Periodontal bacterial species in hopeless dentitions with severe periodontitis: comparison of levels before extraction and 90 days after immediate implant placement.

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in periodontal bacterial species during the transition from hopeless teeth to denture-supporting immediate implants. Biofilm and saliva samples were collected from 13 women and 7 men before the extraction of hopeless teeth with severe periodontitis (baseline) and 90 days after the placement of immediate implants that supported immediately loaded complete dentures (day 90). The levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Streptococcus oralis were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Differences in the levels of bacterial species in the subgingival biofilm and saliva and between baseline and day 90 were evaluated by a 2-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test. There was a significant reduction in the levels of T forsythia from baseline to day 90 in saliva and subgingival biofilms (P < 0.05) and a tendency toward a reduction of the other bacterial species. The total bacterial load was higher in saliva than in subgingival biofilm at baseline and day 90 (P < 0.05), while the individual levels of all species were higher in the biofilm than in saliva at both times (P < 0.05). The results showed an overall reduction in the levels of pathogenic bacterial species, particularly T forsythia, during the transition from hopeless dentition to implant-supported dentures. The subgingival biofilm harbored considerable levels of pathogenic species, suggesting that implant placement immediately after extraction of teeth with severe periodontitis may induce changes that favor colonization by pathogenic microorganisms.

Periodontal therapy on the oral health-related quality of life of obese and non-obese individuals.

Oral diseases such as periodontitis can have a more negative influence on the quality of life of obese than in normal-weight patients. The objective of the present study was to assess the impact of one-stage full-mouth disinfection (OSFMD) therapy on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQL) of obese and non-obese individuals with periodontitis. Fifty-five obese and thirty-nine non-obese patients were evaluated. The questionnaires oral impacts on daily performance (OIDP) and oral health and quality of life (OHQoL) were given to all patients at baseline and 6 months after periodontal treatment by the OSFMD protocol. For statistical analysis, Chi-square, the two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA, and correlation tests were used. At baseline, mean global OHQoL and OIDP scores were similar for both groups (p > 0.05). At 6 months, OSFMD resulted in OHQoL and OIDP global scores improvements in both groups (p < 0.05), with no significant difference between groups. The most impaired activity at baseline was eating and cleaning teeth for both groups. Periodontal parameters were associated with worse values in the OHQoL and OIDP questionnaires only in obese patients. In conclusion, OSFMD yielded similar improvements in overall OHRQL in both obese and non-obese individuals. Periodontal parameters were associated with a worse quality of life in obese patients. Periodontal treatment can be an important component to improve the OHRQL of obese individuals, and clinicians should expect similar results as those obtained with non-obese patients.

Clinical and microbiological effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled clinical trial.

The effect of periodontal treatment on clinical, microbiological and serological parameters of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are scarce and controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of non-surgical periodontal treatment on clinical periodontal status, subgingival bacterial levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and RA activity through a controlled clinical trial on individuals with RA and periodontitis (PE). From a convenience sample, 107 individuals were considered eligible and consecutively allocated in four groups: (1) individuals without PE and RA (- PE-RA, n = 30); (2) individuals without PE and with RA (- PE + RA, n = 23); (3) individuals with PE and RA (+ PE + RA, n = 24); and (4) individuals with PE and without RA (+ PE-RA, n = 30). Full-mouth periodontal clinical examinations, microbiological analysis and Disease Activity Score (DAS-28) evaluations were performed at baseline (T1) and 45 days after non-surgical periodontal treatment (T2). At T1, individuals + PE + RA showed greater severity of PE than + PE-RA individuals. At T2, significant reductions were observed in all periodontal clinical parameters in both groups (p < 0.001) with a significant reduction in DAS-28 in + PE + RA (p = 0.011). Individuals + PE-RA and + PE-RA showed significant reductions for all bacteria (p < 0.001). Additionally, P. gingivalis demonstrated an expressively significant reduction in + PE + RA (p < 0.001). Non-surgical periodontal treatment was effective on improving the clinical periodontal condition, improving the RA clinical status and reducing the presence of periodontal pathogens. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) protocol #RBR-8g2bc8 ( https://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-8g2bc8/ ).

Periodontal condition and levels of bacteria associated with periodontitis in individuals with bipolar affective disorders: A case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological and microbiological aspects of the potential association between bipolar affective disorder (BAPD) and periodontitis. METHODOLOGY: The present case-control study comprised 176 individuals with BAPD and 176 controls. All individuals underwent a complete full-mouth periodontal examination and microbiological sampling. Data on bleeding on probing, probing depth, and clinical attachment level in all present teeth were recorded. Quantification of total bacterial load and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, and Porphyromonas gingivalis counts were performed through qPCR. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis, Spearman correlation and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of periodontitis was 39.7% among controls and 58.5% among individuals with BAPD (OR = 2.13; 95% CI 1.39-3.27). A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis counts were significantly higher in individuals with BPAD and periodontitis. The final multivariate logistic regression revealed that periodontitis was strongly associated with the total bacterial load (OR = 1.91; 95% IC = 1.0-1.99; P < 0.001) and the depressive phase of BPAD (OR = 28.94; 95% IC = 4.44-177.27; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: BAPD was associated with increased risk for periodontitis. Individuals with BPAD presented higher levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis, suggesting that periodontitis could be a co-morbidity frequently found in individuals with BAPD.

Subgingival microbial profiles as diagnostic markers of destructive periodontal diseases: a clinical epidemiology study.

AIMS: To describe the subgingival microbial profiles of the major putative periodontal pathogens and investigate their role as diagnostic markers for destructive periodontal diseases in an untreated and isolated population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The source population consisted of all subjects aged ≥ 12 years in an isolated Brazilian population. An interview and a full-mouth clinical examination were conducted and subgingival plaque samples were obtained from four sites per subject. PCR analyses were used to identify the following micro-organisms: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia and Campylobacter rectus. RESULTS: Among the 214 clinically examined subjects (81% response), 170 of the 195 dentate subjects provided plaque samples. Two subgingival microbial profiles were identified: absence of all micro-organisms but Campylobacter rectus or co-occurrence of Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Using a combination of microbiological and interview information, the smallest overall misclassification in the diagnosis of extensive clinical attachment loss ≥ 5 mm was 8.8% (4.7% of non-cases and 22% of cases), but this was not different from the 7.6% (2.3% non-cases and 24.4% cases) obtained using clinical and interview information (p = 0.292). CONCLUSION: Specific microbial profiles could be identified in this isolated population. They did not result in significant superior diagnostic accuracy when compared to traditional clinical markers.

Risk variables in the association between frequency of alcohol consumption and periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the association between the frequency of alcohol consumption and periodontitis. Moreover, evaluate the influence of biological, behavioural, and social risk variables in this association. METHODS: Sample was comprised by 542 subjects of both genders, 35-55 years of age, who underwent a complete periodontal examination, and was divided into four groups according to the frequency of alcohol use, based on alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) and Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener (CAGE) instruments: (1) no or occasional alcohol use (NA), (2) moderate alcohol use (MA), (3) intense alcohol use (IA) and (4) alcohol dependence (DA). Associations between the occurrence of periodontitis and potential risk variables were analysed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression stratified by smoking status when appropriate. RESULTS: The prevalence of periodontitis in NA, MA, IA and DA groups were 17.2%, 24.0%, 29.6% and 53%, respectively. Alcohol odds ratio (OR) estimates significantly increased with an increase in consumption frequency (DA>IA>MA>NA) and were approximately two times higher in smokers (OR = 3.43 to 7.91) compared to non-smokers (OR = 1.22 to 3.02). CONCLUSION: Occurrence of periodontitis among alcohol users were high and the frequency of alcohol consumption increased the odds of periodontitis incrementally mainly in smokers.

Nafamostat mesilate, a potent tryptase inhibitor, modulates periodontitis in rats.

Previous reports have demonstrated increased tryptase-like proteolytic activity in the crevicular fluid of patients with periodontal disease. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of tryptase inhibition with nafamostat mesilate (NM, 6-amino-2-naphtlyl p-guanidinobenzoate dimethansulfonate) on the development of experimental periodontitis in rats. Eighty (80) male Wistar rats were randomly separated into four groups: Control group, NM group (daily 0.1 mg/kg body weight of NM, i.p.), Ligature group (ligature placed at lower right first molars), and NM+Ligature group. The amount of alveolar bone loss (ABL) around the mesial root surface of the first mandibulary molar, as well as the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and total proteolytic activity [N-benzoyl-L: -arginine-p-nitroanilide (BApNA) substrate] were determined at 7 and 14 days. NM led to significantly (p < 0.05) decreased ABL in animals subjected to ligature-induced periodontitis. Tryptase inhibition prevented the onset of significant ABL at 7 days of experiment (0.44 ± 0.16 and 0.60 ± 0.22, p > 0.05, NM+Ligature and Control, respectively) and significantly decreased the ABL at 14 days (0.97 ± 0.17 versus 1.82 ± 0.26, p < 0.001, NM+Ligature versus Ligature, respectively). In addition, NM significantly decreased MPO and total proteolytic activity at 14 days (p < 0.05). These data provided evidence that tryptase inhibition with NM attenuates gingival granulocyte infiltration and ABL in an experimental model of periodontitis in rats.

The Effects of Patient Compliance in Supportive Periodontal Therapy on Tooth Loss: A systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The present review aimed to assess the impact of being a complier to supportive periodontal therapy (SPT), when compared to not being a complier, on tooth loss in patients with periodontitis. METHODS: Prospective and retrospective observational studies were included. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS databases were searched up to May 2019. The odds-ratio (OR) and standard error (SE) values of the studied groups (compliant or non-compliant) were converted to logOR, and the results of individual studies were grouped using a random effects model. RESULTS: From a total of 1815 articles initially searched, 13 retrospective studies and one prospective study comparing tooth loss of complier and non-complier individuals in SPT were included. Meta-analysis of eight studies showed that non-compliers in SPT have an increased risk of tooth loss when compared with compliers. Overall meta-analysis demonstrated that non-compliant patients in SPT have a 26% increased risk of tooth loss when compared with compliant patients (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.51, Heterogeneity: I2 = 0%, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with periodontitis who do not comply in SPT have a higher risk of tooth loss than compliant patients. Oral health professionals should implement measures to obtain optimal adherence by patients in SPT.

Salivary nitrite and systemic biomarkers in obese individuals with periodontitis submitted to FMD.

The objective of this 9-month clinical study is to assess the impact of one-stage full-mouth disinfection (FMD) on salivary nitrite levels and systemic biomarkers and its correlation with total subgingival bacterial load in obese and non-obese patients with periodontitis. In total, 94 patients (55 obese and 39 non-obese) were initially evaluated, seven were lost during follow-up, resulting in 87 individuals at the end of the study. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months post periodontal treatment by FMD. Salivary nitrite levels were determined using Griess reagent. Blood samples were collected to determine C-Reactive Protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase and fasting blood glucose. Real-time PCR was used to determine the total subgingival bacterial load. FMD protocol resulted in increased salivary nitrite levels at 6- and 9-months post-treatment in the non-obese group (p<0.05). In obese individuals, FMD treatment led to an increase in salivary nitrite levels at 6 months (p<0.05); however, at 9 months, the nitrite levels returned to baseline levels. For both groups, the highest nitrite values were observed at 6 months. In addition, in both groups, FMD was associated with a decrease in biomarkers related to systemic inflammation and cardiovascular diseases, such as CRP (p<0.05) and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.05), and had no impact on the fasting blood glucose. This study demonstrates that obese patients with periodontitis present similar salivary nitrite levels when compared with non-obese individuals. FMD protocol resulted in increases in salivary nitrite levels and was associated with a positive impact on systemic biomarkers, regardless of obesity status.

Azithromycin and Full-Mouth Scaling For the Treatment of Generalized Stage III and IV Periodontitis: A 6-Month Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial.

The effectiveness of azithromycin combined with full-mouth scaling procedures was compared to quadrant-wise scaling combined with the same dosage of azithromycin when treating periodontitis patients over a 6-month period. In this randomized clinical trial study, thirty-four individuals diagnosed with generalized stage III and IV periodontitis underwent baseline, 3-month, and 6-month post-treatment examinations. The study population was randomly assigned to either full-mouth scaling (FMS) or quadrant-wise scaling and root planning (QSRP) in addition to their taking of systemic azithromycin (500 mg/day) for three consecutive days. Periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were monitored along with the quantification of total bacterial load and red complex bacterial species (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) in subgingival samples by real time polymerase chain reaction. The volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was also monitored over time. The primary outcomes included improvements of PD and CAL. Data was statistically analyzed through a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, multiple least significant difference (LSD) comparisons, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, and paired Student t-tests (p<0.05). FMS and QSRP provided similar PD, CAL, GI, PI, and GCF improvements. After treatment, the FMS group displayed lower mean values of total bacterial load and red complex bacterial species in comparison to the QSRP group. FMS and QSRP in conjunction with systemic azithromycin appeared to be an effective and reliable short-term therapeutic approach for the treatment of generalized stage III and IV periodontitis. However, FMD demonstrated superiority in regard to the 6-month antibacterial effects when compared to QSRP.

A double-blind randomized clinical trial of subgingival minocycline for chronic periodontitis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, E. corrodens and F. nucleatum in 30 subjects with chronic periodontitis treated by scaling and root planing (SRP) plus minocycline (test group) during 12 months with regular trimester maintenance care. Additionally, we evaluated whether the beneficial effects of the therapy on the microbial flora persisted for 24 months. The test group (n = 15) and the control group [SRP plus placebo (n = 15)] were randomly assigned. After SRP, subjects received minocycline or placebo at the baseline, and at 3, 6, and 9 months at all sites with a periodontal pocket depth (PD) of >or= 6 mm. Moreover, two homologous teeth, initially PD >or= 6 mm, were clinically and microbially monitored by PCR at the baseline, and at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months. Differences in mean PD values between groups were analyzed by Student's t-test (P < 0.05). The results for bacterial frequencies showed no significant differences between groups (Fisher's Exact test, P < 0.05) or between time-points (Friedman test, P < 0.05). We failed to detect any differences between groups related to the presence of target pathogens for 12 months. The effects of both therapies on the microbial flora did not persist for 24 months. The group without supportive periodontal therapy showed an improvement in the pattern of pathogens with either of the therapies.

Impact of gingivitis treatment for diabetic patients on quality of life related to periodontal objective parameters: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with diabetes have a poor oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). It is not clear if this situation could be changed with effective periodontal treatment. This study examined both patients with diabetes and systemically healthy individuals to discover the impact of a gingivitis treatment protocol on OHRQoL and its relation to objective periodontal parameters. DESIGN: After ultrasonic debridement, patients were randomly assigned to an essential-oils (EO) or placebo mouthwash group. At baseline and 3 months, OHRQoL was assessed with the Oral Health and Quality of Life-United Kingdom questionnaire (OHQoL-UK) along with clinical, halitometric, microbiological and inflammatory objective parameters. The primary outcome was a change in OHQoL-UK scores. A factor analysis was performed and the impact of the extracted quality of life factor (QLF) and its interactions with diabetes, treatment, and time on the objective parameters, were tested by multiple linear regression models (p < 0.05). Chi-Square test compared questionnaire-answering profiles (p<0.05). RESULTS: Combined treatment with EO provided OHQoL improvements in both systemic conditions. Positive effect of oral health status on quality of life increased in EO groups but not in placebo groups. Question I (self-confidence) showed the greatest factorial weight, while Question A (food intake) showed the lowest factorial weight. All patients who showed OHRQoL improvements and used the EO rinse showed the lowest plaque and gingival indices and lower levels of bacteria and volatile sulfur compounds. CONCLUSIONS: OHRQoL positively changed overtime. Most effective treatment protocols would provide better improvements in OHRQoL which is related to periodontal objective measures.

Salivary nitrite and systemic biomarkers in obese individuals with periodontitis submitted to FMD

Abstract The objective of this 9-month clinical study is to assess the impact of one-stage full-mouth disinfection (FMD) on salivary nitrite levels and systemic biomarkers and its correlation with total subgingival bacterial load in obese and non-obese patients with periodontitis. In total, 94 patients (55 obese and 39 non-obese) were initially evaluated, seven were lost during follow-up, resulting in 87 individuals at the end of the study. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months post periodontal treatment by FMD. Salivary nitrite levels were determined using Griess reagent. Blood samples were collected to determine C-Reactive Protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase and fasting blood glucose. Real-time PCR was used to determine the total subgingival bacterial load. FMD protocol resulted in increased salivary nitrite levels at 6- and 9-months post-treatment in the non-obese group (p<0.05). In obese individuals, FMD treatment led to an increase in salivary nitrite levels at 6 months (p<0.05); however, at 9 months, the nitrite levels returned to baseline levels. For both groups, the highest nitrite values were observed at 6 months. In addition, in both groups, FMD was associated with a decrease in biomarkers related to systemic inflammation and cardiovascular diseases, such as CRP (p<0.05) and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.05), and had no impact on the fasting blood glucose. This study demonstrates that obese patients with periodontitis present similar salivary nitrite levels when compared with non-obese individuals. FMD protocol resulted in increases in salivary nitrite levels and was associated with a positive impact on systemic biomarkers, regardless of obesity status.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo clínico, é avaliar o impacto da desinfecção bucal completa (DBC) nos níveis de nitrito salivar e biomarcadores sistêmicos e sua correlação com a carga bacteriana subgengival total em pacientes obesos e não obesos com periodontite. No total, 94 pacientes (55 obesos e 39 não obesos) foram avaliados inicialmente, sete foram perdidos durante o estudo, resultando em 87 indivíduos ao final. Os resultados foram avaliados no início do estudo, 3, 6 e 9 meses após o tratamento periodontal por DBC. Os níveis de nitrito salivar foram determinados usando o reagente de Griess. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para determinação da Proteína C Reativa (PCR), fosfatase alcalina e glicemia de jejum. A PCR em tempo real foi usada para determinar a carga bacteriana subgengival total. O protocolo de DBC resultou em níveis aumentados de nitrito salivar em 6 e 9 meses após o tratamento no grupo de não obesos (p <0,05). Em indivíduos obesos, o tratamento da DBC levou a um aumento nos níveis de nitrito salivar em 6 meses (p <0,05); no entanto, aos 9 meses, os níveis de nitrito voltaram aos níveis basais. Para ambos os grupos, os maiores valores de nitrito foram observados aos 6 meses. Além disso, em ambos os grupos, a DBC foi associada à diminuição dos biomarcadores relacionados à inflamação sistêmica e doenças cardiovasculares, como PCR (p <0,05) e fosfatase alcalina (p <0,05), e não teve impacto na glicemia de jejum. Este estudo demonstra que pacientes obesos com periodontite apresentam níveis de nitrito salivar semelhantes quando comparados a indivíduos não obesos. O protocolo de DBC resultou em aumentos nos níveis de nitrito salivar e foi associado a um impacto positivo nos biomarcadores sistêmicos, independentemente do status de obesidade.

Periodontal Therapy Effects on Nitrite Related to Oral Bacteria: A 6-Month Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Nitrite is a biologic factor relevant to oral and systemic homeostasis. Through an oral bacteria reduction process, it was suggested that periodontal therapy and chlorhexidine (CHX) rinse could affect nitrite levels, leading to negative effects, such as an increase in blood pressure. This 6-month randomized clinical trial evaluated the effects of periodontal therapeutic protocols on salivary nitrite and its relation to subgingival bacteria. METHODS: One hundred patients with periodontitis were allocated randomly to debridement procedures in four weekly sections (quadrant scaling [QS]) or within 24 hours (full-mouth scaling [FMS]) in conjunction with a 60-day CHX (QS + CHX and FMS + CHX), placebo (QS + placebo and FMS + placebo), or no mouthrinse (QS + none and FMS + none) use. Real-time polymerase chain reaction determined total bacterial, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus oralis, and Actinomyces naeslundii levels. Salivary nitrite concentration was determined with Griess reagent. Data were analyzed statistically at baseline and 3 and 6 months by analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman correlation tests (P <0.05). RESULTS: Nitrite concentrations did not tend to change over time. Regarding CHX use, there was a negative correlation between nitrite and total bacterial load at 6 months (FMS + CHX) and one positive correlation between P. gingivalis and nitrite at baseline (QS + CHX). Independently of rinse type, in the FMS group, nitrite correlated negatively with several microbial parameters and also with a higher percentage of deep periodontal pockets. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between nitrite and bacterial levels appears weak. Short-term scaling exhibited a greater influence on nitrite concentrations then long-term CHX use.

Clinical, microbial, and immune responses observed in patients with diabetes after treatment for gingivitis: a three-month randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Although patients with diabetes are frequently affected by periodontitis, only a few investigations have focused on gingivitis in this at-risk population. This randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial compared the response to a gingivitis treatment protocol that combined mechanical procedures and daily use of an essential oil (EO) mouthrinse between patients with and without diabetes. METHODS: The whole-mouth periodontal probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were monitored in gingivitis cases among systemically healthy patients (n = 60) or those with diabetes (n = 60) at baseline and 3 months after treatment. Levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and total bacterial load were determined by a real-time polymerase chain reaction in intrasulci plaque samples. The volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was quantified, and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) levels were determined in GCF samples. After a full-mouth ultrasonic debridement, patients were randomly assigned to an EO or a placebo rinse for 90 days (40 mL/day). The data were analyzed through repeated-measures analysis of variance and multiple comparisons Tukey tests (P <0.05). RESULTS: GI was more severe in the diabetes group. Diabetes impaired GI and reduced GCF volume. PD, bacterial levels, and IL-1ß improved similarly in both systemic conditions. The adjunctive use of EO provided greater reductions of PI, GI, total bacterial load, T. forsythia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and GCF volume. CONCLUSIONS: Response to gingivitis treatment in patients with diabetes can slightly differ from that in patients without diabetes. Daily use of an EO mouthrinse after ultrasonic debridement benefited patients with and without diabetes.

Alcohol Consumption and Periodontitis: Quantification of Periodontal Pathogens and Cytokines.

BACKGROUND: There are few studies on periodontal status related to microbiologic and immunologic profiles among individuals not or occasionally using alcohol and those with alcohol dependence. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of alcohol consumption on the levels of subgingival periodontal pathogens and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1ß and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) in the gingival fluid among individuals with and without periodontitis. METHODS: This observational analytic study includes 88 volunteers allocated in four groups (n = 22): individuals with alcohol dependence and periodontitis (ADP), individuals with alcohol dependence and without periodontitis (ADNP), individuals not or occasionally using alcohol with periodontitis (NAP), and individuals not or occasionally using alcohol without periodontitis (NANP). Levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Eikenella corrodens, and Fusobacterium nucleatum were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction on the basis of the subgingival biofilm, and IL-1ß and TNF-α were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in gingival fluid samples. RESULTS: Individuals with alcohol dependence showed worse periodontal status and higher levels of P. intermedia, E. corrodens, F. nucleatum, and IL-1ß than non-users. No significant correlations between TNF-α and bacterial levels were observed. However, in the ADP group, higher levels of E. corrodens were correlated with higher levels of IL-1ß. CONCLUSION: A negative influence of alcohol consumption was observed on clinical and microbiologic periodontal parameters, as well as a slight influence on immunologic parameters, signaling the need for additional studies.

Azithromycin and full-mouth scaling for the treatment of generalized stage iii and iv periodontitis: a 6-month randomized comparative clinical trial

Abstract The effectiveness of azithromycin combined with full-mouth scaling procedures was compared to quadrant-wise scaling combined with the same dosage of azithromycin when treating periodontitis patients over a 6-month period. In this randomized clinical trial study, thirty-four individuals diagnosed with generalized stage III and IV periodontitis underwent baseline, 3-month, and 6-month post-treatment examinations. The study population was randomly assigned to either full-mouth scaling (FMS) or quadrant-wise scaling and root planning (QSRP) in addition to their taking of systemic azithromycin (500 mg/day) for three consecutive days. Periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were monitored along with the quantification of total bacterial load and red complex bacterial species (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) in subgingival samples by real time polymerase chain reaction. The volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was also monitored over time. The primary outcomes included improvements of PD and CAL. Data was statistically analyzed through a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, multiple least significant difference (LSD) comparisons, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, and paired Student t-tests (p<0.05). FMS and QSRP provided similar PD, CAL, GI, PI, and GCF improvements. After treatment, the FMS group displayed lower mean values of total bacterial load and red complex bacterial species in comparison to the QSRP group. FMS and QSRP in conjunction with systemic azithromycin appeared to be an effective and reliable short-term therapeutic approach for the treatment of generalized stage III and IV periodontitis. However, FMD demonstrated superiority in regard to the 6-month antibacterial effects when compared to QSRP.

Resumo A efetividade da azitromicina combinada com a técnica de desinfecção total da boca (DTB) foi comparada a raspagem por quadrante (RQ) utilizando a mesma dosagem de azitromicina no tratamento de indivíduos com periodontite generalizada estágio III e IV, em um período de 6 meses. Trinta e quatro indivíduos foram submetidos aos exames no baseline, 3 e 6 meses pós-tratamento. A população estudada foi alocada aleatoriamente no grupo DTB ou RQ associado a três dias consecutivos de azitromicina (500 mg/dia). Profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível clínico de inserção (NIC), índice gengival (IG) e o índice de placa (IP) foram monitorados, além da quantificação da carga bacteriana total e das espécies bacterianas do complexo vermelho (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia e Treponema denticola), em amostras subgengivais, a partir da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. O volume de fluido crevicular gengival (FCG) também foi monitorado ao longo do tempo. Os resultados primários foram melhorias de PS e NIC. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por Análise de variância (ANOVA), comparações múltiplas de diferença menor (LSD), Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman e teste t de Student emparelhado (p<0,05). DTB e RQ forneceram melhorias em PS, NIC, IG, IP e FCG semelhantes. Após o tratamento, o grupo DTB apresentou valores médios mais baixos da carga bacteriana total e de espécies bacterianas do complexo vermelho em comparação com o grupo RQ. DTB e RQ associado a azitromicina sistêmica mostraram ser similarmente uma abordagem terapêutica de curto prazo, eficaz e confiável para o tratamento de periodontite generalizada estágio III e IV. No entanto, DTB demonstrou superioridade sobre os efeitos antibacterianos aos 6 meses em comparação com RQ.

Gingival overgrowth in renal transplant subjects: a 44-month follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: To assess changes in gingival status of renal transplant subjects under immunosuppressive regimens based on cyclosporine (CsA), tacrolimus (Tcr), and sirolimus (Sir). METHODS: From a sample of 135 subjects (baseline examination [BE]), 89 without periodontal treatment, who maintained the immunosuppressive regimen based on the same main agent (CsA=23, Tcr=31, and Sir=35), were reexamined after 44 months (follow-up examination [FE]). Demographic, pharmacologic, and periodontal variables were collected and gingival overgrowth (GO) was assessed by visual examination. RESULTS: In Tcr and CsA groups, although not significant, occurrence of GO decreased (CsA [BE=56.5% and FE=34.8%; P=0.063] and Tcr [BE=19.4% and FE=12.9%; P=0.500]). In addition, the severity of GO decreased significantly in CsA group (mean score BE=10.29 ± 7.70 and mean score FE=0.78 ± 1.38; P=0.003). In Sir group, GO decreased from 17.1% (BE) to 0.0% (FE) (P=not applicable). In total sample, GO was associated with papillary bleeding index (P=0.001) and concomitant use of calcium channel blockers (P=0.029); in CsA and Tcr groups, GO was associated with papillary bleeding index (P=0.029 and 0.033, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There was no incidence of GO, and a decrease in the occurrence and severity of GO was significant in total sample. This decrease can be attributed to changes in pharmacologic and periodontal variables over this period of time.

Influence of periodontal status and periodontopathogens on levels of oral human ß-defensin-2 in saliva.

BACKGROUND: Expression patterns of human ß-defensin-2 (HBD-2) mRNA or HBD-2 protein concentration and periodontal diseases have been a focus of scientific research. This study compares the salivary levels of HBD-2 protein concentration of healthy patients and patients with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis (CP) and correlates these levels with the presence of periodontopathogens. METHODS: A total of 89 patients were enrolled in this study: 31 periodontally healthy, 27 with gingivitis, and 31 with CP. Plaque and gingival indices, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were measured. The presence of Campylobacter rectus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia was evaluated qualitatively by conventional polymerase chain reaction. HBD-2 quantification in saliva was performed using an immune enzymatic assay. Frequency of periodontopathogens and HBD-2 protein concentration was assessed. Association between HBD-2 protein concentration (≥100 pg/mL) and the simultaneous presence of one to two, three to four, or five to six periodontopathogens was tested. RESULTS: Although periodontally healthy individuals and patients with gingivitis showed similar HBD-2 levels, the CP group displayed an increased level of HBD-2. P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia, and T. denticola were more prevalent in CP; however, their mere presence was not related to the increased levels of HBD-2 (Pearson correlation and multinomial logistic regression model). CONCLUSIONS: Salivary HBD-2 protein concentration was higher in patients with CP compared with healthy individuals or patients with gingivitis. These different protein concentrations were not related to the frequency of periodontopathogens. Clinical inflammatory profile had a higher impact on salivary HBD-2 levels than bacteria.

Associations of duration of smoking cessation and cumulative smoking exposure with periodontitis.

This cross-sectional study investigated associations of cumulative smoking exposure and duration of smoking cessation with periodontitis and evaluated the effects of biological, behavioral, and social risk variables on these associations. The sample comprised 705 adults of both sexes (age, 35-65 years) who underwent a full-mouth periodontal examination. Subjects were classified according to smoking status as nonsmokers, former smokers, and current smokers, and univariate and multivariate analysis was used to evaluate associations between periodontitis prevalence and potential risk variables. The rates of periodontitis among nonsmokers, former smokers, and current smokers were 25.6%, 29.3%, and 45.1% respectively. After adjusting for other periodontal risk variables the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for periodontitis was 3.09 (1.98-4.92) for former smokers and 5.24 (2.61-8.97) for current smokers. A significant dose-response relationship between pack-years of smoking and periodontitis prevalence was observed, as was a significant decrease in the risk of periodontitis as years of smoking cessation increased. Cumulative smoking exposure and duration of smoking cessation were significantly associated with periodontitis.