Assessing the performance of different irrigation systems on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in the greenhouse.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a very important leafy vegetable in China and is commonly grown using furrow irrigation. In order to improve production efficiency, greenhouse experiments were conducted at Experimental Station, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China using furrow irrigation (FI), micro-sprinkler irrigation (MS), plastic film mulching irrigation (PF) and a combined plastic film mulching-micro-sprinkler irrigation system (PF+MS) to study their effects on soil physical characteristics, water distribution, root morpho-physiological traits, nutrition absorption, lettuce yield and water use efficiency for a spring crop and autumn crop in 2015 (Fig 1). Root length, root surface area, and root density were significantly higher under PF and PF+MS than under FI. Moreover, these traits were higher under MS than under FI but these differences were not significant. The soluble protein, soluble sugar, and Vitamin C content of lettuce decreased in the order PF+MS > PF > MS > FI in both crops. In the spring crop, the biological yield of MS, PF, and PF+MS was 7.22%、36.77%、43.20% higher than FI, respectively. In the spring crop, biological water use efficiency (BWUE) of FI, MS, PF and PF+MS was 20.93, 25.24, 36.81 and 38.54 kg m-3, respectively. The BWUE of MS, PF, and PF+MS was 20.59%, 75.87% and 84.14% higher than FI. Economic water use efficiency (EWUE) of FI, MS, PF and PF+MS was 17.06, 21.31, 31.11 and 32.31 kg m-3, respectively. The EWUE of MS, PF, and PF+MS was 24.91%, 82.36% and 89.39% higher than FI, respectively. The autumn crop achieved a higher WUE than the spring crop. The results suggested that the combined plastic film mulching-micro-sprinkler irrigation was the most suitable irrigation approach for increasing lettuce yield.

Fabrication of ß-conglycinin-stabilized nanoemulsions via ultrasound process and influence of SDS and PEG 10000 co-emulsifiers on the physicochemical properties of nanoemulsions.

Nanoemulsions stabilized by ß-conglycinin (7S), ß-conglycinin/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and ß-conglycinin/polyethylene glycol 10000 (PEG 10000) were produced via ultrasound process. All the nanoemulsions showed the desired mean particle size and narrow size distribution. The effects of pH, ionic strength and temperature on the properties of the nanoemulsions were investigated, and the long-term stability of the fabricated nanoemulsions was also monitored during storage at 4 °C. The nanoemulsions prepared by 7S exhibited a good stability over various pH (<4 or >5), ionic strength (0-500 mM NaCl), thermal treatment (80 °C) and storage time (0-45 days). The stability of 7S nanoemulsions was enhanced by adding SDS, whereas reduced by adding PEG 10000, which could be attributed to the higher zeta-potential in the present of SDS leading to stronger electrostatic repulsion against droplet flocculation, whereas opposite was observed for the addition of PEG 10000. Therefore, this study provided important evidences for the fabrication of nanoemulsions using protein/surfactant complexes as the emulsion stabilizer via ultrasound process.