Commercial soft drinks: pH and in vitro dissolution of enamel.

Most soft drinks are acidic in nature and exposure to these drinks may result in enamel erosion. This study sought to measure the pH of 20 commercial brands of soft drinks, the dissolution of enamel resulting from immersion in these drinks, and the influence of pH on enamel loss. Comparison of the erosive potential of cola versus non-cola drinks as well as regular sugared and diet versions of the same brands was undertaken. The pH was measured immediately after opening the soft drink can. Enamel slices obtained from freshly extracted teeth were immersed in the soft drinks and weighed at baseline and after 6, 24, and 48 hours of immersion. Non-cola drinks had significantly higher pH values than cola drinks but showed higher mean percent weight loss. By contrast, sugared versions of the cola and non-cola drinks showed significantly lower pH values and higher mean percent weight loss than their diet counterparts. The pH value of the soft drink did not have a significant influence on the mean percent weight loss (r = -0.28). Prolonged exposure to soft drinks can lead to significant enamel loss. Non-cola drinks are more erosive than cola drinks. Sugared versions of cola and non-cola drinks proved to be more erosive than their diet counterparts. The erosive potential of the soft drinks was not related to their pH value.

Deleterious effect of short-term exposure to Coca-Cola on rats.

Semiacute toxicity of cola fluid, Coca-Cola, conducting for approximately a month in rats, was studied. A trend of cariogenicity of Coca-Cola was strongly indicated. When the fluid was given ad libitum, decarbonized Coca-Cola and carbohydrate solution, consisted 8% of glucose and 3.5% of sugar and then adjusted pH to 2.4 with oxalic acid, were consumed 2 to 3 times greater than the control (water). A hyperuresis was observed as the result of great consumption of liquid, but no liver nor kidney degeneration was observed by histopathological examination. The diet consumption of the groups of Coca-Cola and carbohydrate solution was approximately a half of the control, water. However, when a complete diet was given, no physiological difference in time was observed, except in diarrhea and depression of hair gloss in Coca-Cola group.

Evaluation of a 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth-whitening gel on enamel microhardness after extended use.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitener, Xtra White, on sound human enamel microhardness in vitro after an extended and exaggerated simulated 8 weeks of product use. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Polished human enamel specimens were prepared and baseline microhardness and color measurements determined. The enamel specimens were exposed to a fluoride-containing toothpaste for 30 seconds and then exposed to water, Xtra White, a control carbopol gel containing no hydrogen peroxide, or a carbonated beverage (each group, n = 8) for 20 minutes. Specimens were exposed to whole saliva at all other times. In order to simulate 8 weeks of extended product use, quadruple the length of the manufacturer's instructions, 112 treatments, were conducted. Microhardness measurements were taken after 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of simulated treatments, and color was measured after 2 and 8 weeks. RESULTS: The Xtra White-treated specimens showed a statistically significant (P < .0001) increase in L* and decrease in b* compared to the water-treated specimens after 2 weeks simulated use, indicating bleaching had occurred. The carbonated beverage-treated specimens were significantly softened (P = .0009) compared to baseline after only 1 treatment. The carbopol gel-treated specimens were significantly softened (P = .0028) after 2 weeks of simulated treatments compared to baseline. There were no statistically significant differences in enamel microhardness between baseline and all treatment times for XW and water groups. CONCLUSION: Xtra White does not have any deleterious effects on sound human enamel microhardness after an extended and exaggerated simulated 8 weeks of product use.

Ação de compostos a base de cálcio e xilitol na prevenção da erosão e da erosào associada à abrasão / Action of calcium and xylitol composites on preventing of erosion and erosion with abrasion

Os compostos fluoretados têm grande importância como agentes preventivos e terapêuticos diante de desafios erosivos e abrasivos. Vários produtos fluoretados de tem sido extensivamente estudados devido a sua ação em prevenir, tratar ou diminuir a progressão da desmineralização dentária. Novos compostos têm sido propostos, em associação ou não ao fluoreto, como uma tentativa em se obter melhores efeitos contra a perda mineral. Na presente tese foi avaliado o efeito de compostos a base de cálcio e xilitol na prevenção da erosão e da erosão associada à abrasão. Vernizes de fluoreto de sódio (NaF) associados ou não ao fosfocaseínato de cálcio (CPP-ACP) e xilitol foram testados. A erosão foi executada por meio da imersão da amostra em refrigerantes ou medicamentos líquidos pediátricos. Para a erosão associada à abrasão, ciclos de escovações também foram aplicados aos blocos erodidos. Em todos os experimentos, a superfície do esmalte foi avaliada por meio do perfilometro 3D de não contato (3D-NCP) nos parâmetros de perda de estrutura dentária e de rugosidade superficial. Imagens foram obtidas no 3D-NCP e em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Diferenças entre os tratamentos foram testadas usando estatística inferencial, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. As imagens de 3D-NCP e MEV foram avaliadas descritivamente. Os vernizes fluoretados com CPP-ACP e xilitol exibiram efeito preventivo em relação à erosão e à progressão da erosão dentária; além de inibir à erosão associada à abrasão. O verniz de CPP-ACP demonstrou efeito preventivo frente à erosão promovida pelo refrigerante associado a um medicamento líquido pediátrico. (AU)

Fluoride compounds are very important as preventive and therapeutic agents in erosive and abrasive challenges. Various fluoride products has been extensively studied because of their action to prevent, treat or slow down the progression of tooth demineralization. Novel compounds have been proposed, in combination or not with fluoride products to obtain better effects against mineral loss. In this thesis was evaluated the effect of NaF varnishes with calcium and xylitol in the prevention of erosion and erosion associated with abrasion. Sodium fluoride varnishes (NaF) associated or not with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and xylitol were tested. For erosion experiments, cycles of erosion (immersion in soft drink or in pediatric liquid medications) were made. To erosion associated with abrasion, brushing cycles were also applied to the eroded blocks. In all experiments, the enamel surface was evaluated by profilometry by non-contact 3D (3D-PNC) in following parameters: tooth structure loss and surface roughness. Images were obtained on 3D-PNC and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Differences between treatments were tested using inferencial statistical analysis with 5% os signifficance. 3D-PNC and SEM images were descriptively evaluated. CPP-ACP/NaF and xylitol/NaF varnishes exhibited a preventive effect against erosion and erosion associated with abrasion. The CPP-ACP/NaF varnish showed preventive effect against soft drink plus pediatric liquid medicine erosion. (AU)

Compuestos de flúor son de gran importancia como agentes preventivos y terapéuticos en desafíos erosivos y abrasivos. Varios productos de fluoruro ha sido ampliamente estudiado debido a su acción para prevenir, tratar o retrasar la progresión de la desmineralización de los dientes. Se han propuesto nuevos compuestos, en combinación o no con fluoruro, en un intento de obtener mejores efectos contra la pérdida de mineral. Objetivo de la tesis era evaluar el efecto de los compuestos sobre la base de calcio y xilitol en la prevención de la erosión y la erosión asociada a la abrasión. Barnices de fluoruro de sodio (NaF) asociados o no con fosfocaseínato calcio (CPP-ACP) y xilitol se pusieron a prueba. La erosión se llevó a cabo mediante la inmersión de la muestra en refrigerantes y medicamentos líquidos de los niños. Para la erosión asociada a la abrasión, los ciclos de cepillado se aplicaron a los bloques erosionados. En todos los experimentos, la superficie del esmalte se evaluó mediante perfilometría por 3D sin contacto en los parámetros de la pérdida de estructura dental y rugosidad de la superficie. Las imágenes se obtuvieron en perfilometría 3D sin contacto y microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB). Las diferencias entre tratamientos se ensayaron usando análisis estadísticos inferenciales com nível de significacion de 5%, la perfilometría 3D sin contacto MEB imágenes se evaluaron descriptivamente. Barnices a fluoruro de CPP-ACP y xilitol exhibieron un efecto preventivo contra la erosión y la progresión de la erosión dental; además de inhibir la erosión asociada a la abrasión. El barniz de CPP-ACP mostró efecto preventivo en contra de la erosión de refrigerante asociado con medicamento líquido pediátrico. (AU)

Avaliaçäo do teor de flúor e pH em bebidas no mercado nacional / Fluoride content and pH of beverages found on the Brazilian market and their impact on caries and erosion

Sessenta e uma bebidas diferentes foram analisadas em seu teor de flúor e pH usando-se um eletrodo específico para flúor e um pHmetro. As amostras foram coletadas dentre aquelas bebidas consumidas com freqüência pelos brasileiros, como refrigerantes tipo cola, guaraná, limäo e laranja, sucos, leite in natura e leite em pó, cervejas, águas minerais e chás (chá mate, chá preto). Com exceçäo do chá preto e uma água mineral com gás, todas as bebidas apresentaram concentraçöes de flúor abaixo de 1 ppm, a maioria delas abaixo de 0,4 ppm. Sucos, leite, chá mate e cinco de sete águas minerais mostraram teores de flúor abaixo de 0,1 ppm. O pH de todos os refrigerantes e sucos ficou entre 2,5 e 3,4. Todas as outras bebidas tiveram um pH acima de 4,0. As águas minerais tiveram um pH perto de 7,0