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Introduction: This systematic review investigates the crucial need for solvent use in root canal retreatment, as it effectively removes filling materials, reduces apical debris extrusion, and alleviates postoperative pain, ultimately enhancing treatment success. The review aims to assess the success rates, compare outcomes, explore benefits and drawbacks, and identify subgroups where solvent use may be more effective during root canal retreatment. Materials and Methods: The search was performed in PubMed Central, Scopus, Cochrane, LILAC, ScienceDirect, Google Search, Web of Science, and manually using the search items alone and in combination by means of PUBMED search builder. The studies were assessed for eligibility according to the eligibility criteria by two independent reviewers. Groups containing solvent with nonsolvent groups and randomized control trials were included and in vitro studies, retrospective studies, and animal studies were excluded from the study. Quality assessment was performed using the risk of bias (RoB) 2.0 tool. Results: Out of the 596 articles obtained, 14 were shortlisted for full-text reading and finally two articles were included in the study. The studies were assessed for quality, and data were extracted in a tabulated form. Overall RoB is low, but due to the lack of homogeneity, meta-analysis could not be conducted. Conclusion: The use of solvent does not cause any significant difference in the postoperative pain levels or analgesic intake for retrieval of gutta-percha in cases of root canal retreatment. Due to the limited number of studies available and the lack of clinician-related outcomes such as time taken to retrieve the gutta-percha, these results should be taken into consideration with caution.
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Background: The bond strength between tooth structure and restorative materials is critical for the long-term success of dental restorations. This study sought to determine how the shear bond strength (SBS) and type of bond breakdown were affected by the inclusion of sandblasting (SB) as a conditioning step before acid etching (AE). Materials and Methods: A total of 40 extracted human molars were split into two groups at random: intervention (SB followed by AE) and control (AE only). Composite resin cylinders were constructed on the tooth surface following the application of the bonding agent. A universal testing device was used to determine the SBS, and scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the kind of bond failure. Results: In comparison to the control group, the intervention group displayed a significantly higher SBS (P < 0.05). In contrast to the control group, which showed more adhesive failure at the tooth-resin interface, the intervention group also demonstrated a larger percentage of cohesive failure within the composite resin. Conclusion: As an extra conditioning step, AE after SB considerably increased the SBS between tooth structure and composite resin. The fact that the intervention group experienced a higher percentage of cohesive failure shows that this technique could boost the bond's longevity.
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CONTEXT: Conventional ophthalmic solutions often eliminate rapidly after administration and cannot provide and maintain an adequate concentration of drug in the pre-corneal area. OBJECTIVES: Above problem can be overcome by the use of in situ gel forming systems that are instilled as drops in to the eye and undergo a sol-gel transition in the cul-de-sac. METHODS: An ion sensitive polymer gellan gum was used as gelling agent which formed immediate gel and remained for extended time period. Nanoparticles of moxifloxacin, prepared by solvent evaporation, were separated by freeze drying. The rheological properties and in vitro drug release test of in situ gel loaded with nanoparticles were evaluated and compared with marketed preparation. In vitro release study demonstrated diffusion controlled release for moxifloxacin from formulations over a period of 12 h. RESULTS: The developed formulation was stable and showed enhanced contact time minimizing the frequency of administration. Confocal microscopy showed clear permeation of drug loaded nanoparticles across L/S of cornea. CONCLUSION: The formulation of moxifloxacin was found liquid at the formulated pH and formed gel in the presence of mono or divalent cations. The gel formed in situ showed sustained drug release over a period of 10-12 h. The formulations were less viscous before instillation and formed strong gel after instilling it into cul-de-sac. It is thus concluded that by adopting a systematic formulation approach, an optimum point can be reached in the shortest time with minimum efforts to achieve desirable rheological and in vitro release property for in situ gel forming system.