Cd diminution through microbial mediated degraded lignocellulose maize straw: Batch adsorption and bioavailability trails.

Lignocellulose degraded maize straw (LMS) was prepared with the interaction of soil-indigenous microorganisms and further deployed to attenuate the Cd contamination in polluted soil. The Lignocellulose degrading ratio was determined and results revealed the significant degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin by 33.03, 26.7 and 15.97% respectively as compared to pristine maize straw (PS). Moreover, LMS was also categorized through FE-SEM, FTIR, BET analysis, elemental analysis and XPS technique and the analytical results indicated that lignocellulose structure in maize straw was successfully degraded and was involved in metal-ion complexation. Batch sorption trials revealed that Cd2+ sorption onto LMS was explained well by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The LMS showed maximum adsorption capacities (9.84 mg g-1) for Cd2+ as compared to PS (3.30 mg g-1). Moreover, the soil incubation trials (60 days) depicted the availability of Cd decreased by 11.03 and 34.7% with PS and LMS application respectively. The addition of LMS significantly decreased the exchangeable fractions of Cd and ensued an increase in organic matter and Fe-Mn oxides bound fractions. This work clarified the LMS as a promising amendment for effective remediation of Cd-contaminated matrices.

Outcomes and Predictors of Rebleeding After 2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate Injection in Acute Gastric Variceal Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic injection of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (2-OCA) is used on an off-label basis for gastric variceal hemorrhage (GVH) in the United States. We assessed the efficacy, safety, and predictors of rebleeding after gastric variceal obturation (GVO) with 2-OCA in patients with acute GVH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients with GVH who underwent 2-OCA injection for GVO over a 15-year period. Rates of acute hemostasis, predictors of rebleeding, and cyanoacrylate-related adverse events were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 95 patients (63 males, median age 59±14 y) were analyzed. Gastric varices were categorized as GOV-1 (3%), GOV-2 (61%), and isolated gastric varices type 1 (36%) per Sarin classification. Initial hemostasis was achieved in all patients. Successful GVO, defined as sustained hemostasis within a month after injection, was achieved in 87 (92%) patients. Failed GVO with in-hospital rebleeding was observed in 8 (8%) patients. On univariate analysis, only the model for end-stage liver disease score was associated with an increased risk of rebleeding (odds ratio 1.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.4; P<0.01). Glue-related adverse events consisted of pulmonary emboli in 2 patients (2.1%), resulting in death in 1 patient. All cause in-hospital mortality was 13% due to uncontrolled gastric variceal rebleeding (n=3), renal failure (n=6), metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (n=1), hemorrhagic stroke (n=1), and pulmonary embolism (n=1). CONCLUSIONS: Injection of 2-OCA was effective at achieving hemostasis in a high proportion of patients (92%) admitted for acute GVH. The risk of glue-related pulmonary embolism approximated 2% in our patient cohort, including 1 fatality.

Simultaneous Efficient Decontamination of Bacteria and Heavy Metals via Capacitive Deionization Using Polydopamine/Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Co-deposited Activated Carbon Electrodes.

The contamination of pathogenic micro-organisms and heavy metals in drinking water sources poses a serious threat to human health, which raises the demand for efficient water treatments. Herein, multi-functional capacitive deionization (CDI) electrodes were developed for the simultaneous decontamination of bacteria and heavy metal contaminants. Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), an antibacterial polymer, was deposited on the surface of the activated carbon (AC) electrode with the assistance of mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) chemistry. The main characterization results proved successful co-deposition of PDA and PHMG on the AC electrode, forming a hydrophilic coating layer in one step. Electrochemical analyses indicated that the AC-PDA/PHMG electrodes presented satisfactory capacitive behaviors, with outstanding salt adsorption capacity and cycling stability. The modified electrodes also exhibit excellent disinfection performance and heavy metal adsorption performance. The bacterial elimination rate of co-deposited electrodes grew along with the increase in the PHMG content. Particularly, AC-PDA/PHMG2 electrodes successfully removed and deactivated 99.11% Escherichia coli and 98.67% Pseudomonas aeruginosa (104 CFU mL-1) in water within 60 min. Furthermore, three flow cells made by AC-PDA/PHMG2 electrodes connected in series achieved efficient removal of salt, heavy metals such as lead and cadmium, and bacteria simultaneously, which indicated that the adsorption performance is significantly improved compared with pristine AC electrodes. These results denote the enormous potential of this one-step prepared multi-functional electrodes for facile and effective water purification using CDI technology.