB) to act as carriers for such SES. Isotropic SES was formulated, which comprised Captex 200 (63% wt/wt), Cremophore EL (16% wt/wt), Capmul MCM (16% wt/wt), and loratadine (5% wt/wt). SES was evaluated for droplet size, drug content, and in vitro drug release. SES was loaded into preformed and characterized PPB using solvent evaporation method. SES-loaded PPB were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for density, specific surface area (S(BET)), loading efficiency, drug content, and in vitro drug release. After SES loading, specific surface area reduced drastically, indicating filling of PPB micropores with SES. Loading efficiency was least for small size (SS) and comparable for medium size (MS) and large size (LS) PPB fractions. In vitro drug release was rapid in case of SS beads due to the presence of SES near to surface. LS fraction showed inadequate drug release owing to presence of deeper micropores that resisted outward diffusion of entrapped SES. Leaching of SES from micropores was the rate-limiting step for drug release. Geometrical features such as bead size and pore architecture of PPB were found to govern the loading efficiency and in vitro drug release from SES-loaded PPB.

Preparation and characterization of pluronic-colloidal silicon dioxide composite particles as liquid crystal precursor.

The purpose of this study was to produce spray-dried Pluronic-colloidal silicon dioxide (Aerosil) composite particles as a liquid crystal precursor that would form a liquid crystalline phase upon hydration. A Pluronic-colloidal silicon dioxide dispersion in isopropyl alcohol was spray-dried to obtain composite particles using different concentrations of Aerosil. Polarizing microscopy, gelation, gel melting, and rheological studies were employed to characterize the composite particles. The composite particles obtained were irregular, with concave depression. Gelation was found to decrease with the addition of Aerosil, while gel melting was found to increase with the concentration of Aerosil. Rheological studies showed an increase in elasticity as well as viscosity with an increase in the concentration of Aerosil. Composite particles showed improved gelation and rheological properties. These composite particles and the process by which they were obtained may be useful for designing various drug delivery systems.

Development of tetracycline-serratiopeptidase-containing periodontal gel: formulation and preliminary clinical study.

The purpose of this research was to reduce the polymer concentration and to obtain reasonable viscosity at a lower concentration of pluronic by the addition of a viscosity modifier. A 20% wt/wt pluronic gel was prepared on a weight basis using the cold method. The effect of the amount of tetracycline and Aerosil on gel properties was studied. The gel was evaluated using different parameters: polarizing microscopy, gelation, gel melting, bioadhesivity, viscosity, drug release, and stability of enzyme. An in vivo study was performed to evaluate the clinical efficiency of the liquid crystalline gel. Addition of Aerosil to the gel favored hexagonal phase formation. Viscosity and bioadhesivity increased with an increase in the concentration of Aerosil. Release of tetracycline was sustained as the concentration of Aerosil increased. Various clinical parameters confirmed the acceptability and efficiency of this gel system.

Preparation and evaluation of glibenclamide-polyglycolized glycerides solid dispersions with silicon dioxide by spray drying technique.

Solid dispersions (SDs) of glibenclamide (GBM); a poorly water-soluble drug and polyglycolized glycerides (Gelucire with the aid of silicon dioxide (Aerosil 200); as an adsorbent, were prepared by spray drying technique. SDs and spray dried GBM in comparison with pure GBM and corresponding physical mixtures (PMs) were initially characterized and then subjected to ageing study up to 3 months. Initial characterization of SDs and spray dried GBM by DSC and XRPD showed that GBM was present in its amorphous form (AGBM). Improvement in the solubility and dissolution rate was observed for all samples. DRIFT spectroscopy revealed presence of hydrogen bonding in SDs. During ageing study, almost no decrease of in vitro drug dissolution was observed, over the period of 3 months as compare with freshly prepared SDs. Slight crystallinity in SDs was observed in the DSC and XRPD studies during ageing. Moreover in vivo study in Swiss Albino mice also justified the improvement in the therapeutic efficacy of amorphous GBM in SDs over pure GBM. Thus, present study demonstrated the high potential of spray drying technique for obtaining stable free flowing SDs of poorly water-soluble drugs using polyglycolized glycerides carriers with the aid of silicon dioxide as an adsorbent.