The role of autophagy in odontogenesis, dental implant surgery, periapical and periodontal diseases.

Autophagy is a cellular process that is evolutionarily conserved, involving the sequestration of damaged organelles and proteins into autophagic vesicles, which subsequently fuse with lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy controls the development of many diseases by influencing apoptosis, inflammation, the immune response and different cellular processes. Autophagy plays a significant role in the aetiology of disorders associated with dentistry. Autophagy controls odontogenesis. Furthermore, it is implicated in the pathophysiology of pulpitis and periapical disorders. It enhances the survival, penetration and colonization of periodontal pathogenic bacteria into the host periodontal tissues and facilitates their escape from host defences. Autophagy plays a crucial role in mitigating exaggerated inflammatory reactions within the host's system during instances of infection and inflammation. Autophagy also plays a role in the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic diseases. Autophagy promotes wound healing and may enhance implant osseointegration. This study reviews autophagy's dento-alveolar effects, focusing on its role in odontogenesis, periapical diseases, periodontal diseases and dental implant surgery, providing valuable insights for dentists on tooth development and dental applications. A thorough examination of autophagy has the potential to discover novel and efficacious treatment targets within the field of dentistry.

Vertical Bone Augmentation With Customized CAD/CAM Titanium Mesh for Severe Alveolar Ridge Defect in the Posterior Mandible: A Case Letter.

Implant rehabilitation after implant removal is a major challenge, especially in mandibular posterior arches. This case report describes the reconstruction of a severe vertical bone defect using customized titanium mesh covered by collagen membrane and solid advanced platelet-rich fibrin, combined with autogenous bone, deproteinized bovine bone mineral, and injectable platelet-rich fibrin after implant removal caused by advanced peri-implantitis. This individualized titanium mesh may be a reliable technique for severe alveolar ridge reconstruction, with the additional benefits of reduced surgery time and a simplified operation.

Evaluation of adipokines and inflammatory mediator expression levels in patients with periodontitis and peri-implantitis: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the mRNA and protein expression of adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in periodontitis and peri-implantitis sites in systemically healthy individuals and to investigate the influence of the presence of current periodontitis on their expression levels in peri-implantitis sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Soft tissue biopsy samples were collected from 60 systemically healthy patients [15 periodontally healthy patients (group I), 16 patients with periodontitis (group II), 15 patients with peri-implantitis (group III), and 14 patients with peri-implantitis and periodontitis (group IV)]; mRNA expression levels of adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured by quantitative real-time PCR; and their protein levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The mRNA expression levels of all biomarkers were significantly higher for group II compared to group I, while significantly higher levels of leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6 were observed in group III in comparison with group I. Group II exhibited significantly higher mRNA expression of adiponectin and TNF-α than group III. Group IV showed significantly higher expression levels of adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6 compared to group III. Regarding the expression of protein levels, which was estimated through quantification of the histoscore, both groups II and III presented higher H-scores than group I for all biomarkers except leptin. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of current periodontitis may enhance expression levels of adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6 in peri-implant soft tissue. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The presence of periodontitis is an important risk factor for the severity of peri-implant inflammation as well as the onset of peri-implantitis.

Comparison of Radiofrequency and Electrocautery With Conventional Scalpel Incisions.

PURPOSE: The disadvantages of conventional scalpels, including insufficient control of bleeding, prompted us to search for new alternative methods such as electrosurgery and radiosurgery. In this study, the conventional scalpel was compared with radiosurgery and electrosurgery for wound healing with assessment of lateral heat production, inflammation, and instrument performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Incisions were made in the palatal mucosa of 42 Wistar rats using a scalpel, electrocautery instrument, or radiofrequency instrument. Postoperative hemostasis, tissue coagulation, and tissue sticking were measured, and pain evaluation through weight loss was recorded. Gingival biopsy specimens from the surgical area were obtained at the time of surgery and 2, 4, 7, and 14 days postoperatively and were evaluated immunohistochemically for inducible nitric oxide synthase and heat shock protein 70. Kruskal-Wallis, 1-way analysis of variance, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical evaluation. RESULTS: The rats in the electrosurgery and radiosurgery groups had aggressively greater weight loss when compared with the scalpel group in the first 7 days. Hemostasis was better in the electrocautery group, tissue coagulation was greater in the radiofrequency group (P < .001), and tissue sticking was lesser in the scalpel group (P < .001) compared with the other groups. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and heat shock protein 70 expression were similar in all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Electrosurgery performed better regarding hemostasis, whereas a scalpel was superior in terms of tissue sticking and tissue coagulation. Radiosurgery was superior regarding hemostasis when compared with a conventional scalpel, but it was not as successful as electrosurgery.

Effect of Porous Titanium Granules on Bone Regeneration and Primary Stability in Maxillary Sinus: A Human Clinical, Histomorphometric, and Microcomputed Tomography Analyses.

The aim of this randomized controlled study was to comparatively analyze the new bone (NB), residual bone, and graft-bone association in bone biopsies retrieved from augmented maxillary sinus sites by histomorphometry and microcomputed tomography (MicroCT) in a split-mouth model to test the efficacy of porous titanium granules (PTG) in maxillary sinus augmentation. Fifteen patients were included in the study and each patient was treated with bilateral sinus augmentation procedure using xenograft (equine origine, granule size 1000-2000 µm) and xenograft (1 g) + PTG (granule size 700-1000 µm, pore size >50 µm) (1 g), respectively. After a mean of 8.4 months, 30 bone biopsies were retrieved from the implant sites for three-dimensional MicroCT and two-dimensional histomorphometric analyses. Bone volume and vital NB percentages were calculated. Immediate after core biopsy, implants having standard dimensions were placed and implant stability quotient values were recorded at baseline and 3 months follow-up. There were no significant differences between groups according to residual bone height, residual bone width, implant dimensions, and implant stability quotient values (baseline and 3 months). According to MicroCT and two-dimensional histomorphometric analyses, the volume of newly formed bone was 57.05% and 52.67%, and 56.5% and 55.08% for xenograft + PTG and xenograft groups, respectively. No statistically significant differences found between groups according to NB percentages and higher Hounsfield unit values were found for xenograft + PTG group. The findings of the current study supports that PTG, which is a porous, permanent nonresorbable bone substitute, may have a beneficial osteoconductive effect on mechanical strength of NB in augmented maxillary sinus.

The relationship of peri-implant soft tissue wound healing with implant cover screw design: Cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Dental implants are frequently preferred method for oral rehabilitation all over the world. The incidence of various complications such as incorrect prosthesis, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis is high; premature loss of implants is encountered due to osteointegration process not being completed for some unexplained reasons. However, there is no study in the literature examining the nonfunctional period of implants. Closure screws of different implant companies have different designs like surface properties, and areas, where closure screws sit, are important reservoirs for microorganism colonization. Our study aims to evaluate the inflammatory response, epithelial maturation, and epithelial-connective tissue interaction around closure screws. METHODS: For this purpose, 52 implants belonging to five different implant companies were included in the study. Tissues removed over the cover screw during fitting of healing caps were used as biopsy material and for epithelial proliferation Ki-67, for epithelium-connective tissue interaction Syndecan-1, and for macrophage activation CD-68 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyzes were performed to evaluate the presence of gap between the implant and the cover screw. RESULTS: As a result of our study, intensity of subepithelial inflammation between groups wasn't statistically different. Differences in CD-68 and Syndecan-1 levels were obtained at the lamina propria level. H score of CD-68 was statistically significantly different in epithelium (p = 0.032), and H score of Syndecan-1 was different in lamina propria (p = 0.022). There wasn't a statistically significant difference between the groups for Ki-67 (p = 0.151). CONCLUSION: Our study results indicate that in addition to the implant surface morphology, the design of the closure screws is important in the inflammatory response and epithelial maturation that develops during wound healing. Although the inflammatory response is required for healing, osteointegration, and implant survival, further investigation is needed to investigate the relationship between initial neck resorption and closure screws with radiographic and microbiological examinations.

Comparative investigation of the effects of different materials used with a titanium barrier on new bone formation.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to study the effects on new bone formation of autogenous blood, deproteinized bovine bone graft (DBBG), and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramic graft materials placed under titanium barriers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four adult male New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. Two titanium barriers were fixed on each rabbit's calvarium. The study included four groups, one of which was a control group. The experiment groups, autogenous blood, DBBG (Bio-Oss(®) ; Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and BCP (4Bone(TM) ; Biomatlante, Vigneux de Bretagne, France) were placed under titanium barriers; in the control group, no materials were used. Half of the animals were sacrificed after 1 month, and the rest were sacrificed after 3 months. After this, micro-computerized tomography images were taken, and a histomorphometric evaluation was carried out. RESULTS: The amounts of new bone formation were found to be higher at the third month than at the first month. The differences between the groups were examined with both a micro-computerized tomography and histomorphometric analysis, and no statistical significance was noted in the first month. In contrast, the increase in the amount of new bone formation at the third month was found to be statistically significant only between the DBBG and control groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Autogenous blood with titanium barriers in guided bone regeneration seems to be as successful as DBBG and BCP bioceramic graft material.

Scintigraphic, histologic, and histomorphometric analyses of bovine bone mineral and autogenous bone mixture in sinus floor augmentation: a randomized controlled trial--results after 4 months of healing.

PURPOSE: To test our null hypothesis stating that the mixture of autogenous cortical bone scrapings and bovine bone mineral (BBM) in a ratio of 1:4, compared with BBM alone, would have no significant effect on new bone formation 4 months after maxillary sinus floor augmentation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-four patients presenting with alveolar bone height of less than 5 mm in the narrowest zone between the sinus floor and alveolar crest were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups in this randomized controlled trial. We augmented 12 maxillary sinuses with a mixture of BBM and cortical autogenous bone graft, which was collected from the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus by a bone scraper, and 12 maxillary sinuses with BBM alone. Four months postoperatively, new bone formation in the augmented sinus sites was evaluated through bone scintigraphy, as well as histologic and histomorphometric analyses of the biopsy specimens obtained during implant placement. Data were statistically analyzed by independent-samples t test. RESULTS: Scintigraphically detectable new bone formation did not differ significantly between the groups (P > .05). Histologic findings showed that the new bone bridged between BBM particles and BBM underwent resorption by osteoclasts with or without the addition of autogenous bone graft. According to histomorphometric findings, the difference between the percentages of newly formed bone in the sinuses augmented with graft mixture (25.73%) and BBM alone (24.19%) was statistically nonsignificant (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of autogenous cortical bone scrapings to BBM in a ratio of 1:4, compared with BBM alone, does not markedly increase new bone formation 4 months after maxillary sinus lifting.

Immunolocalization of fibronectin during reparative dentinogenesis in rat molor teeth after pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate or calcium hydroxide.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunolocalization of fibronectin during reparative dentinogenesis in rat teeth after pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). The pulps of 72 upper and lower first molar teeth from 18 male Wistar rats were experimentally exposed. The pulps were capped with MTA or (Ca(OH)2); final restoration followed with zinc oxide and eugenol cement. The animals were euthanized at, respectively, one, three, seven and fourteen days postoperatively. At day one, all groups showed varying degrees of inflammation, from mild to severe. There was no positive reaction for fibronectin at day one. After three days, a partial acute pulpitis was observed in the Ca(OH)2 group. There was less inflammation in the MTA group (p<0.05), and a layer of fibrin barrier was observed along the pulp walls of the MTA material. The layer of fibrodentin formation showed positive reaction for fibronectin. At seven days, the Ca(OH)2 group showed mild inflammation and demonstrated more immunostaining for fibronectin than the Ca(OH)2 group (p<0.05) at three days. Pulps capped with MTA at seven days showed thicker fibrin barrier formation than the MTA group at three days and more immunostaining for fibronectin in whole groups (p<0.05). At fourteen days, there was no positive reaction for fibronectin in either the MTA or Ca(OH)2 group. It seems MTA showed better biocompability properties with the dental pulp tissue, inducing the expression of reparative molecule fibronectin compared with Ca(OH)2. Therefore, MTA may be a better choice for pulp capping procedures.

Versatility of high resolution ultrasonography in the assessment of granulomas and radicular cysts: a comparative in vivo study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare the diagnostic potential of high resolution ultrasound with periapical radiographs (PR) and CBCT in assessing granulomas and radicular cysts. METHODS: This study included a total of 33 teeth from 33 patients with periapical lesions. Subjects were distributed among three groups. A consisted of teeth that were extracted. B consisted of teeth treated with root-canal treatment followed by apical surgery. C consisted of teeth treated with root-canal treatment only. Pre-treatment PR, ultrasound and CBCT images were obtained for Groups A, B and C and 6 month post-treatment PR and ultrasound images were obtained for Groups B and C. In addition, histopathological analysis was performed on lesions in Groups A and B. Lesions were classified as either cystic lesions or granulomas. Width, height, depth, surface area and volume of lesions were measured using the built-in softwares of the appropriate imaging modalities. Measurements were compared by Wilcoxon and paired sample t tests. Ultrasound and histopathological findings were compared with κ and Mc Nemar. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: κ coefficient (0.667; p = 0.002) suggested good agreement between ultrasound and histopathology. No statistically significant differences were found among periapical radiography, CBCT and ultrasound in the pre-treatment measurements of lesion width ( p = 0.308) or between CBCT and periapical radiography in the pre-treatment measurements of lesion height ( p = 0.863). In all cases, mean measurement values for all variables were lower for ultrasound than for CBCT. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound provided useful information for the diagnosis and assessment of granulomas and radicular cysts.

Effect of topical ozonetherapy on gingival wound healing in pigs: histological and immuno-histochemical analysis.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, the effects of ozonetherapy on secondary wound healing were evaluated histologically and immuno-histochemically. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Material and Methods: 8 healthy pigs were used in this study. Six wounds with 10 mm in diameter were created through the punch technique on the palatinal gingiva of each pig. Ozone gas was applied on only 3 wounds (test group) and the remaining 3 were left to natural healing (control group). Biopsy samples were taken from one of the wounds in each group on the third day, from another wound of each group on the seventh day, and from another one on the tenth day. Routine histological analysis and immuno-histochemical staining were performed to investigate transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) and (VEGF) expressions. RESULTS: Results: No statistical difference was found between the test and control groups in terms of collagen fibers, epithelial formation and inflammation scores. A VEGF expression found in the test group was statistically higher than control group samples taken on the 3rd and 7th day. There was no statistical difference between the test and control groups in terms of TGF-ß expression on any of the sampling days. CONCLUSIONS: Conclusion: The topical application of ozone gas could be effective in the early stages of wound healing by increasing the amount of VEGF expression. Clinical Relevance: Topical application of ozone gas may be effective in the early stages of oral wound healing.

Clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic evaluation of Nd:YAG laser pulpotomy on human primary teeth.

The purpose of this study was to compare clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic effects of Nd:YAG laser pulpotomy to formocresol pulpotomy on human primary teeth. Patients with at least two vital primary molar teeth that required pulpotomy, because of pulpal exposure to caries, were selected for this study. After hemorrhage control, complete hemostasis into the canal orifice was achieved by exposure to Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) and an He-Ne laser (the aiming beam of the Nd:YAG laser) in noncontact mode at 2 W, 20 Hz, 100 mJ, or was achieved by applying 1:5 dilution of formocresol. Forty-two teeth in two groups were to be followed up clinically and radiographic at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Eighteen teeth planned for serial extractions were selected for histopathologic study. The teeth were extracted at 7 and 60 days. The teeth in the laser group had a clinical success rate of 85.71% and a radiographic success rate 71.42% at 12 months. The teeth in the formocresol group had a clinical and radiographic success rate of 90.47% at 12 months. There were no statistically significant differences between laser and formocresol group with regard to both clinical and radiographic success rates. There was a statistically significant difference between 7- and 60-day laser groups with regard to inflammatory cell response criteria. Dentin bridge was absent in all samples. No stained bacteria were observed in any of these samples. In conclusion, Nd:YAG laser may be considered as an alternative to formocresol for pulpotomies in primary teeth.

Effects of local alendronate administration on bone defect healing. Histomorphometric and radiological evaluation in a rabbit model.

PURPOSE: To performed a histomorphometric and radiological study to evaluate the effects of alendronate sodium administered locally in mandibular bone defects created in rabbits. METHODS: Two circular defects 5 mm in diameter were created bilaterally in the mandibular corpus of 20 New Zealand rabbits (i.e., four defects per animal). Each defect received one of four treatments: no treatment (EC group), alendronate irrigation (AL group), autogenous bone grafting (AG group), or alendronate irrigation with autogenous bone grafting (AL+AG group). Histomorphometric and radiological assessments were conducted at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Between-group comparisons of the new bone area, the value of the AL+AG group was significantly lower thanthe remaining three groups at 4 weeks postoperatively. In all groups, the new bone area was significantly larger at 8 weeks than at 4 weeks. The residual graft area at 4 and 8 weeks was significantly higher in the AL+AG group than in the AG group, although it was significantly smaller at 8 weeks than at 4 weeks in both these groups. CONCLUSION: The use of alendronate sodium in conjunction with autogenous bone grafting improves the osteoconductive properties of the graft, enhances graft retention in the defect, and improves ossification.

Peripheral osteoma in an unusual location on the mandible.

Osteoma is a benign, slow-growing, painless, discrete lesion which is characterised with the proliferation of a compact or cancellous bone. Osteomas are rare on the jaws. Lesions of the mandible developed most often in the condyle, angle and margin. Osteoma developed on the genial tubercle area had only been reported in one case. A 50-year-old female patient has been admitted to our department with the symptom of a hard mass under the chin area. In extra-oral and radiographic examinations, a 1×1 cm size, round, palpable, immobile, radiopaque mass has been determined on the genial tubercle area. The lesion has been completely removed under local anaesthesia by extra-oral approach. Her recovery period was uneventful. Osteoma diagnosis was confirmed with histopathological examination. There is no recurrence at 3-year follow-up. The purpose of this case report is to present a peripheral osteoma case that occurred in the genial tubercle area which is an unusual place.

Biocompatibility of nanosilver-coated orthodontic brackets: an in vivo study.

BACKGROUND: Nanosilver particles of which antibacterial and antifungal properties have been shown in various in vitro and in vivo studies are used in many medical and dental fields for the prevention of infection. In this study, it is intended to evaluate the biocompatibility of nanosilver-coated brackets. METHODS: Nanosilver coating process was applied to the standard orthodontic brackets by a physical vapor deposition system. Brackets were coated with nanosilver particles of 1 µ thickness. A total of 12 Wistar Albino rats were included in the study (six) and control (six) groups. For the study and control groups, four nanosilver-coated and four standard brackets were aseptically implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region of each rat. The brackets were removed with the surrounding tissues on days 7, 14, 30, and 60. The specimens were evaluated for inflammatory response. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in terms of tissue reaction between the study and control groups. On day 7, randomly distributed brown-black granules were seen in the granulation tissue adjacent to the bracket in the study group. These foreign particles continued along the bracket cavity in a few samples, but the inflammatory response was insignificant between the groups. Mast cell count was found to be significantly smaller only on day 7 in the study group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Nanosilver-coated orthodontic brackets were found to be similar with the standard type concerning inflammation. Further researches are needed with regard to the assessment of the brown-black granules, especially on the deposition of the vessel walls.

Familial florid osseous dysplasia: a report with review of the literature.

There are three types of osseous dysplasia: periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD), focal cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCD) and florid osseous dysplasia (FOD). While PCD is often observed in mandibular anterior teeth, FCD mainly affects mandibular posterior teeth. FOD, on the other hand, commonly involves both jaws. FOD is a type of sclerosing disease that is characterised by intense opaque masses and many areas with different densities. Genetic heritance of FOD is unusual, with only a few reported cases. We describe a case of FOD that affected three family members, discuss its clinical, radiological and histological characteristics, and review the literature.

Overexpressions of hBD-2, hBD-3, and hCAP18/LL-37 in Gingiva of Diabetics with Periodontitis.

Antimicrobial peptides of the epithelium play a significant role in the innate immune response in the oral cavity, which is constantly exposed to microbes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a highly prevalent metabolic disease which is related to periodontal disease. To date, little is known about expressions of antimicrobial peptides in gingival epithelia of diabetics. Our aim was to examine the expression and localization of human beta-defensins (hBD)-2 and -3 and cathelicidin (hCAP18/LL-37) in diabetic subjects suffering from generalized periodontitis (GP). Gingival tissue sections were collected from three subject groups: 14 T2DM subjects with GP (T2DM+GP), 11 systemically healthy GP patients (GP), and 13 systemically and periodontally healthy subjects (control). Surgical incisions targeted the sulcular epithelium and/or the bottom of the selected periodontal pocket. Tissue specimens were fixed in paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin blocks. Immunohistochemistry stainings were performed for cytokeratin19, hBD-2, hBD-3 and hCAP18/LL-37. Stainings were examined under light microscope with 40× magnification. Results were statistically evaluated by the t-test. In controls, hBD-2 was localized at the superficial layers of the gingival epithelium, hBD-3 and hCAP18/LL-37 were at the basal layers, whereas in subjects with periodontitis both defensins were visible at all epithelial layers. hBD-2 was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm, while hBD-3 and hCAP18/LL-37 were detected only in the cytoplasm of the cells. Expressions of hBD-2 (p=0.005), hBD-3 (p=0.007), and hCAP18/LL-37 (p=0.002) were elevated in subjects with T2DM+GP in comparison to controls. No statistically significant difference was found in the expression of hBD-2, -3, and hCAP18/LL-37 between the GP group and the control or T2DM+GP groups. Gingival antimicrobial peptides are overexpressed in T2DM. This outcome can be part of impaired immune response in diabetics, and underlying factors and mechanisms need to be elucidated.

Effect of topical ozonetherapy on gingival wound healing in pigs: histological and immuno-histochemical analysis

Abstract In this study, the effects of ozonetherapy on secondary wound healing were evaluated histologically and immuno-histochemically. Material and Methods: 8 healthy pigs were used in this study. Six wounds with 10 mm in diameter were created through the punch technique on the palatinal gingiva of each pig. Ozone gas was applied on only 3 wounds (test group) and the remaining 3 were left to natural healing (control group). Biopsy samples were taken from one of the wounds in each group on the third day, from another wound of each group on the seventh day, and from another one on the tenth day. Routine histological analysis and immuno-histochemical staining were performed to investigate transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and (VEGF) expressions. Results: No statistical difference was found between the test and control groups in terms of collagen fibers, epithelial formation and inflammation scores. A VEGF expression found in the test group was statistically higher than control group samples taken on the 3rd and 7th day. There was no statistical difference between the test and control groups in terms of TGF-β expression on any of the sampling days. Conclusion: The topical application of ozone gas could be effective in the early stages of wound healing by increasing the amount of VEGF expression. Clinical Relevance: Topical application of ozone gas may be effective in the early stages of oral wound healing.

Primary oral myeloid sarcoma: Report of a case.

Myeloid sarcoma is defined as a tumor mass of immature myeloid cells that may be observed in a variety of locations including bone, skin, lymph nodes and soft tissues. However, oral involvement of myeloid sarcoma is extremely rare. These tumors are considered as specific lesions of acute myeloid leukemia. We present a case of a myeloid sarcoma of the upper vestibular gingiva in a 29-year-old woman who has no hematologic disease history. Multiple metastases were found in floor of the nasal cavity, left breast, and left lacrimal gland 12 months after primary diagnosis.

Florid osseous dysplasia in a middle-aged Turkish woman: A case report.

Florid osseous dysplasia (FOD) is an uncommon, benign, cemento-osseous lesion of the jaws. The etiology of FOD is still unknown. It is often asymptomatic and may be identified on routine dental radiographs. The classic radiographic appearance of FOD is amorphous, lobulated, mixed radiolucent/radiopaque masses of cotton-wool appearance with a sclerotic border in the jaws. In our case the lesion was found incidentally on routine periapical radiographs taken for restored teeth and edentulous areas. For further and detailed examination, a panoramic radiograph and cone-beam computed tomograph (CBCT) were taken. The panoramic radiograph and CBCT revealed maxillary bilateral and symmetrical, non-expansile, well-defined, round, radiopaque masses in contact with the root of the maxillary right second molar and left first molar teeth. Our aim in presenting this case report was to highlight the importance of imaging in diagnosis of FOD.