Changes in children's dental fear after restorative treatment under different sedation types: Associations with parents' experiences and dental health.

BACKGROUND: Dentists often use sedative medications such as nitrous oxide inhaled sedation and general anesthesia (GA) to help decrease patient fear and manage paediatric patients' behavior during treatment. AIM: The goal of this study was to examine factors associated with dental fear changes after restorative dental treatment under nitrous oxide or GA in children 4-12 years old. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of 124 children examined changes in dental fear, number of treatment visits, and parental factors among children receiving restorative dental treatment under nitrous oxide (n = 68) or GA (n = 56) sedation. Data were collected at pretreatment (T1), 16 weeks post-treatment (T2), and at 29-month follow-up (T3). RESULTS: Dental fear increased slightly, but not significantly, under both forms of sedation between T1 and T3. Children's dental fear was associated with parents' poor dental experiences and oral health, but not with number of treatment visits. CONCLUSIONS: Progression of children's dental fear seems not dependent solely on the type of sedation used but is likely predicted by factors including pretreatment dental fear and dental needs. Dentists recommending sedation for children's dental care may consider pretreatment dental need, fear levels, and parental factors when determining which type of sedation to use.

Oral health status and hygiene practices among visually impaired adolescents from a school in Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Visual impairment affects a significant population globally. The aim of this study was to determine the oral health status and oral hygiene practices among visually impaired adolescents from a school in Kenya. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 159 adolescents aged 10-19 years attending the largest public primary boarding school for the blind in Kenya. A questionnaire was used to record participants' socio-demographic variables and oral hygiene practices. Clinical examination was undertaken to assess oral health status which consisted of oral hygiene, gingival health, and dental caries. Bivariate analyses were conducted to compare dental health outcomes across socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: There were 69 (43.4%) and 90 (56.6%) participants in Category I and II visual impairment respectively, 85 (53.5%) were male and 74 (46.5%) were female. Study participants were divided into three age categories: 10-12 years 48 (30.2%), 13-15 years 67 (42.1%), and 16- 19 years 44 (27.7%), with an overall mean age of 13.9 ± 2.3. All participants brushed their teeth, majority 107 (67.3%) brushed two or more times daily. Only 66 (41.5%) of the participants replaced their toothbrushes at 3 months. Sex (p =< 0.001) and age (p = 0.04) influenced frequency of toothbrush replacement. The average plaque score and gingival score index was 0.95 ± 0.45 and 0.28 ± 0.25 respectively, with gingivitis prevalence of 88.1%. Overall dental caries prevalence was 44.7%, [42.1%)] permanent dentition and [8.2%] deciduous dentition. Mean DMFT and dmft were 0.44 ± 0.60 and 0.12 ± 0.32 respectively. DMFT had a statistically significant association with sex (t = 1.82, p = 0.03). Oral hygiene practices did not influence oral hygiene and dental caries status. However, a statistically significant association was reported between frequency of toothbrush replacement and gingival score index ("p" =< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study reported general good oral hygiene, prevalent gingivitis 140 (88.1%), and almost half of the study population affected by dental caries 71 (44.7%). Most participants were unaware of using fluoridated toothpaste and of needing to change toothbrushes within 3 months. Frequency of toothbrush replacement was reported to influence gingival score index.

Comparison of measured and predicted mesiodistal tooth-widths of 13-17 years old Kenyans: a descriptive cross-sectional study to develop a new prediction equation for use in the mixed dentition in a Kenyan population.

BACKGROUND: The Tanaka and Johnson equation is commonly used in mixed dentition analysis. However, the analysis is based on  a Caucasian population making clinical decisions challenging when used in different ethnic groups. This study developed a prediction equation based on a Kenyan population. DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional study done in 68 13-17 years old Kenyans of African descent in two boarding secondary schools. Alginate impressions were taken, study models obtained, and mesiodistal tooth-widths measured on upper and lower study models from the first molar to the contralateral first molar. Descriptive statistics, paired t-tests and independent t-tests were conducted and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients calculated (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The mean age was 13.78 years (SD ± 0.70), females were 59%. The mesiodistal tooth-widths of the permanent canines and premolars were different between males and females (p ˂ 0.1). The Tanaka and Johnston equation significantly under-estimated the mesiodistal tooth-widths of the permanent canines and premolars (p ˂ 0.05). The addition of lower first permanent molars to the permanent lower incisors provided higher correlation coefficients than the Tanaka Johnston equation. CONCLUSIONS: A new equation that includes the permanent lower incisors and first permanent molars as predictor teeth seems to be more suitable for mixed dentition analysis for this Kenyan population. A larger study is needed to validate these findings.

Caregivers' report of HIV-associated oral manifestations among HIV-unexposed, exposed, and infected Kenyan children.

BACKGROUND: Few oral health studies have been conducted in HIV-exposed uninfected children, who, like their HIV-infected peers, have altered immunity and perinatal drug exposures. AIM: To compare caregiver' self-report of oral diseases, hygiene practices and utilization of routine dental care, between HIV-infected (HIV), HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU), and HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) children in Kenya. DESIGN: This nested cross-sectional study was conducted at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Caregivers of 196 children (104 HIV-infected, 55 HEU, and 37 HUU) participated in this study. Using a validated questionnaire from the WHO and photographs of HIV-related oral lesions, we collected data on oral diseases and oral health practices. RESULTS: Caregivers of HIV-infected children reported at least one oral disease in their children (42%; HEU [27%]; HUU [17%; P = .008]). Oral candidiasis was the most common disease reported (HIV-infected [24%], HEU [5.5%], and HUU [2.8%; P < .05]). Baseline CD4% was associated with oral candidiasis (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-0.98). Only 16% of children had ever visited a dentist, and most initiated brushing after 3 years of age (83%). Nearly all (98%) caregivers desired a follow-up oral examination. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection/exposure and low CD4% were associated with increased odds of oral diseases. Most caregivers desired a follow-up oral examination for their children.

Observed child and parent toothbrushing behaviors and child oral health.

BACKGROUND: Parent-led toothbrushing effectively reduces early childhood caries. Research on the strategies that parents use to promote this behavior is, however, lacking. AIM: To examine associations between parent-child toothbrushing interactions and child oral health using a newly developed measure, the Toothbrushing Observation System (TBOS). DESIGN: One hundred children ages 18-60 months and their parents were video-recorded during toothbrushing interactions. Using these recordings, six raters coded parent and child behaviors and the duration of toothbrushing. We examined the reliability of the coding system and associations between observed parent and child behaviors and three indices of oral health: caries, gingival health, and history of dental procedures requiring general anesthesia. RESULTS: Reliabilities were moderate to strong for TBOS child and parent scores. Parent TBOS scores and longer duration of parent-led toothbrushing were associated with fewer decayed, missing or filled tooth surfaces and lower incidence of gingivitis and procedures requiring general anesthesia. Associations between child TBOS scores and dental outcomes were modest, suggesting the relative importance of parent versus child behaviors at this early age. CONCLUSIONS: Parents' child behavior management skills and the duration of parent-led toothbrushing were associated with better child oral health. These findings suggest that parenting skills are an important target for future behavioral oral health interventions.

A longitudinal study on the impact of breastfeeding with or without formula milk on dental caries.

Concerns exist about prolonged breastfeeding increasing dental caries risk, but evidence is mixed. This 2-year cohort study followed 486 toddlers, to examine the association between breastfeeding duration and caries at age 3. Caregivers reported feeding practices and potential confounders every 6 months. "Full breastfeeding" was defined as feeding breastmilk without formula milk regardless of other foods/liquids, whereas "any breastfeeding" was feeding breastmilk with/without formula milk. A calibrated dentist performed dental examinations. We used multivariable log-binomial and negative binomial regressions to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for caries prevalence and severity, adjusted for confounders. At 3-year-old, 60.3% of children exhibited caries (mean decayed-and-filled-teeth, dft: 3.3). Notably, full breastfeeding for 6-17 months reduced caries prevalence (RR = 0.84, 95%CI 0.73-0.98 for 6-11 months; RR = 0.78, 95%CI 0.63-0.96 for 12-17 months). Conversely, any breastfeeding ≥ 18 months significantly increased caries risk (RR = 1.45, 95%CI 1.31-1.60). Full breastfeeding ≥ 6 months or any breastfeeding 6-17 months was associated with lower dft scores in children. Our findings suggest a complex relationship between breastfeeding duration and caries. Full breastfeeding for moderate durations (6-17 months) offers protective benefits, while any breastfeeding ≥ 18 months increases risk in this population.

Salivary Cathelicidin (LL-37) in Children and Adolescents Living with HIV.

Introduction: Human cathelicidin LL-37 is a salivary antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with broad-spectrum activity against oral diseases, but few studies have assessed its role in children and adolescents living with HIV (CALHIV). We assessed salivary LL-37 levels and correlates in a long-term cohort of Kenyan CALHIV followed since antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Methods: Saliva was collected from 76 CALHIV who were recruited from two ongoing pediatric HIV studies in Nairobi, Kenya. Oral examinations documenting oral manifestations of HIV, dental caries, and gingivitis were completed. Additional variables included age, sex, HIV treatment (initial ART regimen) and disease parameters, caregivers' demographics, and oral pathologies were conducted. Data were statistically analyzed using the independent T test on the log-transformed LL-37. Results: At the oral exam visit, the mean age of participants was 13.3 years (±SD = 3.4), and the median CD4 count was 954 cells/mm3. Mean salivary cathelicidin values of the cohort were 23.7 ± 21.1 ng/mL. Children with permanent dentition at time of oral examination, and children who initiated ART at ≥2 years old had higher mean LL-37 concentrations compared to those with mixed dentition and those who initiated ART <2 years old (p = 0.0042, 0.0373, respectively). LL-37 levels were not found to differ by initial type of ART regimen, CD4 count, or oral disease. Conclusion: Further research and longitudinal studies are necessary to evaluate and improve the innate immunity of CALHIV in Kenya.

Dental Utilization of Refugee Children in Washington State Varies by Demographic Characteristics.

Purpose: To assess factors associated with the dental utilization of refugee children in Washington state who received oral health care. Methods: This study used Medicaid data of newly arrived children who resettled in 2015. Demographics, refugee population density groups, special care needs, dates of dental encounters, and dental claim variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis, and the Cox proportional-hazard ratios (P<0.05). Results: Among 1,125 children, 78 percent had at least one dental claim. The majority were under six years (37 percent), male (55 percent), and without disabilities (98 percent). On average children started using dental care within 6.0 months (±4.0 standard deviation) of resettlement (median equals 4.4; interquartile range [IQR] equals 2.6 to 10.3). White children had the greatest mean number of dental claims, whereas Black children had the least (P<0.001). Children from the low-volume refugee population density group were significantly less likely to have a dental claim than children from the medium-volume refugee population density group (P<0.001). Compared to 13- to 21-year-olds, children aged zero to seven years and seven to 13 years had a 46.7 percent (95 percent confidence interval [95% CI] equals 24.9 to 72.3 percent) and 54.8 percent (95% CI equals 30.3 to 83.9 percent) significantly increased likelihood of having their first dental claim (P<0.001). Conclusions: A large percentage (78 percent) of children newly resettled in the state of Washington utilized at least one dental service. Age, race, and refugee population density group were significantly associated with utilization within the initial 12 months after resettlement.

Dental caries and anthropometrics of children living in an informal floating Amazonian community: a cross-sectional pilot study.

AIMS: Increasing evidence supports a relationship between poor oral health and growth in children. Our objective was to assess the association between the presence of dental caries and anthropometric measurements of children residing in Claverito, a floating slum community in the Peruvian Amazon. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, presence of caries was assessed using dmft/DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth) scores and the SiC Index (mean dmft/DMFT of one-third of the study group with the highest caries score). Anthropometric categories for age-sex-specific z-scores for height and weight were calculated based on WHO standardized procedures and definitions. The association between SiC (measured by dmft/DMFT) and anthropometric measures was estimated using unadjusted and adjusted multivariable linear regression models. Critical value was established at 5%. RESULTS: Our study population consisted of 67 children between the ages of 1 and 18 years old. Mean age was 9.5 years old (SD: 4.5), and the majority were female (52.2%). Almost all had dental caries (97.0%) and the mean dmft/DMFT score was 7.2 (SD: 4.7). The SiC Index of this population was 9.0. After adjusting for confounding variables, participants who had permanent dentition with the highest dmft/DMFT levels had statistically significant decreased height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: We found an inverse linear association between SiC Index and height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) among children living in poverty in a floating Amazonian community in Peru. Children from under-resourced communities, like floating slums, are at high risk for oral disease possibly negatively impacting their growth and development.

The effect of antiretroviral therapy initiation on vitamin D levels and four oral diseases among Kenyan children and adolescents living with HIV.

OBJECTIVES: The impact of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on the occurrence of oral diseases among children and adolescents living with HIV (CALHIV) is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ART timing on vitamin D levels and the prevalence of four oral diseases (dry mouth, dental caries, enamel hypoplasia, and non-herpes oral ulcer) among Kenyan CALHIV from two pediatric HIV cohorts. METHODS: This nested cross-sectional study was conducted at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. CALHIV, 51 with early-ART initiated at <12 months of age and 27 with late-ART initiated between 18 months-12 years of age, were included. Demographics, HIV diagnosis, baseline CD4 and HIV RNA viral load data were extracted from the primary study databases. Community Oral Health Officers performed oral health examinations following standardized training. RESULTS: Among 78 CALHIV in the study, median age at the time of the oral examination was 11.4 years old and median ART duration at the time of oral examination was 11 years (IQR: 10.1, 13.4). Mean serum vitamin D level was significantly higher among the early-ART group than the late-ART group (29.5 versus 22.4 ng/mL, p = 0.0002). Children who received early-ART had a 70% reduction in risk of inadequate vitamin D level (<20 ng/mL), compared to those who received late-ART (p = 0.02). Although both groups had similar prevalence of oral diseases overall (early-ART 82.4%; late-ART 85.2%; p = 0.2), there was a trend for higher prevalence of dry mouth (p = 0.1) and dental caries (p = 0.1) in the early versus late ART groups. The prevalence of the four oral diseases was not associated with vitamin D levels (p = 0.583). CONCLUSIONS: After >10 years of ART, CALHIV with early-ART initiation had higher serum vitamin D levels compared to the late-ART group. The four oral diseases were not significantly associated with timing of ART initiation or serum vitamin D concentrations in this cohort. There was a trend for higher prevalence of dry mouth and dental caries in the early-ART group, probably as side-effects of ART.

Longitudinal Analysis of Children's Oral Health-Related Quality of Life After Restorative Dental Treatment.

Purpose: To document mid- and long-term changes in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) following dental intervention in a sample of restorative treatment-naïve children receiving different levels of care, with and without general anesthesia (GA). Methods: This prospective cohort study followed 132 children. Parents completed the pediatric OHRQoL instrument (POQL) before, 16 weeks after (i.e., posttreatment), and 18 to 45 (mean equals 29.5) months after (i.e., follow-up) child receipt of treatment. Parents provided child demographic and oral health information. The number of restored surfaces and anesthesia type were abstracted from dental records. The mean differences in POQL scores were compared across groups. Results: The sample was 49 percent female (age range equals four to 12 years; mean±standard deviation equals 5.8±1.8). Overall, from pretreatment to posttreatment, mean POQL scores decreased by 4.5 points (P<0.001), representing improved OHRQoL. Only among children with 10 or more surfaces restored or who received GA did follow-up POQL scores remain significantly lower than pretreatment scores (mean difference equals -7.4 and -8.0, respectively, P<0.01). Overall, follow-up scores were significantly higher than posttreatment scores, representing a decline from the initial improvement. Conclusions: Regardless of disease severity, children experience an immediate improvement in OHRQoL following restorative treatment. Improvements in OHRQoL are sustained over the long-term only among children with more extensive pretreatment needs.

An Assessment of Pediatric Dental Caries and Family Quality of Life in an Informal Amazonian Community.

Background: Oral diseases are among the most prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide, disproportionally affecting vulnerable populations. The Community of Claverito is one of many informal urban floating communities located on the Amazon River in Peru. Objectives: To assess child and caregiver dental health status (DHS) and to measure the associations between child DHS and child and family quality of life in the informal Community of Claverito. Methods: DHS, as measured by decayed and filled teeth (DFT/dft), was recorded for 66 children and 35 caregivers using the WHO Oral Assessment form. Oral health-related quality of life was measured using the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). The family impact of child oral disorders was measured using the Family Impact Scale (FIS). Descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations between DFT/dft, P-CPQ, and FIS scores (p < 0.05). Findings: The majority of children assessed were female (52%) with a mean age of 9.4 years (SD ± 4.4). The prevalence of untreated child dental caries was 97%. The child and caregiver's mean DFT/dft scores were 6.8 (SD ± 4.5) and 8.7 (SD ± 13.3), respectively. Mean total P-CPQ and total FIS scores were 33.4 and 12.5, respectively. A significant positive association was observed between child DFT/dft scores and total FIS scores (p < 0.01). Significant associations were also observed between child DFT/dft scores and caregiver age (p < 0.01) and child DFT/dft scores and caregiver DFT scores (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Children and their caregivers living in the Community of Claverito exhibited high levels of dental caries. Children's untreated dental caries were associated with both family's quality of life and caregivers' untreated dental caries. Further research is needed on how improving availability and access to oral health services have the potential to benefit the health of residents of informal communities like the one of Claverito.

Integrating Global Health Within Dental Education: Inter-University Collaboration for Scaling Up a Pilot Curriculum.

Background: New education programs are developing to improve global health awareness. Dental students have demonstrated interest in international settings but are largely unaware of global health topics. The Timothy A. DeRouen Center for Global Oral Health of the University of Washington (UW) and Harvard School of Dental Medicine expanded a competency-based global health curriculum (Global Health Starter Kit) by integrating it within the UW School of Dentistry (UW SOD) existing elective course "Global Oral Health" to undergraduates, pre-, and doctorate students from the UW SOD and Public Health. The study objective was to evaluate the curriculum effectiveness by assessing 1) Knowledge and Attitudes (survey), and 2) Didactic coursework (global trends, global goals, primary care, social determinants and risks, and ethics and sustainability). Methods: Eligibility included enrolled students with both pre- and post-assessments. Descriptive statistics were conducted to present demographic data. Significant changes on survey and didactic evaluations were analyzed with paired t-tests (p < 0.05). Findings: The population (N = 15) represented 88% of the class. All Knowledge categories had a significant increase (p < 0.05), except in the topic of tropical diseases. At baseline, Attitudes categories had high scores and did not significantly increase by the end of the course. Even though all Didactic categories improved, only Social Determinants and Risks showed a significant increase (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Competency-based global health learning can be implemented in the dental curriculum. While the study shows promising results, efforts to identify areas for improvement as well as considerations of the institution's culture need to be assessed and addressed for each teaching cycle.

Clinical Comparison of Three Esthetic Full-Coverage Restorations in Primary Maxillary Incisors at 12 Months.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the 12-month clinical outcomes of primary maxillary incisors restored with composite strip crowns (CSCs), NuSmile preveneered stainless steel crowns (PVSSCs), and NuSmile zirconia crowns (ZCs). Methods: A total of 135 teeth in 49 two- to four-year-olds with early childhood caries were randomly assigned to crown groups. Demographic and tooth-related variables at baseline and 12 months were assessed by calibrated examiners. Fisher's exact or chi-square tests were used to test associations (P<0.05). Parental satisfaction of crown esthetics was evaluated by questionnaire. Results: Children were, on average, 3.4 years old, female (55 percent), and had a mean decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth (dmft) index score of 10.6. At 12 months, crown retention was significantly lower for CSCs versus PVSSCs or ZCs (79 percent, 100 percent, and 95 percent, respectively; P=0.002). Partial and complete loss of material was significantly higher in CSCs than PVSSCs or ZCs (29 percent, 11 percent, and zero percent, respectively; P<0.001). CSCs presented with increased marginal discrepancies and color change (P<0.001). Most parents were very satisfied (87 percent); those dissatisfied were concerned with the color of CSCs and PVSSCs (63 percent versus 37 percent; P=0.005). Conclusions: Composite strip crowns showed significantly reduced clinical success in retention, durability, marginal adaptation, and color compared to preveneered stainless steel crowns or zirconia crowns. Parental esthetic satisfaction was highest for NuSmile ZCs.

Mitigating Global Oral Health Inequalities: Research Training Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Although oral diseases are largely preventable, they are among the most non-communicable diseases globally, and they disproportionately burden disadvantaged communities, specially within low- and middle-income nations. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the social, economic, and health inequalities in our society, including the existing global oral health inequalities. There is a shortage of dentist-scientist all around the world, especially in developing countries, such as Thailand. The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) and Fogarty International Center (FIC), joined efforts on creating research capacity in oral health in South East Asia through the Fogarty International Center Training Program in Clinical, Public Health and Behavioral Oral Health Research for Thailand (2006-2016). The University of Washington (USA), Thammasat University (Thailand) and Khon Kaen University (Thailand) partnered to conduct short-, medium- and long-term training programs to build regional oral health research capabilities. Investing in research has not only impacted trainees' career development but enhanced advancement of oral health research of South East Asia. The success of partnership calls for expanding oral health research training in other low-income countries.

Survival of Zirconia Crowns in Primary Maxillary Incisors at 12-, 24- and 36-Month Follow-Up.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the survival probability of zirconia crowns (ZCs) on primary maxillary incisors placed in children diagnosed with severe early childhood caries at 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow-up visits in a university pediatric dental clinic. Methods: Ninety-four teeth in 30 healthy 24- to 60-month-olds who received ZCs under general anesthesia participated in this study (N equals 94). Data included children's demographics, dental-related variables, appointment dates, survival of crown, and type of failure (defined as replacement of lost ZCs or extraction of the treated tooth due to evidence of apical periodontitis prior to natural exfoliation). Descriptive statistics were performed to examine demographics, while Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate survival probabilities of ZCs over time. Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) from Cox proportional hazard regression with robust standard errors were used to compare risk of ZC failure by patient and tooth characteristics. Results: The overall survival probabilities for ZCs at 12, 24, and 36 months were 93 percent, 85 percent, and 76 percent, respectively. Conclusion: With esthetic characteristics and high survival probabilities, zirconia crowns present as a suitable alternative for reconstruction of primary maxillary incisors in young children. (Pediatr Dent 2019;41(5):385-90).

Suboptimal Serum Vitamin D Associated with Early Childhood Caries in Special Health Care Needs Children.

Purpose: To investigate the association between suboptimal serum vitamin D and early childhood caries (ECC) among children who received care at Seattle Children's Hospital (SCH) between 1999 and 2014.Methods: This cross-sectional study examined one- to six-year-old children in their primary dentition, with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) health status of II to IV, serum vitamin D, and dental data. Serum vitamin D was categorized as optimal (at least 75 nanomoles per liter) or suboptimal (less than 75 nanomoles per liter). Associations between serum vitamin D and caries were assessed using bivariate and multivariable (modified) Poisson regression models. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, race, ASA classification, season of vitamin D collection, and gastrostomy tube (G-tube) feeding status.Results: The mean age of 276 subjects was 3.4±1.5 years; 50.4 percent was female, 48.9 percent was Caucasian, 81.5 percent was ASA III status, 36.2 percent was G-tube fed, and 33.3 percent had ECC. Children with suboptimal 25-hydroxy vitamin D status were twice as likely to have ECC than children with optimal levels (relative risk = 2.14; 95 percent confidence interval = 1.45 to 3.16). The association between serum vitamin D and ECC was observed among children with neurologic (P<0.001) and genetic (P<0.001) conditions.Conclusions: Suboptimal 25-hydroxy vitamin D status was associated with increased risk for ECC in children with special health care needs. Interventions beyond the realm of the mouth are relevant for this highly vulnerable population and awareness of their vitamin D status should be considered.

Trauma in Permanent Teeth: Factors Associated with Adverse Outcomes in a University Pediatric Dental Clinic.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine variables associated with adverse outcomes among traumatized permanent teeth in a university pediatric dental clinic. METHODS: Electronic charts of children treated at a university-based dental clinic for trauma in permanent teeth were analyzed. Variables evaluated included demographics (age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, and insurance type), affected tooth location, trauma characteristics, type of dental trauma, elapsed time between trauma and initial treatment, elapsed time between the initial and final treatment, initial treatment type, and initial and final restoration type. Adverse outcomes were defined as root canal treatment, decoronation, and extraction. Associations between adverse outcomes and each variable of interest were calculated using chi-square and Fisher's exact test and logistic regression. The significance level was set at five percent. RESULTS: Adverse outcomes were significantly associated with the type of dental trauma (P=0.001), presence of luxation injury (P=0.048), initial dental treatment (P<0.001), and initial dental restoration type (P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Treating dental trauma in permanent teeth in a timely manner can strongly impact their prognosis.

Dental caries and anthropometrics of children living in an informal floating Amazonian community: a cross-sectional pilot study

Abstract Aims: Increasing evidence supports a relationship between poor oral health and growth in children. Our objective was to assess the association between the presence of dental caries and anthropometric measurements of children residing in Claverito, a floating slum community in the Peruvian Amazon. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, presence of caries was assessed using dmft/DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth) scores and the SiC Index (mean dmft/DMFT of one-third of the study group with the highest caries score). Anthropometric categories for age-sex-specific z-scores for height and weight were calculated based on WHO standardized procedures and definitions. The association between SiC (measured by dmft/DMFT) and anthropometric measures was estimated using unadjusted and adjusted multivariable linear regression models. Critical value was established at 5%. Results: Our study population consisted of 67 children between the ages of 1 and 18 years old. Mean age was 9.5 years old (SD: 4.5), and the majority were female (52.2%). Almost all had dental caries (97.0%) and the mean dmft/DMFT score was 7.2 (SD: 4.7). The SiC Index of this population was 9.0. After adjusting for confounding variables, participants who had permanent dentition with the highest dmft/DMFT levels had statistically significant decreased height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) (p=0.04). Conclusions: We found an inverse linear association between SiC Index and height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) among children living in poverty in a floating Amazonian community in Peru. Children from under-resourced communities, like floating slums, are at high risk for oral disease possibly negatively impacting their growth and development.

Resumo Objetivos: Há cada vez mais evidências apoiando uma relação entre a saúde bucal precária e o crescimento das crianças. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a associação entre a presença de cárie dentária e medidas antropométricas de crianças residentes em Claverito, uma comunidade flutuante de favelas na Amazônia peruana. Métodos: Para este estudo transversal, a presença de cárie foi avaliada utilizando os escores dmft/DMFT (dentes cariados, ausentes, preenchidos) e o Índice SiC (média dmft/DMFT de um terço do grupo de estudo com a maior pontuação de cárie). As categorias antropométricas para pontuações z específicas de idade e sexo para altura e peso foram calculadas com base nos procedimentos e definições padronizados da OMS. A associação entre SiC (medido por dmft/DMFT) e medidas antropométricas foi estimada usando modelos de regressão linear multivariável não ajustados e ajustados. O valor crítico foi estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: A população do estudo consistia de 67 crianças entre 1 e 18 anos de idade. A idade média era de 9,5 anos (DP: 4,5), e a maioria era do sexo feminino (52,2%). Quase todas tinham cárie dentária (97,0%) e a média da pontuação dmft/DMFT foi de 7,2 (DP: 4,7). O índice SiC desta população era de 9,0. Após ajuste para variáveis confusas, os participantes que tinham dentição permanente com os níveis mais altos de dmft/DMFT tinham diminuído estatisticamente a pontuação z de altura por idade (HAZ) (p=0,04). Conclusões: Encontramos uma associação linear inversa entre o Índice SiC e as pontuações z de altura por idade (HAZ) entre crianças que vivem na pobreza em uma comunidade amazônica flutuante no Peru. Crianças de comunidades com poucos recursos, como favelas flutuantes, correm alto risco de contrair doenças orais, possivelmente impactando negativamente seu crescimento e desenvolvimento.

Vitamin D and Dental Caries in Primary Dentition.

Traditionally classified as a vitamin, vitamin D represents a group of fat-soluble secosteroids with D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol) being the most relevant of the group. The importance of this prohormone exceeds its known ability to maintain intra- and extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations, thereby preserving essential metabolic functions such as the promotion of mineralization and maintenance and remodeling of the bone. Current observational research recognizes the potential antiproliferative, prodifferentiative, and immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D and its metabolites in the human body. The purposes of this paper are to: (1) review how vitamin D interacts in the body, its deficiency at the population level, and how it relates to oral health in children; and (2) assess proposed biological mechanisms by which vitamin D may play a preventive role in the development of dental caries.