Use of distraction techniques for the management of anxiety and fear in paediatric dental practice: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether distraction techniques (DT) reduce children's/adolescent's anxiety and fear during dental treatment. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which any type of DT were used to manage dental anxiety and dental fear in children/adolescents were included. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, and Google Scholar was conducted. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, assessed methodological quality of studies using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool (CCRBT), and approached certainty of evidence using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Data were analysed descriptively. RESULTS: Twenty studies covering several types of DT (audio, audiovisual, instruments camouflage, biofeedback, dental operating microscope, toys) were included. Qualitative analysis showed with very low certainty of evidence that DT effectively reduced dental anxiety and fear depending on the distraction type, instrument used to measure dental anxiety and dental fear, and dental procedure. CCRBT evaluation identified many methodological issues in included studies. CONCLUSION: There is a very low certainty of evidence that DT can be effective in managing children's/adolescents' dental fear and anxiety during dental treatment. The heterogeneity of methodologies and findings in the studies, however, suggests more robust, and well-executed RCTs are needed.

Pediatric Oral Health Self-reported by Caregivers of NormalHearing and Hearing-Impaired Children

Abstract Objective: To verify and compare the sociodemographic data and caregivers' self-perception of children's oral health condition, hygiene habits and seek for dental services among family units of deaf and normalhearing children. Material and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with 64 parents/caregivers of 16 deaf and 48 normal-hearing children of 3-14 years old, belonging to reference centers in Belo Horizonte, southeastern Brazil. Deaf and hearing children were matched according to their sex and age. Sociodemographic characteristics of the family units and self-report of oral health conditions and care were assessed using a structured questionnaire, including information regarding seeking pediatric dental services. Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were performed (p<0.05). Results: Most individuals in the sample were mothers (84.4%). Low family income (p=0.024) and higher education level of guardians (p=0.018) were associated with families of hearing children. The report of clinical treatment or toothache as the main reason for the children's last dental appointment was associated with families of deaf children (p=0.047). Conclusion: Based on caregivers' reports, hearing-impaired children demonstrated greater vulnerability to present dental pain or clinical treatment as the main reasons for their last access to dental appointments.

Difference of Socioeconomic Factors among Mothers of Preterm and Full-Term Infant

Abstract Objective: To analyze the difference of socioeconomic factors among mothers of preterm and full-term infants. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was developed with 250 mothers of children aged three to five years. The sample was divided into two groups: 125 mothers of preterm infants from the referral center of a public hospital in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil and 125 mothers of children born full-term at a daycare center within the same city. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socioeconomic data and type of breastfeeding. To verify if there was association between the dependent variable gestational age at birth and the independent variables, the chi-square test was used. A final model with multiple Poisson regression estimated prevalence ratio values for each independent variable was developed. Results: The final multiple regression model showed that mothers that have a low monthly income of up to USD 450.28 (PR = 1.979, 95% CI = 1.082-3.620), used drugs, cigarettes, or alcohol during their pregnancy (PR = 4.095, 95% CI = 2.422-6.921), and did not breastfeed (PR = 2.294, 95% CI = 1.205-4.369) were more likely to give birth to preterm infants. Conclusion: Low monthly family income, use of drugs, alcohol, or smoking during pregnancy and absence of breastfeeding were more frequent on mothers of preterm infants.

The perception of graduate students in early childhood education regarding the oral habits of preschoolers / Percepção de estudantes de pós-graduação em educação infantil sobre hábitos orais de pré escolares

Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the perception of graduate students in early childhood education programs about the oral habits of preschoolers. Methods: All 47 graduate students enrolled in the early childhood education program at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil from 2012 to 2013 participated in the study. Participants were approached during their lecture classes and were asked to respond to a pre-tested self-completion questionnaire. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics. Results: The majority of participants were women (95.7%) between 25 and 46 years of age, with a mean of 32.3 years of age (SD = 4.36). Most believed that all children should be bottle fed (91.5%) and use a pacifier (80.9%). The majority also reported that they would like to receive further information on oral health (91.5%). Conclusion: Graduate students in the early childhood education field can be important allies in promoting oral health. However, they need to acquire further knowledge on the subject during their professional training.(AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi avaliar a percepção de estudantes de especialização em educação infantil sobre hábitos orais de pré escolares. Material e Métodos: Todos os 47 estudantes de pós-graduação, matriculados no curso de Especialização em Educação Infantil da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais durante 2012 e 2013, participaram do estudo. Os participantes foram abordados durante as aulas teóricas e responderam a um questionário pré-testado. Os dados foram analisados por análise descritiva. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes era mulher (95,7%), com idade variando de 25 a 46 anos, cuja média foi de 32,3 anos (DP = 4.36). Muitos deles acreditavam que todas as crianças deveriam usar mamadeira (91,5%) e usar chupeta (80,9%). A maioria relatou que gostaria de receber mais informações sobre o tema (91,5%). Conclusão: Estudantes de pós-graduação envolvidos com educação infantil são importantes promotores da saúde bucal. Entretanto, eles necessitam adquirir maiores conhecimentos desta temática.(AU)