Influence of obesity on experimental periodontitis in rats: histopathological, histometric and immunohistochemical study.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the influence of obesity on the progression of ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: the HL group (n = 24) was fed high-fat animal food to induce obesity, and the NL group (n = 24) was fed normolipidic animal food. Obesity was induced within a period of 120 days, and the induction of experimental periodontitis (EP) was subsequently performed for 30 days. The animals were euthanized after 7, 15, and 30 days, and the jaws were removed for histopathological, histometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were analyzed via immunolabeling. RESULTS: Histological findings indicated that the inflammation was more extensive and lasted longer in the HL/EP; however, advanced destruction also occurred in the NL/EP. Greater bone loss was verified in the HL/EP group (2.28 ± 0.35) in the period of 7 days than in the NL/EP group (1.2 ± 0.29). High immunolabeling was identified in the HL/EP group in the initial periods for RANKL and TRAP, whereas the NL/EP group presented with moderate immunolabeling for both factors. The HL/EP and NL/EP groups showed low immunolabeling for OPG. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity induced by a high-fat diet influenced alveolar bone metabolism when associated with experimental periodontitis and caused a more severe local inflammatory response and alveolar bone loss. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Obesity is related to greater alveolar bone loss and an accentuated local inflammatory response, which may be reflected in the clinical severity of periodontitis and dental loss.

Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on periodontally infected tooth sockets in rats.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in alveolar treatment of areas with induced periodontitis. Thirty male Wistar rats were subjected to ligature-induced periodontal disease (PD) in the first left inferior molars, while the right side molars did not receive ligatures. After 7 days of PD evolution, ligatures were removed from the left side, and the first left and right mandibular molars were extracted. Afterwards, animals were divided into groups according to the following treatments: control (C)--no treatment; mechanical debridement (MD)--mechanical debridement and irrigation with saline solution; and aPDT--mechanical debridement, irrigation with toluidine blue O (TBO), and 1 min of laser irradiation (GaAlAs, 660 nm, 30 mW, 32 J/cm(2), 60 s). Ligatures were removed and samples of the alveolar content after extraction and after each treatment were collected for microbial processing by real-time polymerase chain reaction with specific primers for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola. Data were submitted to statistical analysis by multiple comparison tests (McNemar test; p < 0.05). T. denticola was not found in the collected samples. A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were found in ligature samples. Tooth socket samples without periodontitis induction presented lesser microbial charge than samples with induced periodontitis (p < 0.05). aPDT significantly reduced A. actinomycetemcomitans levels on the left side (p < 0.05). It was concluded that aPDT was an effective antimicrobial treatment for tooth sockets in areas affected by induced periodontitis.

Bone-implant contact around crestal and subcrestal dental implants submitted to immediate and conventional loading.

The present study aims to evaluate the influence of apicocoronal position and immediate and conventional loading in the percentage of bone-implant contact (BIC). Thus, 36 implants were inserted in the edentulous mandible from six dogs. Three implants were installed in each hemimandible, in different positions in relation to the ridge: Bone Level (at crestal bone level), Minus 1 (one millimeter apical to crestal bone), and Minus 2 (two millimeters apical to crestal bone). In addition, each hemimandible was submitted to a loading protocol: immediate (prosthesis installed 24 hours after implantation) or conventional (prosthesis installed 120 days after implantation). Ninety days after, animals were killed, and implant and adjacent tissues were prepared for histometric analysis. BIC values from immediate loaded implants were 58.7%, 57.7%, and 51.1%, respectively, while conventional loaded implants were 61.8%, 53.8%, and 68.4%. Differences statistically significant were not observed among groups (P = 0.10, ANOVA test). These findings suggest that different apicocoronal positioning and loading protocols evaluated did not interfere in the percentage of bone-implant contact, suggesting that these procedures did not jeopardize osseointegration.

Clinical and microbiological effects of photodynamic therapy associated with nonsurgical periodontal treatment. A 6-month follow-up.

Experimental studies in animals and in vitro have shown the usefulness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to periodontal treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical and microbiological effects of PDT associated with nonsurgical periodontal treatment. Three sites in each of 33 patients with chronic periodontitis were randomly allocated in a split-mouth design to a treatment group: (1) scaling and root planing (SRP group); (2) SRP and irrigation with toluidine blue O (TBO group); and (3) SRP, irrigation with TBO and low-level laser irradiation (PDT group). Clinical parameters including visible plaque index, bleeding gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, gingival recession and clinical attachment level were measured at baseline, and after 60, 90 and 180 days. Additionally, subgingival plaque samples were collected for microbiological analysis by PCR. Intergroup and intragroup statistical analyses were performed. All treatment groups showed an improvement in all clinical parameters, and a significant reduction in the proportion of sites positive for periodontopathogens at 60, 90 and 180 days compared to baseline (p < 0.05). None of the periodontal parameters showed a significant difference among the groups (p > 0.05). At 180 days, PDT treatment led to a significant reduction in the percentage of sites positive for all bacteria compared to SRP alone (p < 0.05). Within the limits of this study it may be concluded that PDT as an adjunct to periodontal treatment produced statistically significant reductions in some of the key periodontal pathogens but produced no statistically significant benefit in terms of clinical outcome.

Effect of induced diabetes mellitus on alveolar bone loss after 30 days of ligature-induced periodontal disease.

Several studies have shown that diabetics are more susceptible to the development of severe periodontal disease. Currently, the use of animal models can be considered a feasible alternative in radiographic assessments of these two pathologies. The purpose of this radiographic study was to evaluate the effect of induced diabetes mellitus on alveolar bone loss after 30 days of ligature-induced periodontal disease. Sixty-four Wistar rats were randomly distributed into four experimental groups. Diabetes was induced in Groups II and IV, while periodontal disease was induced in Groups III and IV; Group I was used as control. In order to perform the radiographic assessment of the specimens, the rats were killed on the 3rd and 30th days of the study. Radiographic measurements were assessed with ANOVA and Tukey's test to determine statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). It was observed that Groups III and IV featured greater bone loss when compared to Groups I and II. Only the diabetic group with periodontal disease (Group IV) featured statistically significant greater bone loss when compared to the other groups. These results suggested that the alveolar bone loss resulting from the periodontal disease installation is greater when associated to the diabetes mellitus.

Fatigue and fluoride corrosion on Streptococcus mutans adherence to titanium-based implant/component surfaces.

PURPOSE: The influence of fatigue and the fluoride ion corrosion process on Streptococcus mutans adherence to commercially pure Titanium (Cp Ti) implant/component set surfaces were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty Nobel implants and 30 Neodent implants were used. Each commercial brand was divided into three groups. Group A: control, Group B: sets submitted to fatigue (10(5) cycles, 15 Hz, 150 N), and Group C: sets submitted to fluoride (1500 ppm, pH 5.5) and fatigue, simulating a mean use of 5 years in the oral medium. Afterward, the sets were contaminated with standard strains of S. mutans (NTCC 1023) and analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and colony-forming unit counts (CFU/mL). RESULTS: By SEM, bacterial adherence was verified only in group C in both brands. By CFU/mL counts, S. mutans was statistically higher in both brands in group C than in groups A and B (p < 0.05, ANOVA). CONCLUSION: The process of corrosion by fluoride ions on Cp Ti implant/component sets allowed greater S. mutans adherence than in the absence of corrosion and with the fatigue process in isolation.

Periodontal Disease and Body Weight Assessment in Children.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess body weight and periodontal disease development in obese and normal weight children. METHODS: Eighty-eight 5- to 10-year-old children participated in this study. Periodontal measurements included the visible plaque index (VPI), community periodontal index (CPI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Complete periodontal examinations were performed in some children with CPI codes three and four. Anthropometric examination consisted of body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), which was adjusted by age according to percentiles. The groups were divided into children of normal weight (N=43, BMI less than 85 per age) and obese children (N=45, BMI greater than 97 per age). RESULTS: The results showed that the obesity group showed significant proportions of CPI codes one (44.2%) and three (7.4%), when compared with normal weight subjects (P<0.05). VPI was similar between both groups (P>0.05). BOP was higher in obese patients than in children with normal weight (P<0.05). CPI zero was more prevalent in normal weight subjects (62.6%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Obese children seem to be more susceptible to periodontal disease.

Periodontal treatment in a patient with generalized idiopathic dystonia.

Dystonia is a neurological disorder that can cause constant muscle contractions and motor limitations. This work reports a clinical case of periodontal treatment in a patient with generalized idiopathic dystonia. The intraoral clinical examination was focused on the presence of caries and periodontal diseases. The plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured. Initially, oral hygiene instruction was provided using a soft conventional toothbrush and dental floss, but the clinical results achieved using these methods were inadequate. Alternative methods of plaque removal were offered, such as the use of a power toothbrush and a dental floss fork, which resulted in improvement in the PI, PD, and BOP and allowed the patient to undergo periodontal surgery for the restoration of subgingival caries. Our results suggested that generalized idiopathic dystonia leads to motor limitations that may cause difficulty with regard to plaque control, but adaptations of the methods used for oral hygiene may improve the oral health conditions in these patients.

Effect of systemic ozone therapy as a biomodulator of tissue regeneration and inflammatory response in rats / Efeito da terapia sistêmica de ozônio como um biomodulador da regeneração tecidual e da resposta inflamatória em ratos

Introduction Among the therapeutic effects of ozone therapy, improvement in cell metabolism and peripheral tissue oxygenation have been highlighted. Objective to evaluate the systemic effect of bio-oxidative therapy with ozone gas on wound healing. Material and method Tissue lesions with a circumference of 1.0 cm were induced in the skin on the back of 24 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: 1) Group C (control; n=12): with simulation of the application of ozone gas via the rectum and, 2) Group O3 (test; n=12): with application of ozone gas by means of rectal insufflation at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The animals were euthanized at seven and 15 days, and samples were removed, fixed in formalin, and submitted to macroscopic, histological, and histometric analyses. Result The animals in the O3 group presented mixed inflammation at seven days, which translated into an absence of inflammation at 15 days. The C group exhibited acute inflammation on the 7th day, translating to chronic inflammation, which significantly increased from the 7th to the 15th day. The findings showed that the O3 group presented greater wound contraction (P<0.05) and a greater degree of neovascularization on the 7th day (P<0.05) when compared to group C. On the 15th day, both groups (O3 and C) showed complete re-epithelialization, however, the O3 group demonstrated complete muscle regeneration. Conclusion The systemic ozone therapy had a biomodulatory effect, reducing the characteristics of acute inflammation and increasing tissue repair and regeneration in rat skin.

Introdução Dentre os efeitos terapêuticos da ozonioterapia, destacam-se a melhora do metabolismo celular e da oxigenação dos tecidos periféricos. Objetivo avaliar o efeito sistêmico da terapia bio-oxidativa com gás ozônio na cicatrização de feridas. Material e método Lesões teciduais com circunferência de 1,0 cm foram induzidas na pele do dorso de 24 ratos Wistar machos. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: 1) Grupo C (controle; n = 12): com simulação da aplicação de gás ozônio pelo reto e, 2) Grupo O3 (teste; n = 12): com aplicação de gás ozônio por meio de insuflação retal na concentração de 50 µg / mL. Os animais foram sacrificados com sete e 15 dias, e as amostras foram retiradas, fixadas em formalina e submetidas às análises macroscópica, histológica e histométrica. Resultado Os animais do grupo O3 apresentaram inflamação mista aos sete dias, que se traduziu em ausência de inflamação aos 15 dias. O grupo C apresentou inflamação aguda no 7º dia, traduzindo-se em inflamação crônica, que aumentou significativamente do 7º para o 15º dia. Os achados mostraram que o grupo O3 apresentou maior contração da ferida (P <0,05) e maior grau de neovascularização no 7º dia (P <0,05) quando comparado ao grupo C. No 15º dia, ambos os grupos (O3 e C) apresentaram completa reepitelização, entretanto, o grupo O3 demonstrou completa regeneração muscular. Conclusão A ozonioterapia sistêmica teve efeito biomodulador, reduzindo as características de inflamação aguda e aumentando a reparação e regeneração tecidual na pele de ratos.

Multiple marginal tissue recession treated with a simplified lateral sliding flap technique.

Marginal tissue recession is a common esthetic problem that is usually accompanied by dentin sensitivity, and patients frequently report a fear of dental loss. Lateral sliding flaps have been used for localized recession, but they are rarely used for multiple recessions. The aim of this paper was to report a case of coverage of multiple marginal tissue recessions by means of a lateral sliding flap associated with a connective tissue graft. This was a modification of Nelson's technique, which was originally described as the combination of the double papilla technique, lateral sliding flap, and connective tissue graft. In the present case, double papilla was not performed, rendering the maneuver less complicated. After surgery on teeth #23 to #25, total root coverage, decreased dentin sensitivity, and increased keratinized tissue band and gingival thickness were achieved. In the present case, modified Nelson technique proved to be a more simple procedure for the treatment of multiple recessions in one session, resulting in adequate healing, predictable root coverage, and, more importantly, esthetic and functional success.

Framingham cardiovascular risk in patients with obesity and periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition that has been associated to a risk factor for the development of periodontitis and cardiovascular disease; however, the relationship still needs to be clarified. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular risk in obese patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 87 obese patients were evaluated for anthropometric data (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, body fat), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, glycemia and periodontal parameters (visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL)). RESULTS: PATIENTS WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS ACCORDING TO THE PERIODONTAL CHARACTERISTICS FOUND: Group O-PD: Obese patients with chronic periodontitis (n = 45), 22 men and 23 women; and Group O-sPD: Obese patients without chronic periodontitis (n = 42), 17 men and 25 women. Patients had a BMI mean of 35.2 (±5.1) kg/m(2) . Group O-PD showed a similarity between the genders regarding age, SBP, DBP, cholesterol, HDL, GBI, VPI, PPD ≥4 mm and CAL ≥4 mm. O-PD women showed greater glycemia level and smoking occurrence, but O-PD men presented a 13% - risk over of developing coronary artery disease in 10 years than O-PD women, 9% - risk over than O-sPD men and 15% - risk over than O-sPD women, by the Framingham Score. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that obesity and periodontal disease are cardiovascular risk factors and that the two associated inflammatory conditions potentially increases the risk for heart diseases.

Chronic periodontal disease may influence the pulp sensitivity response: clinical evaluation in consecutive patients.

Purpose. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical response of the pulp in teeth with chronic periodontitis. Methods. Consecutive patients who had been admitted to the Clinics of Periodontology and fulfilled the criteria of inclusion were enrolled from January to December 2007. Ninety-eight single-root teeth from 27 patients with chronic periodontitis were evaluated clinically with regard to clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), and gingival recession (REC). After periodontal measurements, Pulpal Sensitivity (PS) was evaluated with the use of a cooling stimulus test. Data was analyzed with Student's t test and contingency C coefficient. Results. Teeth that responded positively to PS test presented lower values of CAL (7.8 ± 2.8 mm), PD (5.0 ± 2.3 mm), and REC (2.8 ± 1.8 mm) in comparison to those that responded negatively (CAL = 12.0 ± 2.2 mm; PD = 7.9 ± 1.6 mm; REC = 4.1 ± 2.4 mm) (P < 0.01, Student's t test). In addition, significant correlations were observed between PS and periodontal parameters. Conclusions. Within the limits of this study, it could be suggested that the progression of periodontitis may significantly influence the negative pulpal response.

Histopathological features of dental pulp in teeth with different levels of chronic periodontitis severity.

Purpose. To evaluate the histopathological condition of the pulp in teeth with different levels of chronic periodontitis in humans. Methods. Twenty-five single-root nondecayed teeth were divided into three groups as follows: group 1, clinical attachment level (CAL) 3 to 4 mm and alveolar bone loss (BL) from 4 to 6 mm without reaching the tooth apex; group 2, CAL ≥ 5 mm and BL > 6 mm without reaching the tooth apex; group 3, CAL ≥ 5 mm and BL > 6 mm up to the tooth apex. Histological analyses were accomplished after laboratorial processing. Results. The mean of CAL was 3.2 ± 0.7 mm in group 1, 7.6 ± 2.0 mm in group 2, and 12.1 ± 2.8 mm in group 3, while for BL it was 4.8 ± 0.9 mm, 7.6 ± 2.2 mm, and 11.9 ± 2.1 mm, respectively. Histopathological data in the pulpal chambers were similar among the three groups showing normal aspects, and, the radicular pulps showed variable levels of reactive dentin, fibrosis, dystrophic mineralizations, atrophy, and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. Conclusions. Gradual progression of the chronic periodontitis led to changes in the histopathological aspects of the radicular pulp with progressive involvement.

Expression of the interleukin-10 signaling pathway genes in individuals with Down syndrome and periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a higher prevalence and severity of periodontal disease, which cannot be explained by poor oral hygiene alone and is related to changes in the immune response. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether DS was associated with differential modulation of expression of genes associated with proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in periodontal disease. METHODS: A total of 51 individuals were evaluated: 19 individuals with DS and periodontal disease (group 1), 20 euploid individuals with periodontal disease (group 2; positive control), and 12 euploid individuals without periodontal disease (group 3; negative control). Clinical periodontal evaluation and gingival biopsies were performed. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to determine expression levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), the receptors IL-10RA and IL-10RB, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and the signaling intermediates Janus kinase 1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3), and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3). RESULTS: Expression of IL10, SOCS3, IP10, and ICAM1 mRNA in DS patients was significantly lower compared to euploid individuals with periodontal disease, whereas IL-10RB and STAT-3 mRNA levels were higher in individuals with DS. CONCLUSION: Reduced expression of IL-10 coupled with a possible increase of STAT3 activation (increase of STAT3 and reduction of SOCS3 mRNA) indicates an important modulation of the immune response, with attenuation of anti-inflammatory and increase of proinflammatory mediators. This modulation may be related to the increased prevalence and severity of periodontitis in individuals with DS.

Oral conditions and body weight in children from a public school in Manaus, AM, Brazil / Condições orais e peso corporal em crianças de uma escola pública de Manaus, AM, Brasil

Introduction: Some studies have pointed to links between the prevalence of caries and periodontal disease, and the occurrence of overweight or obesity; but, few studies have been conducted in children. Objective: To assess the relationship between periodontal disease, tooth decay and body weight in children from a public school in Manaus, AM, Brazil. Material and method: The study included one hundred and sixty-nine children. Records were obtained of decayed, missing and filled (DMFT) permanent teeth, and of decayed, extracted, or filled (DEF) deciduous teeth, as well as the record of the community periodontal index (CPI). The classification of body weight category was obtained in percentile using the z-Score table. Result: Higher averages of weight and body mass index (BMI) were seen in the overweight and obesity groups (p<0.05). All groups were similar regarding the DMFT /DEF and CPI codes from 0 to 4 (p>0.05). All groups showed higher averages of CPI 0 in comparison with other CPI codes from 1 to 4 (p<0.05), and most of the children showed sites with probing depth <3.5 mm and without bleeding on probing. Conclusion: There was no relationship between body weight and the occurrence of dental caries and periodontal disease in the studied population. Obesity and overweight showed no negative influence on the increase in the prevalence of these diseases.

Introdução: Estudos têm apontado para relações existentes entre prevalência de cárie e doença periodontal e ocorrência de sobrepeso ou obesidade, porém poucos estudos foram conduzidos em crianças. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre doença periodontal, cárie e peso corporal em crianças de uma escola pública de Manaus – AM, Brasil. Material e método: Cento e sessenta e nove crianças foram incluídas no estudo. Registros foram obtidos, tais como, dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados na dentição permanente (CPO-D) e cariados, com extração indicada e obturados em decíduos (ceo), além do registro do índice periodontal comunitário (CPI). A classificação da categoria de peso corporal foi obtida em percentil pela tabela Escore-z. Resultado: Maiores médias de peso e índice de massa corporal (IMC) foram verificados nos grupos com sobrepeso e obesidade (p<0,05). Todos os grupos foram semelhantes com relação aos códigos do CPO-D/ceo e CPI de 0 a 4 (p>0,05). Todos os grupos apresentaram maiores médias de CPI 0 em comparação aos demais códigos CPI de 1 a 4 (p<0,05), ou seja, a maioria das crianças apresentou sítios com profundidade de sondagem <3,5 mm e sem sangramento à sondagem. Conclusão: Não houve relação entre o peso corporal com a ocorrência de cárie dental e doença periodontal nessa população estudada. A obesidade e o sobrepeso não mostraram influência negativa para o aumento da prevalência dessas doenças.

Avaliação histomorfométrica da associação entre biovidro e osso bovino liofilizado no tratamento de defeitos ósseos críticos criados em calvárias de ratos. Estudo piloto / Histomorphometric evaluation of the association between bioglass and lyophilized bovine bone in the treatment of critical bone defects created on rat calvaria: a pilot study

Objetivo: Avaliar histomorfometricamente o efeito de biovidro (B), osso bovino liofilizado (OB) ou da mistura desses dois biomateriais (B/OB - 1:1) no reparo de defeitos ósseos críticos em calvária de ratos. Material e Método: Defeitos ósseos (8 mm Ø) foram criados cirurgicamente na calvária de 24 ratos, distribuídos em 4 grupos com 6 animais, de acordo com o tipo de biomaterial: coágulo sanguíneo (GC), biovidro (GB), osso bovino liofilizado (GOB) e a mistura desses dois biomateriais (GB/OB). Os animais foram eutanasiados após 15 e 60 dias do procedimento cirúrgico (3 animais por período). A avaliação histológica foi baseada na descrição da morfologia dos tecidos neoformados, enquanto para a avaliação histomorfométrica foi realizada quantificação da porcentagem de tecido ósseo, de tecido conjuntivo fibroso neoformados e de biomaterial remanescente no defeito ósseo. Resultado: Nos dois períodos experimentais, a análise histológica apresentou neoformação óssea, principalmente nas bordas dos defeitos, e ao redor de partículas de biomateriais remanescentes. A avaliação histomorfométrica demonstrou que no período de 15 dias o grupo GC apresentou maior percentagem de tecido ósseo em relação aos demais grupos estudados, enquanto que aos 60 dias o grupo GOB apresentou maior porcentagem de tecido ósseo em relação ao grupo GB. Conclusão: O osso bovino liofilizado apresentou maior formação óssea em relação ao biovidro, mas nenhum dos biomateriais foi superior ao coágulo. A associação do biovidro e osso bovino liofilizado não adicionou vantagem à formação óssea. .

Objective: This study sought to histomorphometrically evaluate the effect of bioglass (B), lyophilized bovine bone (BB) or the 1:1 mixture of these two biomaterials on the repair of critical bone defects in rat calvaria. Material and Method: Bone defects (8 mm Ø) were surgically created in the calvaria of 24 rats, which were divided into the following 4 groups of 6 animals each according to the type of biomaterial used: blood clot / coagulum (control) group (CG), bioglass group (BG), lyophilized bovine bone group (BBG) and a group receiving a mixture of these two biomaterials (BG/BB). The animals were euthanized at 15 or 60 days after surgery (3 animals per period). Histological evaluation was based on the morphological description of the newly formed tissues, and a quantification of the percentage of bone tissue with newly formed fibrous connective tissue and the percentage of biomaterial remaining in the bone defect was performed for the histomorphometric evaluation. Result: In both experimental periods, the histological analysis showed new bone formation, especially at the edges of the defects and around remaining biomaterial particles. Histomorphometric analysis showed that the CG contained a higher percentage of bone tissue over the 15-day period compared to that of the other groups. At 60 days, the BBG showed a higher percentage of bone tissue compared to that of the BG (p <0.01). Conclusion: Lyophilized bovine bone led to greater bone formation compared to bioglass, but none of the biomaterials was superior to blood clot. Moreover, the combination of bioglass and lyophilized bovine bone did not provide an advantage for bone formation. .

Prevalence of Candida spp. during radiographic examination in Diabetes mellitus patients / Prevalência de Candida spp. durante o exame radiográfico em pacientes diabéticos

Introdução: Relata-se que indivíduos diabéticos são mais susceptíveis a infecções por Candida que indivíduos saudáveis, especialmente se doença periodontal estiver associada. Objetivo: Este estudo propôs avaliar a prevalência de colonização por Candida spp. durante o exame radiográfico em pacientes diabéticos e não diabéticos. Material e Método: Vinte e seis pacientes com Diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 e 20 pacientes sem Diabetes mellitus, apresentando periodontite crônica e Candida spp. na saliva, foram avaliados. Durante o exame radiográfico, amostras de saliva foram coletas: da mucosa oral, do filme radiográfico periapical convencional, sensor radiográfico digital (CDR) e bloco de mordida do posicionador de filmes. Unidades formadoras de colônia (cfu/mL) e identificação das leveduras do gênero Candida foram avaliadas. Resultado: A mucosa oral de ambos os grupos mostrou maior colonização por Candida spp. quando comparada com outras superfícies coletadas (p < 0.05). Nos pacientes diabéticos, a mucosa da região esquerda superior mostrou níveis mais altos de colonização. Nos pacientes não diabéticos, a região de molar superior direito mostrou o nível mais alto de colonização durante o exame no posicionador, no sensor e no lado do filme periapical que não fica voltado para a radiação X. Os níveis de Candida spp. na saliva foram similares entre diabéticos (média = 3.0 × 10(6)) e não diabéticos (média = 3.8 × 10(6)). Conclusão: Nenhuma diferença na colonização por Candida spp. (cfu/mL) em pacientes diabéticos e não diabéticos foi observada nas cinco superfícies coletadas e nas regiões radiográficas simuladas. Candida albicans foi a espécie prevalente de Candida spp. encontrada em todas as amostras.

Introduction: It is suggested that individuals with diabetes are more susceptible to Candida infections than healthy people, especially if periodontal infection is associated. Objective: This study evaluated the prevalence of colonization by Candida spp. during radiographic examination in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Material and Methods: Twenty-six patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 20 patients without diabetes mellitus, presenting chronic periodontitis and presence of Candida spp. in saliva were evaluated. During radiographic examination, samples of saliva were collected from: oral mucosa, conventional radiographic periapical film, digital x-ray sensor (CDR), and bite block of the receptor-positioning device. Colony forming units (cfu/mL) and identification of Candida yeasts were assessed. Result: Oral mucosa from both groups showed the highest colonization with Candida spp. if compared with others surfaces collected (p < 0.05). In diabetic patients, the mucosa of the upper left regions showed higher levels of colonization. In non-diabetic patients, the upper right molar region showed the highest level of colonization during the examination of the receptor-positioning device, the sensor and the non-sensitive film. Candida spp. levels in saliva were similar between diabetics (mean = 3.0 × 10(6)) and non-diabetics (mean = 3.8 × 10(6)). Conclusion: No difference in Candida spp. colonization (cfu/mL) in diabetics and non-diabetic patients was observed for the five collected surfaces and the simulated radiographic region. Candida albicans was the prevalent species of Candida spp. found on all the samples.

Cardiovascular risk in obese patients with chronic periodontitis: a clinical controlled study / Risco cardiovascular em pacientes obesos com periodontite crônica: estudo clínico controlado

Introduction: Studies have shown that obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of periodontal disease and cardiovascular events. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in obese patients with and without periodontal. Material and Method: One hundred patients were divided into four groups: Group O - obese without chronic periodontitis (n=25); Group OP - obese with chronic periodontitis (n=25); Group NO - non-obese without chronic periodontitis (n=25); and Group NOP - non-obese with chronic periodontitis (n=25). Demographic and laboratorial data (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein - HDL and low-density lipoprotein - LDL, triglycerides, and glucose); anthropometric measurements (body mass index - BMI; waist circumference - WC; body fat - BF); blood pressure; and periodontal parameters (bleeding on probing - BOP, periodontal probing depth - PPD, and the clinical attachment level - CAL) were evaluated. Cardiovascular risk was obtained according to the PROCAM's score. The correlation between obesity, periodontal disease and risk for CVD was verified by Spearman's test (α = 0.05). Result: The group OP showed a statistically higher rate of PPD ≥ 7 mm (11.2 ± 2.03) when compared with other groups, as well as higher levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL (p<0.05). The risk for CVD was statistically higher in the group OP (28.1 ± 3.3) when compared with group O (16.5 ± 3.5), group NOP (12.8 ± 3.9), and group NO (7.7 ± 0.9). Obesity and periodontal disease are directly related to a moderate increase in CVD risk (r = 0.53, p <0.0001 and r = 0.62, p <0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: It was concluded that obesity and periodontal disease increases the risk to cardiovascular events.

Introdução: Estudos têm demonstrado que a obesidade tem sido considerada um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doença periodontal e dos eventos cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Avaliar o risco às doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs) em pacientes obesos com e sem doença periodontal. Material e Método: Participaram do estudo 100 pacientes, os quais foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo O - obeso sem periodontite crônica (n=25), Grupo OP - obeso com periodontite crônica (n=25), Grupo NO - não obeso sem periodontite crônica (n=25), Grupo NOP - não obeso com periodontite crônica (n=25). Foram avaliados dados demográficos e laboratoriais (colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade - HDL e de baixa densidade - LDL, triglicérides e glicemia), dados antropométricos (índice de massa corporal - IMC; circunferência abdominal - CA; gordura corporal - GC), pressão arterial e parâmetros periodontais (sangramento à sondagem - SS, profundidade de sondagem - PS e nível de inserção clínico - NIC). O risco cardiovascular foi obtido baseado no escore de PROCAM. A correlação entre obesidade, doença periodontal e risco às DCVs foi verificado pelo teste de Spearman ((α=0,05). Resultado: O grupo OP apresentou estatisticamente maior quantidade de sítios com PS ≥ 7 mm (11,2±2,03) quando comparado aos outros grupos (p<0,05). Os níveis de triglicérides, colesterol total e LDL foram estatisticamente maiores no grupo OP. O risco às DCVs foi estatisticamente maior no grupo OP (28,1±3,3) quando comparado ao grupo O (16,5±3,5), grupo NOP (12,8±3,9) e grupo NO (7,7±0,9). A obesidade e a doença periodontal estão diretamente relacionadas com um aumento moderado do risco DCVs (r=0,53; p<0,0001 e r=0,62; p<0,0001, respectivamente). Conclusão: Conclui-se que a obesidade e a doença periodontal aumentam o risco à eventos cardiovasculares.

In vitro antimicrobial efficiency of a mouthwash containing triclosan/gantrez and sodium bicarbonate.

Several antiseptic substances have been used as adjuncts to routine mechanical procedures of oral hygiene, based on their antimicrobial effects. The objective of this study was to assess in vitro the antimicrobial efficiency of a mouthwash containing Triclosan/Gantrez and sodium bicarbonate in comparison to both positive and negative controls. Standard strain samples of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces viscosus and Bacillus subtilis were used. Samples of Streptococcus mutans and Gram-negative bacilli were collected from 20 volunteers (10 with a clinically healthy periodontium and 10 presenting biofilm-associated gingivitis). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity was performed by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results indicated that the test solution inhibited the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms from the volunteers saliva as well as that of the standard strains at the MIC dilution of 1:20, whereas the MIC dilution of 0.12% chlorhexidine against the same bacteria was 1:80. Thus, even though the tested mouthrinse solution presented an in-vitro antimicrobial activity superior to that of a placebo, it was inferior to that of chlorhexidine.

Neoplasia de boca e orofaringe: um estudo transversal na Fundação Pio XII ? Hospital do Câncer de Barretos, Brasil / Oral and oropharynges neoplasm ? a transversal study in Pio XII Foundation - Cancer Hospital of Barretos, Brazil

Introdução: O câncer bucal representa 5% dos casos da doença no mundo, sendo considerado um problema de saúde pública no Brasil em razão da alta taxa de morbidade e mortalidade dos pacientes. Objetivo: Realizar um estudo transversal dos aspectos clínicos e patológicos de pacientes com câncer de boca e orofaringe da Fundação Pio XII ? Hospital de Câncer de Barretos-SP. Material e método: Foram examinados 292 prontuários de pacientes atendidos no ano de 2008 com diagnóstico de câncer bucal. Foram avaliados os seguintes aspectos: gênero, idade, cor, estado civil, estado de origem, fatores de risco, tipo de neoplasia, sítio da lesão, tratamento oncológico eleito e estadiamento da neoplasia. Resultado: Houve maior ocorrência de câncer de boca e orofaringe em indivíduos procedentes da região sudeste (87%), do gênero masculino (85,3%), de cor branca (72,6%) e acima de 40 anos de idade (97,6%). O carcinoma de células escamosas foi a neoplasia de maior fequência (95,5%), o sítio mais prevalente foi a língua (16,8%), associado ao fumo e ao álcool (38%) e estadiamento tardio (68,5%). Conclusão: O carcinoma de células escamosas foi incidente em áreas adjacentes à língua, com estadiamento IV, em indivíduos do gênero masculino e fumantes, sugerindo forte influência de fatores psicossociais e comportamentais da sociedade moderna na sua ocorrência.

Introduction: Oral cancer accounts for approximately 40% of disease cases worldwide, and given the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with this disease, it has become a public health problem in Brazil. Objective: To do a transversal study of clinic and pathological aspects of oral and oropharynge cancer in patients at the Pio XII Foundation - Cancer Hospital of Barretos-SP, Brazil. Material and method: The health records of 292 patients with oral cancer who received treatment at the Pio XII Foundation - Cancer Hospital of Barretos-SP during 2008 were examined. Gender, age, ethnicity, marital status, state of origin, harmful habits, cancer type, staging of the neoplasm, site of injury, and oncology therapy were explored to determine the prevalence rates of oral cancer associated with these factors. Result: Higher prevalence rates of oral cancer were observed in males (85.3%), aged 40 years or older (97.6%), Caucasians (72.6%), and individuals from the Southeast (87%). Squamous cell carcinoma was the most prevalent neoplasm (95.5%), and it was mostly found on the tongue (16.8%) at later cancer stages (68.5%). It was associated with risk factors such as smoking and alcoholism (38.0%). Conclusion: Stage IV squamous cell carcinoma involving adjacent areas of the tongue in male smokers was frequent, demonstrating the strong influence of psychosocial and behavioral factors on the prevalence of oral neoplasms.