Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Delivery of a Notch Inhibitor to Alleviate Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Inhibiting Hepatic de Novo Lipogenesis and Inflammation.

With the increased prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in the world, effective pharmacotherapy in clinical practice is still lacking. Previous studies have shown that dibenzazepine (DBZ), a Notch inhibitor, could alleviate NASH development in a mouse model. However, low bioavailability, poor water solubility, and extrahepatic side effects restrict its clinical application. To overcome these barriers, we developed a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive nanoparticle based on the conjugation of bilirubin to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains, taking into account the overaccumulation of hepatic ROS in the pathologic state of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The PEGylated bilirubin can self-assemble into nanoparticles in an aqueous solution and encapsulate insoluble DBZ into its hydrophobic cavity. DBZ nanoparticles (DBZ Nps) had good stability, rapidly released DBZ in response to H2O2, and effectively scavenged intracellular ROS of hepatocytes. After systemic administration, DBZ Nps could accumulate in the liver of the NASH mice, extend persistence in circulation, and improve the bioavailability of DBZ. Furthermore, DBZ Nps significantly improved glucose intolerance, relieved hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation, and ameliorated NASH-induced liver fibrosis. Additionally, DBZ Nps had no significant extrahepatic side effects. Taken together, our results highlight the potential of the ROS-sensitive DBZ nanoparticle as a promising therapeutic strategy for NASH.

Local Confinement Effects of Block Copolymers Driving Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles into Discrete Pancake-Shaped Superlattices.

The utilization of polymer conformations to construct a variety of superlattices is a common method within the field. However, this technique often results in only long-range ordering rather than the formation of distinct superlattices. In this study, a well-organized array of discrete pancake-shaped superlattices (DPSs) is successfully obtained through the utilization of air-liquid interface self-assembly, facilitated by the confined environment created by a block copolymer. It is crucial to note that both the self-assembly behavior and resulting morphologies of the DPSs can be precisely tuned by adjusting several experimental parameters, most notably the concentration and molecular architecture of the block copolymers. Furthermore, this work provides valuable insights into the formation processes and mechanisms underpinning the DPSs. The approach described here is both straightforward and efficacious, establishing a strong foundation for subsequent research and the development of non-close-packed superlattice structures.

Core-shell MOF@COFs used as an adsorbent and matrix for the detection of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by MALDI-TOF MS.

A core-shell material (UiO@TapbTp) has been developed as an adsorbent and matrix to detect nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) by matrix laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in complex samples. The hybrid material is prepared by growing covalent organic framework (COF, TapbTp) layers in situ on an amino-modified metal-organic framework (MOF, UiO-66-NH2). The combination of the MOF and COF overcomes their individual shortcomings and integrates both of their advantages. Compared with the bare COF and MOF, the core-shell composite exhibits improved enrichment ability and matrix performance. With the help of pre-enrichment under optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) for ketoprofen, naproxen, and aspirin are reduced by nearly 1000 times, with values of 0.001 mg L-1, 0.010 mg L-1, and 0.001 mg L-1, respectively, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) are all below 12.35%. The good recoveries (84.8-118%) in (spiked) saliva and environmental water sample further verify the applicability of the method in complex samples.

Correlation between clinical parameters of crown and gingival morphology of anterior teeth and periodontal biotypes.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the clinical parameters of crown and gingival morphology (CGM) of the maxillary anterior teeth (MAT). We also analyzed the correlation of these parameters with periodontal biotype (PB), with a view to providing objective standards for PB diagnosis. METHODS: The three-dimensional (3D) maxillary digital models of 56 individuals were obtained using an intra-oral scanner. The following parameters were measured with the SpaceClaim software: gingival angle (GA), papilla width (PW), papilla height (PH), crown length (CL), crown width (CW), crown width/crown length ratio (CW/CL), bucco-lingual width of the crown (BLW), contact surface width (CSW), and contact surface height/crown length ratio (CS/CL). The PB were determined based on the transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival sulcus. Independent factors influencing PB were analyzed by logistic regression, and the optimal cutoff values for the independent influencing factors were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the parameters of CGM of the MAT at the left and right sides. The thick biotype accounted for 69.6%, and the parameters of GA, PW, PH, CW, CW/CL and CS/CL were significantly correlated with PB (P ≤ 0.2). GA (odds ratio (OR) = 1.206) and PW (OR = 5.048) were identified as independent predictive factors of PB, with areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.807 and 0.881, respectively, and optimal cutoff values of 95.95° and 10.01 mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: The CGMs of the MAT at the left and right side are symmetrical. The thin biotype accounts for a small proportion, and GA and PW are independent influencing factors of PB. GA of 95.95° and PW of 10.01 mm are the optimal cutoff values for categorization of individuals as thick biotype. This indicates that when the GA and PW of the right maxillary central incisor are G ≥ 95.95° and ≥ 10.01 mm, respectively, there is a higher probability that these individuals will be categorized as thick biotype.

A quantitative research on clinical parameters of gingival contour for anterior teeth esthetic analysis and design.

OBJECTIVES: To provide reference for computer-aided esthetic analysis and design of the maxillary anterior teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intraoral scanner was used to obtain the maxillary three-dimensional digital models of subjects with healthy periodontal tissue. In SpaceClaim, the occlusal plane was established as the horizontal reference plane to measure the positional relation between the gingival zenith (GZ) of the maxillary anterior teeth, the angle formed between the gingival line and the maxillary midline (GLA), the distance between the GZ of the lateral incisor and gingival line (LID), and the distance between the GZ and the vertical bisected middle surface along the long axis of the clinical crown (VBMS). RESULTS: The GLA was 92.7 ± 3.2°. The GZ of the canine, lateral incisor, and left central incisor were located to the GZ of the right central incisor coronally at 0.68 ± 0.91, 0.65 ± 0.66 mm, and apically at 0.12 ± 0.42 mm, respectively. The LID was 0.65 ± 0.92 mm. The GZ of the canine, lateral incisor, and central incisor were located distally to the VBMS at 0.00 ± 0.06, 0.27 ± 0.19, and 0.73 ± 0.21 mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: The GZ at different tooth position are in different heights. The direction and degree of the GZ deviation from the VBMS are also related to tooth position. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The clinical parameters of the gingival contour obtained in this research can be used for patients with unsound contour of periodontal soft tissue to do the anterior teeth esthetic analysis. Besides, it can also be used to determine the proper position between the GZs of the maxillary anterior teeth in anterior teeth esthetic design.

Msx1 and Tbx2 antagonistically regulate Bmp4 expression during the bud-to-cap stage transition in tooth development.

Bmp4 expression is tightly regulated during embryonic tooth development, with early expression in the dental epithelial placode leading to later expression in the dental mesenchyme. Msx1 is among several transcription factors that are induced by epithelial Bmp4 and that, in turn, are necessary for the induction and maintenance of dental mesenchymal Bmp4 expression. Thus, Msx1(-/-) teeth arrest at early bud stage and show loss of Bmp4 expression in the mesenchyme. Ectopic expression of Bmp4 rescues this bud stage arrest. We have identified Tbx2 expression in the dental mesenchyme at bud stage and show that this can be induced by epithelial Bmp4. We also show that endogenous Tbx2 and Msx1 can physically interact in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells. In order to ascertain a functional relationship between Msx1 and Tbx2 in tooth development, we crossed Tbx2 and Msx1 mutant mice. Our data show that the bud stage tooth arrest in Msx1(-/-) mice is partially rescued in Msx1(-/-);Tbx2(+/-) compound mutants. This rescue is accompanied by formation of the enamel knot (EK) and by restoration of mesenchymal Bmp4 expression. Finally, knockdown of Tbx2 in C3H10T1/2 cells results in an increase in Bmp4 expression. Together, these data identify a novel role for Tbx2 in tooth development and suggest that, following their induction by epithelial Bmp4, Msx1 and Tbx2 in turn antagonistically regulate odontogenic activity that leads to EK formation and to mesenchymal Bmp4 expression at the key bud-to-cap stage transition.

Selective enrichment and separation of phosphotyrosine peptides by thermosensitive molecularly imprinted polymers.

Novel thermosensitive molecularly imprinted polymers were successfully prepared using the epitope imprinting approach in the presence of the mimic template phenylphosphonic acid, the functional monomer vinylphosphonic acid-Ti(4+) , the temperature-sensitive monomer N-isopropylacrylamide and the crosslinker N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. The ratio of the template/thermosensitive monomers/crosslinker was optimized, and when the ratio was 2:2:1, the prepared thermosensitive molecularly imprinted polymers had the highest imprinting factor. The synthetic thermosensitive molecularly imprinted polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to reveal the combination and elution processes of the template. Then, the adsorption capacity and thermosensitivity was measured. When the temperature was 28°C, the imprinting factor was the highest. The selectivity and adsorption capacity of the thermosensitive molecularly imprinted polymers for phosphotyrosine peptides from a mixture of three tailor-made peptides were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the thermosensitive molecularly imprinted polymers have good selectivity for phosphotyrosine peptides. Finally, the imprinted hydrogels were applied to specifically adsorb phosphotyrosine peptides from a sample mixture containing phosphotyrosine and a tryptic digest of ß-casein, which demonstrated high selectivity. After four rebinding cycles, 78.9% adsorption efficiency was still retained.

The effects of temperature, salinity, concentration and PEGylated lipid on the spontaneous nanostructures of bicellar mixtures.

The self-assembling morphologies of low-concentration (mostly 1 and 10mg/mL) bicellar mixtures composed of zwitterionic dipalmitoyl (di-C16) phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dihexanoyl (di-C6) phosphatidylcholine (DHPC), and negatively charged dipalmitoyl (di-C16) phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) were investigated using small angle neutron scattering, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. A polyethylene glycol conjugated (PEGylated) lipid, distearoyl phosphoethanolamine-[methoxy (polyethyleneglycol)-2000] (PEG2000-DSPE), was incorporated in the system at 5mol% of the total lipid composition. The effects of several parameters on the spontaneous structures were studied, including temperature, lipid concentration, salinity, and PEG2000-DSPE. In general, nanodiscs (bicelles) were observed at low temperatures (below the melting temperature, TM of DPPC) depending on the salinity of the solutions. Nanodisc-to-vesicle transition was found upon the elevation of temperature (above TM) in the cases of low lipid concentration in the absence of PEG2000-DSPE or high salinity. Both addition of PEG2000-DSPE and high lipid concentration stabilize the nanodiscs, preventing the formation of multilamellar vesicles, while high salinity promotes vesiculation and the formation of aggregation. This study suggests that the stability of such nanodiscs is presumably controlled by the electrostatic interactions, the steric effect induced by PEG2000-DSPE, and the amount of DHPC located at the disc rim.

Rapid self-assembly of brush block copolymers to photonic crystals.

The reduced chain entanglement of brush polymers over their linear analogs drastically lowers the energetic barriers to reorganization. In this report, we demonstrate the rapid self-assembly of brush block copolymers to nanostructures with photonic bandgaps spanning the entire visible spectrum, from ultraviolet (UV) to near infrared (NIR). Linear relationships were observed between the peak wavelengths of reflection and polymer molecular weights. This work enables "bottom-up" fabrication of photonic crystals with application-tailored bandgaps, through synthetic control of the polymer molecular weight and the method of self-assembly. These polymers could be developed into NIR-reflective paints, to combat the "urban heat island effect" due to NIR photon thermalization.

OsGLP8-7 interacts with OsPRX111 to detoxify excess copper in rice.

Lignin is a phenolic biopolymer generated from phenylpropanoid pathway in the secondary cell wall and is required for defense of plants against various stress. Although the fact of stress-induced lignin deposition has been clearly demonstrated, it remains largely elusive how the formation of lignin is promoted under Cu stress. The present study showed that OsGLP8-7, an extracellular glycoprotein of rice (Oryza sativa L.), plays an important function against Cu stress. The loss function of OsGLP8-7 results in Cu sensitivity whereas overexpression of OsGLP8-7 scavenges Cu-induced superoxide anion (O2•-). OsGLP8-7 interacts with apoplastic peroxidase111 (OsPRX111) and elevates OsPRX111 stability when exposed to excess Cu. In OsGLP8-7 overexpressing (OE) lines, the retention of Cu within cell wall limiting Cu uptake into cytoplasm is attributed to the enhanced lignification required for Cu tolerance. Exogenous application of a lignin inhibitor can impair the Cu tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing OsGLP8-7. In addition, co-expression of OsGLP8-7 and OsPRX111 genes in tobacco leaves leads to an improved lignin deposition compared to leaves expressing each gene individually or the empty vector. Taken together, our findings provided the convincing evidences that the interaction between OsGLP8-7 and OsPRX111 facilitates effectively lignin polymerization, thereby contributing to Cu tolerance in rice.

The effect of energy substrates on PHB accumulation of Acidiphilium cryptum DX1-1.

The effect of glucose and elemental sulfur on the growth and PHB accumulation of Acidiphilium cryptum DX1-1 was investigated. Meanwhile, the differential expressions of 19 genes related with PHB accumulation, sulfur metabolism and carbon fixed in heterotrophy, phytotrophy and mixotrophy were studied by RT-qPCR. The results showed that strain DX1-1 could accumulate PHB with sulfur as the energy substance and atmospheric CO2 as carbon resource. Glucose could improve the growth of strain DX1-1 cultured in medium with sulfur as the energy substance, and almost all the key enzyme-encoding genes related with PHB, sulfur metabolism and carbon fixed were basically up-regulated. PHB polymerase (Arcy_3030), ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (Acry_0825), ribulose-phosphate-epimerase (Acry_0022), and cysteine synthase A (Acry_2560) played important role in PHB accumulation, the modified expression of which could influence the PHB yield. With CO2 as carbon resource, the main initial substance of PHB accumulation for strain DX1-1 was acetyl-CoA, instead of acetate with the glucose as the carbon resource. Because of accumulating PHB by fixed atmospheric CO2 while independent of light, A. cryptum DX1-1 may have specifically potential in production of PHB.

[Mapping environmental vulnerability from ETM + data in the Yellow River Mouth Area].

The environmental vulnerability retrieval is important to support continuing data. The spatial distribution of regional environmental vulnerability was got through remote sensing retrieval. In view of soil and vegetation, the environmental vulnerability evaluation index system was built, and the environmental vulnerability of sampling points was calculated by the AHP-fuzzy method, then the correlation between the sampling points environmental vulnerability and ETM + spectral reflectance ratio including some kinds of conversion data was analyzed to determine the sensitive spectral parameters. Based on that, models of correlation analysis, traditional regression, BP neural network and support vector regression were taken to explain the quantitative relationship between the spectral reflectance and the environmental vulnerability. With this model, the environmental vulnerability distribution was retrieved in the Yellow River Mouth Area. The results showed that the correlation between the environmental vulnerability and the spring NDVI, the September NDVI and the spring brightness was better than others, so they were selected as the sensitive spectral parameters. The model precision result showed that in addition to the support vector model, the other model reached the significant level. While all the multi-variable regression was better than all one-variable regression, and the model accuracy of BP neural network was the best. This study will serve as a reliable theoretical reference for the large spatial scale environmental vulnerability estimation based on remote sensing data.

Stable Discoidal Bicelles: Formulation, Characterization, and Functions.

Bicellar mixtures have been used as alignable membrane substrates under a magnetic field applicable for the structural characterization of membrane-associated proteins. Recently, it has shown that bicelles can serve as nanocarriers to effectively deliver hydrophobic therapeutic molecules to cancer cells with a three- to ten-fold enhancement compared to that of liposomes of a chemically identical composition. In this chapter, detailed preparation protocol, common structural characterization methods, the structural stability, the cellular uptake and a few unique functions of bicellar nanodiscs are discussed.

Ultrasonic-assisted nanoencapsulation of kiwi leaves proanthocyanidins in liposome delivery system for enhanced biostability and bioavailability.

The poor biostability and bioavailability of proanthocyanidins limit their application. In this study, it was hypothesized that encapsulation in lecithin-based nanoliposomes using ultrasonic technology improves the above properties. Based on preliminary experiments, the effects of lecithin mass ratio (1-9%, wt.), pH (3.2-6.8), ultrasonic power (0-540 W), and time (0-10 min) on biostability and bioavailability of purified kiwi leaves proanthocyanidins (PKLPs) were determined. Nanoliposomes prepared optimally with lecithin (5%, wt.), pH = 3.2, ultrasonic power (270 W), and time (5 min) demonstrated a significantly (p < 0.05) improved physicochemical stability, homogeneity, and high encapsulation efficiency (73.84%) relative to control. The PKLPs bioaccessibility during in vitro digestion increased by 2.28-3.07-fold, with a remarkable sustained release and delivery to the small intestine. Similar results were obtained by in vivo analyses, showing over 200% increase in PKLPs bioaccessibility compared to the control. Thus, PKLPs-loaded nanoliposomes are promising candidates for foods and supplements for novel applications.

Confinement Assembly in Polymeric Micelles Enables Nanoparticle Superstructures with Tunable Molecular-Like Geometries.

The self-assembly of a small number of nanoparticles into superstructures that mimic the geometry of molecules provides an unprecedented route for creating materials with precisely defined structures and potentially programmable functionalities. Such nanoparticle clusters (NPCs), also known as colloidal molecules, have a wide range of applications due to the decisive ensemble effect. Here, a universal and straightforward strategy is developed to construct NPCs with tunable molecular-like geometries by confining the self-assembly of hydrophobic nanoparticles within micelles formed by amphiphilic copolymers. It is found that confinement assembly of both spherical and anisotropic nanoparticles can lead to NPCs, the molecular-like conformation of which is widely tunable by adjusting the ratio between copolymers and nanoparticles. Mechanistic studies reveal the formation of large-vesicle intermediates along the path toward forming NPCs. This work establishes a facile and general strategy of assembling finite nanoparticles with precisely tunable geometries without introducing any directional interactions, which can accelerate the exploration of clustered superstructures toward broad applications.

Agnathia-otocephaly complex diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound: a case report.

Agnathia-otocephaly complex (AOC) is a rare and complex craniofacial malformation characterized by mandibular hypoplasia or agnathia, auricular fusion (synotia), and microstomia with oroglossal hypoplasia or aglossia. It can occur alone or in combination with forebrain anomalies and cardiac malformations and has an extremely poor prognosis. Here, we report a case of AOC diagnosed by systemic fetal screening at a gestational age of 25+4 weeks. Ultrasound revealed that the S-curve formed by the normal lower jaw and lower lip had disappeared, the lower jaw and mandible were invisible, the mouth was extremely small, and the oral fissure was "pinhole-shaped". There was a cone-shaped perioral bulge. Both ears were located in the front side of the neck, and the right foot was inverted. Excessive amniotic fluid was observed. The absence of a mandible was confirmed on X-ray examination after induced abortion. Specimen observation showed that the ear positions were extremely low, and both earlobes were connected in the front side of the neck. It was particularly challenging to identify the development of the mandible and locate auricles during prenatal ultrasound diagnosis, and the prenatal diagnosis of AOC was confirmed by combining two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound in our current case.

The biomechanical effects of Ti versus PEEK used in the PLIF surgery on lumbar spine: a finite element analysis.

Titanium (Ti) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) are commonly used in posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). The study investigated biomechanical effects of Ti versus PEEK used as materials of cage and rods on the lumbar spine. Four different configurations of PLIF were constituted. Stiff Ti rods provided satisfactory initial stability but increased the stress on rods significantly under simulated physiological load conditions. Ti cage increased the stress on bone endplates significantly. Materials of cage and rods had insignificant effects on the nucleus pressure and facet joint force of non-instrumented segments. Further clinical studies and follow-up observations are essential for corroborating these findings.

Application of a novel shape-memory alloy concentrator in displaced olecranon fractures: a report of the technique and mid-term clinical results.

PURPOSE: Olecranon fracture is a common upper limb fracture, and several surgical approaches have been advocated for its fixation. To overcome the complications associated with common techniques, we present a novel shape-memory alloy concentrator, an alternative for tension band compression, to fix olecranon fracture. METHODS: Fifty-seven patients (26 men and 31 women) with olecranon fracture, with a mean age of 45 years, were included in this study. Each patient had undergone open reduction and internal fixation using the Nitinol (Ni-Ti) arched shape-memory connector (ASC). The clinical assessments were performed using the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and the Mayo Elbow Performance (MEP) score, which were both recorded at the final follow-up visit. RESULTS: The patients were followed up for 44 months on average (range, 31 to 56 months). No patients were lost to follow-up, and all of the olecranon fractures healed in an average of 15 weeks (range, 10 to 34 weeks). The mean DASH score was 8.6 (range, 0 to 32.4), and the mean MEP score was 92.5 (range, 74 to 100). Nine patients showed postoperative complications: prominent hardware (2), infection (1), loss of the range of functional motion (5), and heterotopic ossification (1). CONCLUSION: The ASC may serve as a favorable device for multi-fragmented and comminuted fractures with rare hardware irritation and may also provide continuous concentrative compression to accelerate osseous healing, thereby aiding the restoration and permitting an early rehabilitation with a low incidence of postoperative complications.

Strong influence of surfactants on virgin hydrophobic microplastics adsorbing ionic organic pollutants.

Microplastic (MP) pollution has become an area of increasing concern because MPs accumulate various types of pollutants. Many previous studies have explored the interactions between MPs and hydrophobic pollutants. However, little research has been conducted on hydrophilic pollutants, which are of much higher concentration and ubiquitous in environment. Surfactants cause hydrophobic MPs to become hydrophilic, which may significantly enhance their capacities to adsorb hydrophilic pollutants. This study explored the influence of co-existing surfactants on the adsorption of ionic organic pollutants by MPs, and found that the presence of an ionic surfactant could significantly enhance the capacity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC, 0.2 mm) MPs to adsorb pollutants with opposite charges. The Langmuir methylene blue adsorption capacity of PVC could be increased from 172 to 4417 ppm in the presence of a sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate surfactant. Nonionic surfactants impeded the adsorption of both cationic and anionic pollutants due to the steric resistance of the hydrophilic polyethelene glycol chains. The electrostatic interaction mechanism dominated the interfacial behaviors of ionic pollutants on surfactant-adsorbed MP interfaces. The effects of the surfactants were further verified using four different model pollutants and six surfactants. The adsorption capacities of real environmental MPs, including PVC, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), increased by three to twenty-six times. The adsorption properties of MPs may be determined by the presence of co-existing surfactants, rather than their polymer species or additives.

Surfactant stealth effect of microplastics in traditional coagulation process observed via 3-D fluorescence imaging.

Microplastics (MPs) have aroused rising social concerns. Although amounts of surfactants exist in wastewater and are expected to alter the surface properties of MPs significantly as they are designed to be adsorbed by hydrophobic particles. However, rare works have been done on the influence of surfactants on the coagulation removal process of MPs which was thought to be an effective way to remove MPs together with other natural particles, such as clay. We used 3-D fluorescence imaging to track the coagulation removal process of polystyrene MPs. Our results indicate that nonionic surfactant, tween 20 in ppm scale, could inhibit the coagulation removal of polystyrene MPs significantly. Residue MPs in the effluent is proportional with the surfactant concentration and increases up to tens of times, which will lead to a dramatic increase in their potential environmental risks. Apparent size effect exists in the coagulation in which smaller MPs can escape from the coagulation removal more easily. Mechanism study suggests that the steric resistance of the hydrophilic flexible polyethylene glycol (PEG) layer formed by tween 20 adsorbed on MP surface inhibits clay deposition and thus hinders subsequent agglomeration and precipitation. A surfactant stealth effect, which is used in the design of nanomedicine to avoid the human immune recognition and clearance of nano-drugs from blood circulation, also exists in the coagulation removal process of MPs. Our finding not only proves the strong influence of surfactants on MPs but also will stimulate related studies on other latent surfactant effects of MPs.