Clearance of bacteria from lymph nodes in sheep immunized with Brucella suis S2 vaccine is associated with M1 macrophage activation.

Ovine brucellosis is a global zoonotic disease of sheep caused by Brucella melitensis, which inflicts a significant burden on human and animal health. Brucella suis strain S2 (B. suis S2) is a smooth live attenuated vaccine for the prevention of ovine brucellosis in China. However, no previous studies have assessed the immunogenicity of B. suis S2 vaccine after oral immunization in sheep. Here, we attempted to evaluate the ovine immune response over the course of B. suis S2 immunization and to identify in vivo predictors for vaccine development. Body temperature, serum Brucella antibodies, serum cytokines (IL-12p70 and interferon [IFN]-γ), and bacterial load in the mandibular lymph nodes (LN), superficial cervical LN, superficial inguinal LN, and spleen were investigated to determine the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. The abnormal body temperature of sheep occurred within 8 days post-infection (dpi). Brucella suis S2 persisted for a short time (< 21 dpi) in the mandibular LN. The highest level of IL-12p70 was observed at 9 dpi, whereas serum IFN-γ levels peaked at 12 dpi. Transcriptome analysis and quantitative reverse transcription PCR were performed to determine gene expression profiles in the mandibular LN of sheep. Antigen processing and presentation pathway was the dominant pathway related to the dataset. Our studies suggest that the immune response in ovine LN resembled type 1 immunity with the secretion of IL-12p70 and IFN-γ after B.suis S2 immunization and the vaccine may eliminate Brucella via stimulation of M1 macrophages through the course of Th cells.

Evaluation of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol (ERAS) for Same-Day Discharge and Reduction of Opioid Use Following Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery.

PURPOSE: This study sought to evaluate the impact of implementation of a comprehensive enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol upon patients undergoing maxillary and mandibular osteotomy (MMO). METHODS: This study was a retrospective, observational study of patients undergoing MMO. The study intervention group consisted of patients who underwent MMO with utilization of ERAS protocol compared to control group without ERAS. The primary outcome measure was same-day discharge. Secondary outcome measures included hospital length-of-stay (LOS), overall dose of opioids administered, total operating room time, estimated blood loss, need for hospital admission, and complications. Descriptive statistics and multivariable analysis were computed and the P value was set at .05. RESULTS: We compared 189 patients who underwent MMO with and without genioplasty and received a comprehensive surgical and multimodal analgesic regimen to 170 control patients who underwent MMO with or without genioplasty without receiving the above protocol. There was a statistically significant decrease in hospital admission post-surgery (83.5% - control vs 22.2% - intervention) and in overall hospital length-of-stay in the intervention group. There was no change in the overall operating room time, but there was a decrease in blood loss in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that use of a comprehensive ERAS protocol for patients undergoing MMO will decrease hospital length-of-stay without an increase in readmissions or complications. Future studies are needed to evaluate if pain scores, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and other complications differed when using a ERAS protocol.

A new fluorescence sensor developed with polydopamine nanospheres for the detection of anti-PLA2R antibody biomarkers of idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

Anti-PLA2R antibody is only expressed in podocytes from patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). The detection of anti-PLA2R antibody in serum is therefore able to obtain essential information for rapid diagnosis and evaluation of the disease activity of IMN. In the present study, a polydopamine nanosphere-based fluorescent sensor was constructed for direct detection of anti-PLA2R antibodies in human serum. In this sensing system, the double-stranded DNA was phosphorylated under the action of anti-PLA2R antibody and the single-stranded DNA was cut by exonuclease. The single-stranded DNA was then adsorbed on polydopamine microspheres. The fluorescent groups labeled on the DNA were quenched, and the concentration of anti-PLA2R antibody was detected quantitatively by measuring the fluorescence signal changes before and after the reaction. The experimental results show that the method has a good linear detection range between 0.05 and 10 µg/mL for anti-PLA2R antibody and the detection limit is 0.02 µg/mL. Graphical abstract.

Multifunctional antibacterial films with silver nanoparticles reduced in situ by lemon juice.

Microorganisms contribute to deterioration of garden stuff after picking. Antibacterial films consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), soluble starch (SS), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with AgNPs in situ reduced from AgNO3 by lemon juice (LJ) were developed to combat microbial corruption. PVA/SS/LJ/AgNPs films have better tensile strength and elongation at break, but lower water vapor permeability, moisture absorption, and transmittance compared to PVA/SS and PVA/SS/LJ films. Silver released from PVA/SS/LJ/AgNPs films were 13.55, 18.97, 19.55, 20.19, 20.47, and 20.82 mg/g after submerging samples in water for three seconds and soaking for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days, respectively. PVA/SS/LJ/AgNPs films had good bacteriostatic effects on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella, as the average diameter of the inhibition circle was 12.12 ± 0.01, 13.04 ± 0.02, 14.79 ± 0.01, 14.20 ± 0.01, and 12.68 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. Therefore, PVA/SS/LJ/AgNPs film has a wide application prospect.