Effect of laser-assisted scaling and root planing on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with chronic periodontitis: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the efficacy of laser-assisted (low level laser therapy [LLLT], high intensity laser therapy [HILT], or antimicrobial photodynamic therapy [aPDT]) scaling and root planing (SRP) compared with SRP alone on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the gingival crevicular (GCF) of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS: In order to address the focused question: "What is the efficacy of SRP with and without laser and/or aPDT on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the GCF of patients with CP?" an electronic search without time or language restrictions was conducted up to and including February 2017 in indexed databases using various key words. RESULTS: Twenty-two randomized control trials were included in the present systematic review. Nine studies and six studies assessed the efficacy of LLLT and HILT, as adjunct to SRP, respectively. Seven studies assessed the efficacy of aPDT as adjunct to SRP on down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the GCF among patients with CP. The outcomes of the studies included based upon the reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were inconsistent. CONCLUSION: The role of laser-assisted SRP on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the GCF of patients with CP remains unclear. Further long term and well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed in this regard.

Clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy adjunctive to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with untreated chronic periodontitis based on up-to-date evidence. METHODS: MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs), supplemented by a manual literature search. Mean differences (MD) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of probing depth (PD) reduction and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain were synthesized. The I2 test and Q statistics were used to determine the inter-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis based on smoking status was performed. RESULTS: Eleven RCTs with a total of 243 subjects were included. Significant improvement in PD reduction (MD=0.13, CI:0.02-0.24, p=0.02) and marginal significant improvement in CAL gain (MD=0.18, CI:-0.005-0.363, p=0.056) were observed in favor of SRP+PDT at 3months. When evaluated at 6months after baseline, the association of PDT with SRP resulted in a significant benefit in PD reduction (MD=0.40, CI:0.05-0.74, p=0.03), but not in CAL gain (MD=0.37, CI:-0.18-0.93, p=0.18). Subgroup analysis revealed that the combined therapy produced no significant improvements in PD and CAL at neither 3months nor 6months for studies with smokers. No treatment-related adverse events or side effects had been reported by the included studies. CONCLUSIONS: Pooled analysis suggests a short-term benefit of PDT as an adjunct to SRP in clinical outcome variables. However, evidence regarding its long-term efficacy is still insufficient and no significant effect has been confirmed in terms of CAL gain at 6months. Future clinical trials of high methodological quality are needed to establish the optimal combination of photosensitizer and laser configuration.

Role of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis (AgP). METHODS: The addressed focused question was "Is aPDT effective in the treatment of AgP?" MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, ISI Web of knowledge and Google-Scholar databases were searched from 1977 till May 2015 using combinations of the following keywords: antimicrobial; photochemotherapy; photodynamic therapy; photosensitizing agents; AgP; scaling and root-planing (SRP). Reviews, case reports, commentaries, and articles published in languages other than English were excluded. RESULTS: Seven studies were included. In 5 studies, aPDT was performed as an adjunct to SRP. Laserwavelengths and duration of irradiation ranged between 660-690 nm and 60-120 s, respectively. Laser power output as reported in 2 studies was 75 mW. One study showed significant improvement in periodontal parameters for subjects receiving aPDT as an adjunct to SRP as compared to treatment with SRP alone at follow up. However, comparable periodontal parameters were reported when aPDT as an adjunct to SRP was compared to SRP alone in the treatment of AgP in one study. One study showed comparable outcomes when aPDT was compared to SRP in the treatment of AgP. In two studies, adjunctive antibiotic administration to SRP showed significantly better outcomes when compared to application of adjunctive use of aPDT to SRP. CONCLUSION: aPDT is effective as an adjunct to SRP for the management of AgP, however, further randomized clinical trials with well defined control groups are needed in this regard.

Is mechanical curettage with adjunct photodynamic therapy more effective in the treatment of peri-implantitis than mechanical curettage alone?

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to review the pertinent literature on the effects of mechanical curettage (MC) with and without adjunct photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the management of peri-implantitis. METHODS: The addressed focused question was "Is PDT effective in the treatment of peri-implantitis?" A search without language or time restrictions up to March 2016 was conducted using various key words. The exclusion criteria included; review papers, in vitro Studies, case reports, commentaries, interviews, and letters to the editors. RESULTS: In total 9 studies were included. Among them 5 studies were clinical and 4 were experimental. All the studies used PDT as an adjunctive to MC in their test groups. The laser wavelengths used ranged from 660nm to 830nm. One study showed significant reduction of the bleeding scores, inflammatory exudates and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans count in group with PDT as an adjunctive when compared to MC and 0.2% chlorhexidine. However, in four clinical studies comparable periodontal parameters were reported when PDT is used as an adjunct to MC was compared to MC in treatment of peri-implantitis. In three experimental studies, outcomes were significantly better in group with PDT as an adjunct to MC when compared to MC alone at follow-up. CONCLUSION: The role of PDT as an adjunct to MC in the treatment of peri-implantitis is debatable. Further longterm randomised control trails are needed to justify the role PDT as an adjunct to MC in treatment of peri-implantitis.

Efficacy of periimplant mechanical debridement with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of periimplant diseases among cigarette smokers and non-smokers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the efficacy of mechanical debridement (MD) with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing periimplant inflammation among cigarette-smokers and non-smokers. METHODS: Cigarette-smokers and non-smokers were randomly divided into 2 groups. In the test-group, participants underwent full mouth scaling and periimplant MD with adjunct aPDT; and in the control-group, the participants underwent full mouth scaling and periimplant MD alone. Periimplant bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and crestal bone loss (CBL) were measured at baseline and at 6- and 12-months follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. P-values<0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Eighty-four smokers (41 patients in the test group and 43 in the control group) and 82 non-smokers (40 patients in the test group and 42 in the control group) were included. Among smokers and non-smokers, periimplant PD was significantly higher in the control-group compared with the test-group (P<0.05) at 6-months of follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference in BOP, PD and CBL among smokers and non-smokers in the test- and control-groups at 12-months of follow-up. BOP was comparable among smokers at all time intervals. CONCLUSION: In the short-term, MD with adjunct aPDT is more effective in reducing periimplant probing depth than MD alone in smokers and non-smokers. However, in the long-term outcomes of MD either with or without aPDT among smokers and non-smokers are comparable.

Eficácia antimicrobiana da terapia fotodinâmica no tratamento da candidíase oral em pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids / Antimicrobial efficacy of photodynamic therapy on the treatment of oral candidiasis in people living with HIV/Aids / Eficacia antimicrobiana de la terapia fotodinámica en el tratamiento de la candidiasis bucal en personas viviendo con VIH/Sida

Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia antimicrobiana da terapia fotodinâmica no tratamento da candidíase oral em pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids. Método: estudo experimental, qualitativo e descritivo com 18 pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids que manifestavam a candidíase oral, maiores de 18 anos, que estavam em tratamento no Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle. Este grupo subdividiu-se em um grupo controle, composto por sete pessoas, que recebeu tratamento com a terapia fotodinâmica e antifúngicos, e um grupo experimental, com 11, que recebeu apenas a terapia fotodinâmica. A evolução do tratamento de cada participante foi acompanhada por registros fotográficos em duas consultas, inicial e final. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do hospital, parecer número 2.431.107. Resultados: a maioria dos participantes apresentou melhora clínica, ainda que discreta, e em apenas um houve piora clínica. Conclusão: a terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana pode ser eficaz no tratamento da candidíase oral em pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids

Objective: evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oral candidiasis in people living with HIV/ aids. Method: experimental, qualitative and descriptive study with 18 people living with HIV/aids who presented oral candidiasis, over 18 years of age, who were being treated at the Gaffrée and Guinle University Hospital. This group was subdivided into a control group, composed of seven people, who received treatment with photodynamic and antifungal therapy, and an experimental group, with 11, who received only the photodynamic therapy. The evolution of the treatment of each participant was followed by photographic registers in two appointments, initial and final. This research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee from the hospital, dictum number 2.431.107. Results: most of the participants showed clinical improvement, albeit discrete, and in only one there was clinical worsening. Conclusion: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy may be effective in the treatment of oral candidiasis in people living with HIV/Aids

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia antimicrobiana de la terapia fotodinámica en el tratamiento de la candidiasis bucal en personas que viven con VIH/sida. Método: estudio experimental, cualitativo y descriptivo con 18 personas viviendo con VIH/sida que manifestaban la candidiasis bucal, mayores de 18 años, que estaban en tratamiento en el Hospital Universitario Gaffrée y Guinle. Este grupo se subdividió en grupo control, compuesto por siete personas, que recibió tratamiento con la terapia fotodinámica y antifúngicos, y un grupo experimental, con 11, que recibió sólo la terapia fotodinámica. La evolución del tratamiento de cada participante fue acompañada por registros fotográficos en dos consultas, inicial y final. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación del lugar, dictamen número 2.431.107. Resultados: la mayoría de los participantes presentó mejoría clínica, aunque discreta, y en apenas uno hubo empeoramiento clínico. Conclusión: la terapia fotodinámica antimicrobiana puede ser eficaz en el tratamiento de la candidiasis bucal en personas que viven con el VIH/Sida

Avaliação da capacidade de penetração do azul de metileno na dentina radicular de dentes humanos com e sem agitação sônica: um estudo piloto / Evaluation of methylene blue penetration capacity in root dentin of human teeth with and without sonication: a pilot study

Introdução: com a necessidade de terapêuticas antimicrobianas complementares, a terapia fotodinâmica (PDT) vem mostrando resultados promissores na inativação de microrganismos no interior dos canais radiculares. Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a capacidade de penetração do fotossensibilizante azul de metileno na massa dentinária nos níveis cervical, médio e apical dos canais radiculares de dentes humanos, comparando diferentes aplicações da solução. Métodos: a amostra foi composta de 20 dentes pré-molares unirradiculares, distribuídos em quatro grupos, preparados utilizando-se instrumentos rotatórios de NiTi e irrigação com HCT20. Cada grupo recebeu suas respectivas aplicações do fotossensibilizante, sendo de 5 minutos o tempo de ação da solução dentro do canal: Grupo 1 = azul de metileno a 2%; Grupo 2 = azul de metileno a 2% associado ao detergente lauril-sulfato de sódio a 0,125%; Grupo 3 = azul de metileno a 2% com agitação sônica; Grupo 4 = azul de metileno a 2% associado ao detergente lauril-sulfato de sódio a 0,125% com agitação sônica. Os dentes foram, então, seccionados transversalmente nos níveis cervical, médio e apical e observados em microscópio cirúrgico. Resultados: os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pela aplicação do teste ANOVA, teste de Levene e teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). O valor médio da penetração no nível cervical variou de 0,55 a 0,75mm; no nível médio, variou de 0,30 a 0,48mm; e no nível apical, variou de 0,17 a 0,24mm entre os grupos. Conclusões: independentemente da natureza do solvente e do uso ou não da agitação sônica, nas condições testadas não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos.

A importância da terapia fotodinâmica na descontaminação do sistema de canais radiculares: relatos de casos / The importance of photodynamic therapy for decontamination of the root canal system: case reports

Introdução: o tratamento endodôntico permite a descontaminação do sistema de canais radiculares por meio do preparo químico-mecânico, medicação curativa intracanal e obturação do sistema de canais radiculares. Porém, a literatura aponta que microrganismos podem ter desenvolvido meios de resistência às manobras do método tradicional. Como meio terapêutico adicional, a terapia fotodinâmica (também conhecida como PDT, ou Photodynamic therapy) foi incorporada no tratamento endodôntico convencional, para controle microbiano, sendo de fácil e rápida aplicação, podendo ser utilizada tanto em sessão única quanto em múltiplas sessões. Objetivo: esclarecer o uso da terapia fotodinâmica, bem como as vantagens do seu uso, por meio do relato de dois casos clínicos. Métodos: foram relatados dois casos que ­ segundo os exames clínicos, testes de sensibilidade pulpar e radiográficos realizados ­ apontaram para o diagnóstico pulpar de necrose pulpar e necrose periapical, respectivamente, sugestivo de abscesso perirradicular crônico, inclusive com presença de fístula extrabucal; e sugestivo de granuloma perirradicular. Após o estabelecimento do diagnóstico, foi indicada a terapia endodôntica convencional associada à terapia fotodinâmica. Resultados: as radiografias de um ano de acompanhamento demonstraram área de reparação. Conclusão: o plano de tratamento proposto e relatado demonstrou ser eficaz, uma vez que pôde-se observar cicatrização da fístula, regressão das lesões periapicais (radiograficamente) e restabelecimento de estrutura óssea.

Terapia fotodinâmica no tratamento da doença periodontal / Photodynamic therapy on periodontal disease treatment

A redução de microorganismos patogênicos da superfície dental é um dos principais fatores envolvidos na prevenção e tratamento da doença periodontal. Nesse contexto a terapia fotodinâmica surge como um tratamento alternativo devido a sua habilidade em matar microorganismos. Nessa terapia, bactérias previamente sensibilizadas com um fotossensibilizador específico são irradiadas com uma luz de comprimento de onda complementar iniciando a formação de radicais orgânicos que podem culminar com a morte bacteriana. O objetivo dessa revisão de literatura é dar ao leitor informações sobre o uso da terapia fotodinâmica na redução de bactérias bucais e as novas perspectivas para o uso dessa terapia no tratamento da doença periodontal.

Elimination of pathogenic microorganisms from dental surface has been one of the most important factors related to periodontal disease control and prevention. In this context, photodynamic therapy became as an alternative treatment because of its ability to kill microorganisms. In this therapy, pre-sensitized bacteria irradiated with a suitable wavelength light beginning the production of free organic compounds that may kill bacteria. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with information about antimicrobial activity of photodynamic therapy and new perspectives for the use of this therapy in periodontal disease treatment.