Contextual and individual factors associated with self-reported tooth loss among adults and elderly residents in rural riverside areas: A cross-sectional household-based survey.

BACKGROUND: Tooth loss is an oral health condition with high prevalence and negative impact on quality of life. It is the result of the history of oral diseases and their treatment as well as provision of dental care and access to dental services. Socioeconomic characteristics are determinants of tooth loss and living in rural areas is also a risk factor for its incidence. OBJECTIVE: To identify contextual and individual factors associated with self-reported tooth loss among adults and elderly people living in rural riverside areas. METHODS: A cross-sectional household-based survey was conducted in 2019 with rural riverside communities on the left bank of the Rio Negro River, Manaus, Amazonas. These communities are covered by a fluvial health team and two riverside health teams. Interviews were conducted in a representative random sample of dwellers aged ≥ 18 years, using electronic forms to obtain information on oral health conditions, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and use of and access to health services. The outcome was self-reported tooth loss. After the descriptive analysis of the data, a multilevel Poisson regression analysis was performed to estimate the prevalence ratio for the outcome. Variables with p-value ≤0.20 in the bivariate analyses were included in the multiple analysis considering the hierarchy between individual and contextual variables in the multilevel model. Variables with p-value ≤0.10 were kept in the final model and the significance level adopted was 0.05. RESULTS: 603 individuals from 357 households were assessed (mean age 44.1 years). The average number of missing teeth was 11.2 (±11.6); 27.4% of individuals had lost more than 20 teeth (non-functional dentition) and 12.1% were completely edentulous. Contextual characteristic of primary healthcare offered was associated with the outcome. The tooth loss was lower in territories covered by riverside health teams. At individual level, tooth loss was greater in older individuals who had experienced dental pain over the past six months and whose sugar consumption was high. Black or brown individuals, individuals whose household income was higher, those who were on the Bolsa Família cash transfer program, those who consulted a dentist over the past year, and those who reported satisfaction with their teeth/oral health reported less tooth loss. CONCLUSION: Tooth loss was associated with contextual territorial factors related to the healthcare service and individual demographic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and service-related characteristics as well as self-perceived oral health conditions. The findings suggest that actions focused on the oral health of these populations involve not only changes in the healthcare service organization, but also intersectoral policies that contribute to reducing social inequalities.

Uso dos serviços de saúde por pessoas idosas em áreas rurais e urbanas do Brasil / Health services utilization by older adults in rural and urban areas of Brazil

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o uso dos serviços de saúde por pessoas idosas residentes em áreas urbanas e rurais do Brasil. Método Estudo transversal que analisou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019, referentes aos moradores idosos (≥60 anos) selecionados nos domicílios, totalizando 22.728 entrevistas (3.300 em área rural e 19.426 em área urbana). Foram estimadas para as áreas rurais e urbanas as prevalências de cadastro na Estratégia Saúde da Família, intervalo de tempo da última consulta médica e odontológica, procura do serviço nas últimas duas semanas, última aferição da pressão arterial e da glicemia e avaliados os fatores associados à utilização dos serviços de saúde médicos e odontológicos nos últimos 12 meses. Resultados A autopercepção da saúde como 'muito boa' ou 'boa' foi maior na área urbana (47,32%), assim como a proporção de pessoas idosas que relataram consulta médica e odontológica nos últimos 12 meses (90,54%). Evidenciou-se menor frequência do acompanhamento da aferição de pressão arterial (81,30%) e da glicemia (45,83%) em áreas rurais. As pessoas idosas que possuem baixa escolaridade, residem em áreas rurais, na região Norte são as que possuem menor chance de utilização dos serviços. Conclusão A população idosa residente em área rural apresenta piores condições de saúde em relação à população residente em área urbana.

Abstract Objective To assess health services utilization by older adults in urban and rural areas of Brazil. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted analyzing data from the 2019 National Health Survey on older adults (≥60 years) selected from households based on 22,728 interviews (3,300 in rural and 19,426 in urban areas). For rural and urban areas, the prevalence of Family Health Strategy enrolment, time since last medical and dental visit, service use in past 2 weeks, and last blood pressure and blood glucose measurements were estimated. Also, the factors associated with medical and dental health services utilization in the past 12 months were explored. Results Self-rated health of "Very good" or "Good" was greater in urban areas (47.32%), as was the proportion of older adults reporting a medical or dental visit within the last 12 months (90.54%). Rates of blood pressure (81.30%) and glucose (45.83%) monitoring were lower in rural areas. Older individuals that had low education, resided in rural areas, and the North region, had a lower likelihood of using health services Conclusion The older population living in rural areas had poorer health status compared with the urban population.

Dental caries and gingivitis among 15 to 19 year-old students in Manaus, AM, Brazil.

In the light of the scarcity of epidemiological studies on the oral health of the general population within the context of the Amazon region, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis, as well as to evaluate the need for restorative treatment, among school students aged 15 to 19 years in the city of Manaus, AM, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 889 students from within city limits who were enrolled in 26 public and private schools. Dental examinations were performed to obtain the DMFT index (decayed, missing and filled teeth) as well as to determine the treatments needed. The gingival index (Lõe & Silness) was used to classify gingivitis. The intra-examiner diagnostic concordance was 94% and the Kappa statistic was 0.91. The DMFT index found was 4.65 (+/- 0.12), without significant difference between the sexes or skin color groups. The prevalence of dental caries was 87.4%. Restoration of a dental surface was the greatest need (59.3%). Slight gingival inflammation was present in 78.5% and gingival bleeding following probing occurred in 53.3%. Although the DMFT index was lower than that observed for the northern region of Brazil, restorative dental services are lacking for this population. Additional studies are suggested to better understand the differences found.

Condição de saúde bucal em idosos residentes no município de Manaus, Amazonas: estimativas por sexo / Oral health conditions of elderly residents in the city of Manaus, Amazonas: estimates by sex

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar, segundo o sexo, as condições de saúde bucal em idosos residentes no município de Manaus, AM. MÉTODOS: Estudo seccional de base populacional com 667 indivíduos com idade entre 65-74 anos, aleatoriamente selecionados. As informações demográficas e socioeconômicas foram obtidas através de entrevista. O exame bucal para cárie, edentulismo, uso e necessidade de próteses foi conduzido de acordo com as normas da OMS. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 206 homens e 461 mulheres, com idade média de 69,2 anos, e 71,8 por cento se declararam de cor parda. Em média, os sujeitos apresentaram 4,6 anos de estudo e renda familiar de R$ 1586,27. O índice de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados foi de 29,0 ± 4,3, com predomínio do componente perdido (95 por cento). A média de dentes por indivíduo foi de 4,1 ± 5,7 e a prevalência de edentulismo foi de 52,2 por cento, sendo que apenas 3 por cento dos idosos apresentaram 20 dentes ou mais. O uso de prótese total superior e inferior foi observado em 79,2 por cento e 37,1 por cento, respectivamente, e a necessidade de prótese total foi de 42,6 por cento para o arco superior e 34,7 por cento para o inferior. Idosos do sexo masculino apresentaram menor índice de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados, mais dentes e menos edentulismo em comparação com o sexo feminino. O uso de prótese total superior e inferior foi maior nas idosas, enquanto a necessidade de prótese unitária ou parcial superior e inferior foi maior nos idosos. CONCLUSÃO: As condições de saúde bucal dos idosos em Manaus caracterizaram-se pela elevada ocorrência de perda dentária, especialmente entre as mulheres. As taxas de uso e a necessidade de prótese total foram elevadas e diferentes segundo sexo.

Dental caries and gingivitis among 15 to 19 year-old students in Manaus, AM, Brazil

In the light of the scarcity of epidemiological studies on the oral health of the general population within the context of the Amazon region, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis, as well as to evaluate the need for restorative treatment, among school students aged 15 to 19 years in the city of Manaus, AM, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 889 students from within city limits who were enrolled in 26 public and private schools. Dental examinations were performed to obtain the DMFT index (decayed, missing and filled teeth) as well as to determine the treatments needed. The gingival index (Lõe & Silness) was used to classify gingivitis. The intra-examiner diagnostic concordance was 94 percent and the Kappa statistic was 0.91. The DMFT index found was 4.65 (± 0.12), without significant difference between the sexes or skin color groups. The prevalence of dental caries was 87.4 percent. Restoration of a dental surface was the greatest need (59.3 percent). Slight gingival inflammation was present in 78.5 percent and gingival bleeding following probing occurred in 53.3 percent. Although the DMFT index was lower than that observed for the northern region of Brazil, restorative dental services are lacking for this population. Additional studies are suggested to better understand the differences found.

Prevalência de cárie dentária e condições socioeconômicas em jovens alistandos de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil / Prevalence of dental caries and socioeconomic conditions among young conscripts in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

A cárie dentária tem origem multifatorial e a condição socioeconômica está inserida neste contexto. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a prevalência de cárie, além de verificar sua associação com variáveis socioeconômicas em jovens alistandos de 17 a 19 anos de idade, sexo masculino, em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com uma amostra de conveniência dos conscritos das Forças Armadas Brasileiras. Os critérios de diagnóstico e questionário socioeconômico foram baseados no levantamento nacional SB Brasil e OMS. Uma única examinadora (kappa = 0,96) realizou o exame bucal em 578 alistandos. Foi utilizado o teste Shapiro-Wilk para verificação de normalidade dos dados; não sendo aceita a normalidade (p = 0,0001), foi utilizado o teste não-paramétrico Kruskall-Walis para comparação das médias e assim verificar a diferença significativa entre CPOD e seus componentes com as variáveis avaliadas. A prevalência de cárie encontrada foi de 88,8 por cento e o índice CPOD médio foi igual a 5,16 ± 0,17. Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas nas médias dos componentes Cariado, Perdido e Obturado do índice CPOD, sendo os piores indicadores verificados nos grupos de menor escolaridade, menor renda e procedentes de escola pública, demonstrando maior necessidade de medidas preventivas e assistenciais para estes grupos.

Caries experience in adolescents from a metropolitan region of the Brazilian Amazon / Experiência de cárie em adolescentes de uma região metropolitana da Amazônia brasileira

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of dental caries among adolescents from a poor metropolitan region of the Brazilian Amazon, and to identify the independent socioeconomic variables of access to dental services, oral hygiene habits, and self-perception of oral health. Method: The sample comprised 178 adolescents aged from 15 to 19 year-old, enrolled in schools in the Eastern zone of the city of Manaus, AM, Brazil. Primary data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and clinical examination. Result: The prevalence of dental caries was 92.7%, and the mean DMF-T index was 5.16 (SD: 0.28). The average number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth was 4.4, 0.87, and 0.75, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between DMF-T index and per capita household income. Most adolescents declared that they had had an appointment with a dentist at least once in their lifetime, had sought the public service, and that pain was the predominant reason for consultation. The perception of oral health of the majority was good/excellent. Conclusion: The data suggest lack of restorative dental treatment and high prevalence of dental caries in this socially disadvantaged sample, which evidences the need to implement strategies to improve delivery of oral health care.

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de cárie em adolescentes, escolares de uma região metropolitana de Manaus, Brasil, identificando variáveis independentes socioeconômicas, de acesso a serviço odontológico, hábitos de higiene oral e autopercepção da saúde bucal. Metodologia: Foram investigados 178 escolares de 15 a 19 anos, matriculados nas escolas da zona leste da cidade de Manaus, AM, Brasil. Foram coletados dados primários por meio de questionário e exame clínico. Resultado: A prevalência de cárie foi 92,7% e a média do índice CPO-D foi de 5,16 (desvio-padrão: 0,28). A média de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados foi de 4,4; 0,87 e 0,75, respectivamente. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre CPO-D e renda domiciliar per capita. A maioria dos adolescentes declarou já ter ido ao dentista pelo menos uma vez na vida e ter procurado o serviço público, sendo a dor o motivo predominante para a consulta. A percepção da saúde bucal da maioria foi boa/ótima. Conclusão: Os dados obtidos sugerem carência de tratamento odontológico restaurador e prevalência preocupante sobre dentes perdidos por cárie dentária, evidenciando necessidade de implantação de estratégias de atenção à saúde bucal, considerando a realidade desta população em desvantagem socioeconômica.

Prevalência e gravidade da cárie dentária e necessidade de tratamento em crianças de 12 anos de município de pequeno porte inserido no contexto amazônico / Prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs among 12-year-old children in a small-sized municipality in the amazon region

O conhecimento da prevalência da cárie dentária em municípios inseridos no contexto amazônico é pouco observado na literatura científica. O presente estudo visa investigar a prevalência e necessidade de tratamento da população de crianças de 12 anos de Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas no ano de 2007, segundo o sexo e o tipo de localidade (rural e urbana). O estudo transversal foi de natureza descritiva e exploratória com a coleta de dados primários da doença, cujo desenho teve como base o levantamento epidemiológico SB-Brasil 2003. A amostra foi constituída por 344 crianças nas residências e escolas na zona rural e urbana do município. O índice CPO-D geral encontrado foi de 3,73 (+0,17) com predomínio do componente cariado. O percentual de crianças livres de cárie nas zonas urbana e rural foi de 12,5 e 13,6, respectivamente. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os sexos e os tipos de localidade. Na zona rural existem cerca de duas vezes mais dentes com necessidade de tratamento do que na zona urbana. O tratamento restaurador representou a maior necessidade de tratamento desta população (86,2 por cento). A prevalência de cárie na população de 12 anos de idade, em Rio Preto da Eva-AM, é moderada e o CPO-D médio encontrado está acima da meta estabelecida para o ano 2.000 pela FDI/OMS. Os dados evidenciam a necessidade de implementação de medidas de atenção à saúde bucal que sejam capazes de intervir nos determinantes da cárie dentária na população estudada.

Scientific literature encloses little knowledge on the prevalence of dental caries in municipalities in the Amazon region. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and treatment needs in the population of 12-year-old children in the municipality of Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas, in the year 2007, according to gender and type of locality (rural or urban). This was a cross-sectional study of descriptive and exploratory nature with collection of primary data on the disease. The design was based on the 2003SB-Brazil epidemiological survey. The sample comprised 344 children in homes and schools in the rural and urban zones of the municipality. The general DMF-T index found was 3.73 (± 0.17), with predominance of the decay component. The percentages of children free of caries in the urban and rural zones were 12.5 and 13.6, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between genders or types of locality. In the rural zone there were around twice as many teeth needing treatment as in the urban zone. Restorative treatment was the major treatment needed in this population (86.2 percent). The prevalence of caries among the 12-year-old population in Rio Preto da Eva was moderate, and the mean DMF-T was above the target level established for the year 2000 by the FDI/WHO. The data show that there is a need to implement oral health care measures that are capable of intervening in relation to determinants of dental caries in the study population.