Anti-Adherence and Antimicrobial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles against Serotypes C and K of Streptococcus mutans on Orthodontic Appliances.

Background and Objectives: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the main microorganism associated with the presence of dental caries and specific serotypes of this bacteria have been related to several systemic diseases limiting general health. In orthodontics, white spot lesions (WSL), represent a great challenge for clinicians due to the great fluctuation of their prevalence and incidence during conventional orthodontic treatments. Although silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been demonstrated to have great antimicrobial properties in several microorganisms, including S. mutans bacteria, there is no available information about anti adherence and antimicrobial properties of AgNP exposed to two of the most relevant serotypes of S. mutans adhered on orthodontic materials used for conventional therapeutics. The objective of this study was to determine anti-adherence and antimicrobial levels of AgNP against serotypes c and k of S. mutans on conventional orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: An AgNP solution was prepared and characterized using dispersion light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antimicrobial and anti-adherence activities of AgNP were determined using minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and bacterial adherence testing against serotypes c and k of S. mutans clinically isolated and confirmed by PCR assay. Results: The prepared AgNP had spherical shapes with a good size distribution (29.3 ± 0.7 nm) with negative and well-defined electrical charges (−36.5 ± 5.7 mV). AgNP had good bacterial growth (55.7 ± 19.3 µg/mL for serotype c, and 111.4 ± 38.6 µg/mL for serotype k) and adherence inhibitions for all bacterial strains and orthodontic wires (p < 0.05). The serotype k showed statistically the highest microbial adherence (p < 0.05). The SS wires promoted more bacterial adhesion (149.0 ± 253.6 UFC/mL × 104) than CuNiTi (3.3 ± 6.0 UFC/mL × 104) and NiTi (101.1 ± 108.5 UFC/mL × 104) arches. SEM analysis suggests CuNiTi wires demonstrated better topographical conditions for bacterial adherence while AFM evaluation determined cell wall irregularities in bacterial cells exposed to AgNP. Conclusions: This study suggests the widespread use of AgNP as a potential anti-adherent and antimicrobial agent for the prevention of WSL during conventional orthodontic therapies and, collaterally, other systemic diseases.

Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles against Oral Biofilms in Subjects with Motor and Intellectual Disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Motor and intellectual disabilities (MIDs) represent a great challenge for maintaining general health due to physical and cognitive limitations, particularly in the maintenance and preservation of oral health. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic tool for bacterial control, including oral biofilms; however, knowledge of the bactericidal effectiveness of oral biofilms from patients with MIDs is insufficient. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs on different oral biofilms taken from patients with and without MIDs. METHODS: Two sizes of AgNPs were prepared and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through consecutive sampling, biofilm samples were collected from 17 subjects with MIDs and 20 subjects without disorders. The antimicrobial effect was determined by obtaining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs, and the identification and distribution of oral bacterial species were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, correlations between sociodemographic characteristics and the antimicrobial levels of AgNPs were also explored. The values of the MIC results were analyzed with IBM-SPSS software (version25) using non-parametric tests for independent groups and correlations, with statistical significance being considered as p < 0.05. RESULTS: Both sizes of AgNPs exhibited tight particle size distributions (smaller: 10.2 ± 0.7 nm; larger: 29.3 ± 2.3 nm) with zeta potential values (-35.0 ± 3.3 and -52.6 ± 8.5 mV, respectively) confirming the stability that resulted in little to no agglomeration of nanoparticles. Although both sizes of AgNPs had good antimicrobial activity in all oral biofilms, the smallest particles had the best antimicrobial effects on the oral biofilm samples from patients with and without MIDs, even better than chlorhexidine (CHX) (p < 0.05). Likewise, the patients with disabilities showed higher levels of antimicrobial sensitivity to AgNPs compared with CHX (p < 0.05). Although the microorganisms included in the biofilms of females had a statistically higher growth level, the AgNP antimicrobial effect was statistically similar in both genders (p > 0.05). The most frequent bacteria for all oral biofilms were S. mutans (100%), P. intermedia (91.6%), T. forsythia (75.0%), T. denticola (75.0%), P. gingivalis (66.6%), F. nucleatum (66.6%), S. sobrinus (50.0%), and A. actinomycetemcomitans (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS: AgNPs exhibited considerable antimicrobial potential to be used as a complementary and alternative tool in maintaining and preserving oral health in patients with MIDs.

Polymer-Based Hydroxyapatite-Silver Composite Resin with Enhanced Antibacterial Activity for Dental Applications.

The primary objective of this investigation was to synthesize a resin incorporating nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite and silver (HA-NpsAg) to enhance biocompatibility and antimicrobial efficacy, thereby facilitating potential implementation within the dental industry. These enhancements aim to ensure reliable, durable, functional, and aesthetically pleasing restorations while concurrently reducing susceptibility to bacterial colonization within the oral cavity. Hydroxyapatite powders were prepared using the sol-gel method and doped with silver nanoparticles obtained by chemical reduction. The crystalline amorphous calcium phosphate powder had a particle size of 279 nm, and the silver nanoparticles had an average diameter of 26.5 nm. Resin spheres containing HA-NpsAg (RHN) were then synthesized at two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) by dissolving the initial monomer mixture in tetrahydrofuran. Subsequent antimicrobial evaluations were conducted via agar diffusion and turbidimetry, employing three strains of Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, K. oxytoca, and P. aeruginosa) and three strains of Gram-positive bacteria (S. mutans, S. aureus, and B. subtilis). The findings revealed that P. aeruginosa exhibited maximum susceptibility to RHN powder at a concentration of 0.5%, while RHN powder at 1% concentration demonstrated maximal inhibition against S. aureus and S. mutans. Overall, our study highlights the successful synthesis of a dental resin with hydroxyapatite and silver nanoparticles, exhibiting bactericidal properties at low silver concentrations. These findings hold promise for enhancing dental materials with improved antimicrobial efficacy and clinical performance.

Life Satisfaction and Dental Visits in Adults Aged ≥50 Years and Living with Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparison between Urban and Rural Mexican.

Objective: To examine the association between low life satisfaction with past-year dental visits in a rural-urban national sample of 50-year-old Mexican adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: Data are drawn from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), a cross-sectional study conducted in 2018 involving 3,592 older adults aged 50 years and older and living in urban and rural areas in Mexico. Life satisfaction was measured using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and past-year dental visits dichotomized as none and ≥1 dental visits. The Poisson regression analyses were used to assess the association, adjusting for confounders. Results: 62.9% were women, mean age was 65.5 (±9.6), and 16.5% lived in a rural area, while the female subjects continue to present a higher probability of visiting a dentist (PR = 1.28 (95% CI 1.08-1.51)). In terms of age, the ≥70-year group presented 28% lower possibility of visiting a dentist (PR = 0.72 (95% CI 0.60-0.86)). The interaction showed that adults ≥50 years who reside in a rural area and have low life satisfaction were 40% less likely to have visited a dentist in the last year (PR = 0.60 (95% CI 0.37-0.98)) than adults ≥50 years who reside in an urban area and have high life satisfaction. Conclusions: The present study highlights the association between low life satisfaction and past-year dental visits in rural populations. Therefore, rurality should be considered a possible confounder in analysis of life satisfaction in the older adult population.

Bactericidal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles on Oral Biofilms Related to Patients with and without Periodontal Disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Periodontal disease (PD) is a multifactorial oral disease regularly caused by bacterial biofilms. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have offered good antimicrobial activity; moreover, there is no available scientific information related to their antimicrobial effects in biofilms from patients with PD. This study reports the bactericidal activity of AgNP against oral biofilms related to PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AgNP of two average particle sizes were prepared and characterized. Sixty biofilms were collected from patients with (30 subjects) and without PD (30 subjects). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of AgNP were calculated and the distribution of bacterial species was defined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Well-dispersed sizes of AgNP were obtained (5.4 ± 1.3 and 17.5 ± 3.4 nm) with an adequate electrical stability (-38.2 ± 5.8 and -32.6 ± 5.4 mV, respectively). AgNP showed antimicrobial activities for all oral samples; however, the smaller AgNP had significantly the most increased bactericidal effects (71.7 ± 39.1 µg/mL). The most resistant bacteria were found in biofilms from PD subjects (p < 0.05). P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia were present in all PD biofilms (100%). CONCLUSIONS: The AgNP showed efficient bactericidal properties as an alternative therapy for the control or progression of PD.

Use or abuse of antibiotics as prophylactic therapy in oral surgery: A systematic review.

BACKGROUD: Antibiotics are a type of medication routinely prescribed by dental professionals; however, it is very common that the administration is not justified. Around 15% of dentists admit that they have administered antibiotics unnecessarily more than once a week. The objective of this project is to identify the effectiveness of the use of antibiotics as prophylactic therapy in oral surgery, and to carry out an analysis of the alternatives to pharmacological therapy. METHODS: The search strategy was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. For study selection, a first filter was carried out by title and abstract, which mentioned the use of prophylactic antibiotics in some type of oral surgery. To establish the risk of bias, the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials was utilized. RESULTS: The type of antibiotics most prescribed as prophylactic therapy were beta-lactams, which were indicated in 100% of the studies. Penicillins predominated, observing amoxicillin as the most indicated drug in 54.1% of the studies (n = 13) followed by the use of amoxicillin in conjunction with clavulanic acid in 33.3% of the studies (n = 8). Of the 21 studies included, 17 mention that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of antibiotics as prophylactic therapy in patients who will undergo some type of oral surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Without a doubt, the biggest challenge is to develop academic update strategies aimed at dentists with active clinical practice and dental students from educational and government institutions to provide updated information about the correct use of prescription drugs.

Antimicrobial resistance in odontogenic infections: A protocol for systematic review.

BACKGROUND: It is estimated that up to 90% of head and neck infections have an odontogenic origin, which are considered among the most common in the oral cavity and maxillofacial region. Bacterial resistance has been 1 of the main problems related to the treatment of this type of infection in recent years. The frequency of this resistance is increasing, which is mainly due to patient self-medication and the mutations that bacteria present. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the antimicrobial resistance of antibiotics commonly administered for the treatment of odontogenic infections. METHOD: To carry out the study, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were reviewed using the keywords "odontogenic infection", "pharmacological treatment", and "microbial resistance. Studies whose main objective was the pharmacological treatment of odontogenic infections were selected. Exclusions were review-type studies, systematic reviews, or in vitro or animal model studies. For the analysis of risk of bias, the Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies of the Joanna Briggs Institute was used. The search and analysis of the studies was carried out by 2 researchers independently. RESULTS: A total of 13 studies were included in this review. The mean age was 39.6 years; the location of the infection in the study subjects was in the submandibular and vestibular spaces; there were periodontal, periapical, and dentoalveolar lesions; the main microorganisms identified were Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium, and Klebsiella; and finally, the main microorganisms identified for bacterial resistance were penicillin, clindamycin and amoxicillin. CONCLUSION: The health professional is obliged to update their knowledge to avoid such antibiotic resistance and thus provide better patient care.

General Labor Well-Being in Latin American Dentists during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study aimed to determine the general labor well-being of Latin American dentists according to sociodemographic characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a final sample of 2214 participants from 11 countries. A validated online questionnaire on general work well-being was used (data collection period from 1 June to 10 July 2021), containing two dimensions: psychosocial well-being and collateral effects. The sociodemographic characteristics of the dentists and their perception of the economic impact of the pandemic were also recorded. A multivariate linear regression analysis was performed (hierarchical regression model) to evaluate the joint effect of the explanatory variables on labor well-being and the changes in the variance between each model. A score of psychosocial well-being of 233.6 + 40.2 and collateral effects of 45 + 20.1 was found. Psychosocial well-being was associated with sex, country of origin, academic training achieved, type of dental activity, and perceived impact during the pandemic (p < 0.05). Somatization was frequently manifested through back pain (88.2%) and muscular tensions (87.2%). Women, those who worked 41 or more hours and had between 1 to 15 years of professional experience presented a greater collateral effect (p < 0.001). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic a year and a half after it began on the labor well-being of Latin American dentists was evidenced with important interactions with social characteristics.

Association between sociodemographic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions in 8- to 12-year-old Mexican schoolchildren.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between sociodemographic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions in Mexican schoolchildren.This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 on 8-to-12-year-old schoolchildren of different socioeconomic status (SES). The caries was evaluated using ICDAS II, SES was evaluated using three categories---a high, middle, or low-income level---of the CONAPO. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed in order to ascertain the associations between socioeconomic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions.The prevalence of noncavitated lesions was 38.0% and cavitated lesions was 43.4% in permanent dentition. In all the samples, 50.6% of schoolchildren had poor oral hygiene. About 52.5% of the mothers and 64.7% of the fathers had less than 9 years of education. Schoolchildren with a low-income level have more cavitated lesions (ICDAS II 4-6) than schoolchildren with high-income level (56.3% vs 15.8%, P = .009). The multinomial logistic regression models showed that mother's level of education <9 years and low-income level were significantly associated with cavitated caries lesions (ICDAS II 4-6), [odds ratio = 1.79 (1.17 - 2.75); P = .007], [OR = 2.21 (1.23 - 3.97); P = .008], respectively. The socioeconomic level was not associated with noncavitated caries lesions (ICDAS II 1-3).An association was found between the presence of cavitated caries lesions and the subject's mother's level of education and a low-income level. Socioeconomic factors were found to be associated with inequalities in caries distribution in the age group studied.

COVID-19 and its manifestations in the oral cavity: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) disease, which has been shown to trigger multiple affectations. One of the first tissue areas to come into contact with the virus is the oral cavity, which develops various alterations. Hence, the objective of this systematic review was to identify the main signs and symptoms of this disease in the oral cavity, and the following research question was established: What are the main oral signs and symptoms in COVID-19-positive persons? METHODS: The electronic databases of PUBMED, SCOPUS, and SCIENCE DIRECT were analyzed, the keywords "ORAL DISEASES," "ORAL MANIFESTACTIONS," and "COVID-19" were used taking into account the following inclusion criteria: studies whose main objective was oral manifestations secondary to the confirmation of COVID-19, plus clinical cases, case series, and retrospective or prospective studies. For the assessment of the risk of bias the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Series tool was used. RESULTS: A total of 18 studies were included, the most common initial signs/symptoms after contagion of SARS-CoV-2 were dysgeusia, dry mouth, and burning mouth, and the main signs/symptoms were the presence of ulcerative lesions, dysgeusia, and Candida albicans infections. CONCLUSIONS: It is very important to detect any alteration in the mucosa in patients with COVID-19 and to provide assertive treatment to avoid complications, and try to maintain adequate oral hygiene throughout the course of the disease to avoid the colonization of opportunistic microorganisms and to avoid complications both orally and systemically.

Expression of MicroRNAs in Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammation of the soft tissues that support the structure of the tooth, and miRNAs are highly dynamic molecules that participate in the regulation of gene expression interfering with multiple genetic targets. The dysregulation of the expression of miRNAs has been associated with different types of pathologies; therefore, they are excellent molecules to be studied as biomarkers. Material and Methods. A search was made in the electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. The following key words were used: "microRNAs," "miRNAs," "periodontal disease," "periodontitis," and "biomarker"; employee independent search strategies with the Boolean operators "OR" and "AND"; a further search of the references of the selected studies was performed to detect potential studies that met the selection criteria. The data recollected from each article were author, country, year of publication, sample size, type of sample used to identify miRNAs, methodology used to identify miRNAs, type of periodontal disease, and miRNAs identified. RESULTS: Of the 13 selected studies, 6 used gingival tissue as a sample for the identification of miRNAs, 3 used gingival fluid, 2 used saliva, 1 used serum, and another used periodontal tissue. Chronic periodontitis was the most studied periodontal disease in 9 of the 13 selected articles; 7 used microarrays as the main technique for the identification of miRNAs. qRT-PCR was the assay choice to validate the identified miRNAs. CONCLUSION: The main type of periodontal disease on which most studies are focused is chronic periodontitis, with the main miRNAs being hsa-miR-146a, hsa-miR-146b, hsa-miR-155, and hsa-miR-200. This systematic review is one of the first to carry out an analysis of the current role of miRNAs in PD as biomarkers.

Natural Film Based on Pectin and Allantoin for Wound Healing: Obtaining, Characterization, and Rat Model.

INTRODUCTION: In our days, several approaches reported the use of natural compounds in medical applications. Among them, pectin and allantoin are nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable; however, its use for possible wound healing therapeutics is still limited. Pectin and allantoin have been applied in pharmaceutical industry and beauty cosmetic and could be also applied as scaffolds for tissue regeneration, wound healing, and so on. The aim of this study was to combine by the first time two natural ingredients to develop a new biomaterial to treat skin injuries in a rat model. METHODS: For the hydrogel development, new synthesis parameters were established for the obtaining of the film such as temperature, mixing velocity and time, and drying temperatures as well. To enrich the film, the allantoin concentrations were set at 90 wt% and 100 wt% of pectin used. By in vivo assay, films were tested in wound healing in female Wistar rats, 190 ± 10 g in weight and 2 months aged. RESULTS: The obtained films comprise 2 well-differentiated layers, one layer rich in allantoin, which will be the regenerative layer, and one rich in pectin, which will work as an antimicrobial and protective layer to the wound. These were characterized by swelling kinetics, Fourier transform of the infrared spectrum of absorption (FTIR) spectroscopy, and contact angle. The morphology and topography were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In vivo assay showed remarkable reduce in a time period in a wound healing process when the film was used. The results show that the use of PA (Pectin-Allantoin) hydrogel reduces the total healing time by 25% approximately. CONCLUSIONS: Pectin-Allantoin (PA) film has potential use in medical applications as wound healing material promoting healthy tissue renewal.

Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of Cellulose Hydrogels Enriched with Larrea tridentata for Regenerative Applications.

INTRODUCTION: Tissue engineering is an elementary necessity for several applications in the biomedical field through the use of several biopolymers derived from plants. Larrea tridentata (LT) is a very used plant for various medicinal applications with interesting properties; however, its use into cellulose hydrogels for possible regenerative therapeutics is still limited. Cellulose films could be applied in medical field as wound healing, scaffold for connective tissue for periodontal applications, and so on. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties and in vivo and in vitro biocompatibility of cellulose hydrogels that have been enriched with LT in a rat model. METHODS: By in vivo and in vitro assays, the concentration of LT was varied from 1 to 5 wt%, respectively. Hydrogel films were implanted intramuscularly into female Wistar rats, 250 g in weight and aged 2 months, to analyze their cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. RESULTS: No case showed any evidence of inflammation or toxicity. Regarding cell morphology and adhesion, the prepared LT cellulose films had better cytocompatibility values than when polystyrene (PS) dishes were used as the control. In all cases, the results suggest that the addition of LT to the hydrogel films did not affect their cytocompatibility or biocompatibility properties and increases their clinical application due to the reported uses of LT. CONCLUSIONS: Cellulose hydrogel films enriched with LT have the potential to be used in the biomedical field acting as regenerative scaffolds.

Primary maxillary chondrosarcoma: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Sarcomas of the head and neck region are rare tumors, constituting less than 1% of malignant neoplasms in this area, of which few cases (20%) originate from bone or cartilage. Chondrosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm that develops in bone, with a predilection for the pelvis, chest wall, and scapula, and is uncommon in the maxilla and jaw. Although this type of lesion has locally aggressive behavior, destroying the affected bone, it can metastasize when it is not diagnosed early and compromise the patient's life. CASE SUMMARY: On intraoral examination of a 32-year-old female with a tumor in the middle third of the face, a well-defined rise in volume of approximately 3 cm in diameter was observed. Computed tomography with 3-dimensional reconstruction was performed, and we observed that the osteolytic lesion affected the vestibular cortex as the palatal bone. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed an appearance that was similar to mature hyaline cartilage, hypercellularity, nuclear and cellular pleomorphism, and multinucleated cells, with significant vacuolization. CONCLUSION: Determination of the clinical and histopathological characteristics of rare neoplasms in the maxillofacial region, such as chondrosarcomas, allows the pathologist and surgeon to make the appropriate therapeutic decisions, optimizing the patient's prognosis.

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma-a rare entity in the oral cavity: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is an uncommon tumor that originates in the salivary glands. This neoplasia constitutes less than 1% of minor salivary gland tumors. CASE SUMMARY: A 67-year-old female visited the maxillofacial surgery department owing to a smooth, slightly yellowish protruding mass on the left side of the floor of the mouth, at the level of the molars; the tumor mass had a soft consistency on palpation and did not adhere to deep planes. The microscopical analysis of the excisional biopsy showed that the lesion was composed of sheets and cords of clear cells separated by thick eosinophilic bands of hyaline collagen. Normal glandular tissue was absent, periodic acid-Schiff with and without diastase stains, and immunohistochemical reactions were performed to confirm the diagnosis. This is the second case reported in the literature of HCCC arising in the floor of the mouth. CONCLUSION: HCCC is a rare salivary gland tumor that has not been studied extensively. Its diagnosis is usually challenging, because clinically, it can be confused with a benign neoplasm.

Autopercepción del conocimiento de disfagia por profesionales de la salud oral / Self-perception of knowledge of dysphagia by oral health professionals

Introducción: la disfagia es la alteración en los mecanismos de la deglución que coexiste con múltiples enfermedades y condiciones. El conocimiento amplio de esta alteración generará mejores diagnósticos y tratamientos para el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Aunque esta alteración podría ser del dominio común por especialistas en el área de la salud, principalmente la oral, no existe información reciente del nivel de conocimiento sobre la disfagia en el personal odontológico. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimiento sobre la disfagia en un grupo de profesionales de la salud oral de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Material y método: se realizó un estudio trasversal descriptivo en un grupo de 241 odontólogos (pasantes de servicio social, odontólogos generales, periodoncistas, endodoncistas, rehabilitadores, odontopediatras y ortodoncistas) a través de una encuesta, los reactivos utilizados fueron sobre conocimiento de la disfagia, métodos de diagnóstico, signos y síntomas, tratamiento y complicaciones. Resultados: la mitad de la población encuestada refirió conocer los trastornos de la deglución (64.7%). Contrastantemente, al utilizar el término «disfagia¼, la postura del conocimiento disminuyó considerablemente (40.7%). Finalmente, los valores más bajos de la encuesta se mostraron en la falta de conocimiento sobre identificación de signos y síntomas de la disfagia (36.1%), métodos de diagnóstico (20.7%), tratamientos (18.7%) y complicaciones (23.2%). Conclusión: existe un bajo conocimiento de los trastornos de la deglución autopercibido por los profesionales de la odontología, lo que sugiere la búsqueda de los factores que ocasionan la falta del conocimiento de los profesionales del área odontológica (AU)

Introduction: dysphagia is the alteration in swallowing mechanisms that coexists with multiple diseases and conditions. The broad knowledge of this alteration will generate better diagnoses and treatments for the improvement of the quality of life of these patients. Although this alteration could be common domain by specialists in the area of health, mainly oral, there is no recent information on the level of knowledge about dysphagia in dental personnel. Objective: to determine the level of knowledge about dysphagia in a group of oral health professionals from Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Material and methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a group of 241 dentists (social service intern, general dentists, periodontists, endodontists, rehabilitators, pediatric dentists and orthodontists) through a survey, the reagents used were on knowledge of dysphagia, diagnostic methods, signs and symptoms, treatment and complications. Results: half of the surveyed population reported knowing swallowing disorders (64.7%). In contrast, when using the term «dysphagia¼ the posture of knowledge decreased considerably (40.7%). Finally, the lowest values in the survey were found in the lack of knowledge about identification of signs and symptoms of dysphagia (36.1%), diagnostic methods (20.7%), treatments (18.7%) and complications (23.2%). Conclusion: there is a low knowledge of self-perceived swallowing disorders by dentists, which suggests the search for the factors that cause the lack of knowledge of dental professionals (AU)

[Oral lichen planus. Case report and literature review]. / Liquen plano bucal. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

BACKGROUND: Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of autoimmune nature, with infiltration of T lymphocytes that destroy the basal stratum, which causes white striae, erosions, ulcers and breaks in epithelial continuity. CASE REPORT: 54-year-old woman with multiple reticular and erosive lesions in the region of the buccal mucosa and lateral borders of the tongue, as well as desquamative gingivitis. Treatment with mometasone was started thrice daily for 20 days and intermittently with miconazole gel to prevent iatrogenic mycosis by the corticosteroid. The patient was examined at 20 days, after which 80 % improvement of the lesions that had central ulcerations was observed, which allowed the ingestion of food and fluids without pain and improved the quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: In autoimmune diseases, clinical-histopathological correlation is important for a definitive diagnosis to be established. Clinical follow-up of these patients should be carried out in the long term, in order to achieve remission of the lesions, control of the disease and avoid future complications.

Antecedentes: El liquen plano bucal es una enfermedad dermatológica inflamatoria crónica de base autoinmune, con infiltración de linfocitos T que destruyen el estrato basal, lo que ocasiona estrías blancas, erosiones, úlceras y diluciones epiteliales de continuidad. Reporte de caso: Mujer de 54 años con múltiples lesiones reticulares y erosivas en región de la mucosa yugal y bordes laterales de la lengua, así como gingivitis descamativa. Se inició tratamiento con mometasona tres veces al día por 20 días e intermitentemente con miconazol en gel, para prevenir micosis iatrogénica por el corticosteroide. La paciente fue revisada a los 20 días, al cabo de los cuales se observó mejoría de 80 % de las lesiones con ulceraciones centrales, lo que permitió la ingesta de alimentos y líquidos sin dolor y mejoró la calidad de vida. Conclusiones: En las enfermedades autoinmunes es importante la correlación clínico-histopatológica para establecer el diagnóstico definitivo. El seguimiento clínico de estos pacientes se debe realizar a largo plazo, para lograr la remisión de las lesiones, control de la enfermedad y evitar futuras complicaciones.

Nanopartículas de plata contra bacterias presentes en biofilm dental de pacientes pediátricos / Silver nanoparticles against bacteria present in dental biofilm of pediatric patients

Introducción: el biofilm dental microbiano es el precursor de diversas enfermedades orales, una de ellas la caries, ésta representa la enferme- dad oral más significativa a nivel mundial, con una incidencia de 1.76 billones de niños afectados. Las nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) se están usando como alternativa para el control y prevención del biofilm dental, ya que poseen propiedades antimicrobianas contra bacterias relacionadas a estas enfermedades. Sin embargo, no hay estudios que evalúen este comportamiento en pacientes pediátricos. Objetivo: eva- luar la actividad antimicrobiana de las AgNPs en bacterias de aislados clínicos tomados de pacientes pediátricos. Material y métodos: se tomó muestra del biofilm dental de 22 pacientes pediátricos, el efecto micro- biológico se evaluó mediante ensayos microbiológicos estandarizados internacionalmente por triplicado, usando dos diferentes tamaños de AgNPs. Resultados: los dos tamaños de AgNPs mostraron inhibición bacteriana, sin embargo, sólo se vio una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el género (p < 0.05), además, en general, hubo una correlación positiva significativa en relación a la concentración de las AgNPs y la velocidad del crecimiento bacteriano (p < 0.05). Conclusión: las AgNPs se pueden considerar como una alternativa para la prevención del biofilm dental y de esta manera para el control de diferentes enfermedades orales (AU))

Introduction: dental biofilm is the precursor of oral diseases, one of them dental caries, this represents the most significant oral disease worldwide with an incidence of 1.76 billion affected children. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being used as an alternative for the control and prevention of dental biofilm since they have antimicrobial properties against bacteria related to these diseases. However, there are no studies evaluating this behavior in pediatric patients. Objective: to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs in bacteria from clinical isolates taken from pediatric patients. Material and methods: a sample of dental biofilm was taken from 22 pediatric patients, the microbiological effect was evaluated by international standardized microbiological tests in triplicate, using two different sizes of AgNPs. Results: the two sizes of AgNPs showed bacterial inhibition, however, only a statistically significant difference was seen between gender (p < 0.05), in addition, in general, there was a significant positive correlation in relation to the concentration of AgNPs and the speed bacterial growth (p < 0.05). Conclusion: AgNPs can be considered as an alternative for the prevention of dental biofilm and thus for the control of different oral diseases (AU)

Prevalence of osteonecrosis of the jaw and oral characteristics of oncologic patients treated with bisphosphonates at the General Hospital of Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and oral characteristics of cancer patients treated with bisphosphonates in the oncology and maxillofacial prosthesis departments of the General Hospital of Mexico between 2011 and 2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients who received prior treatment with bisphosphonates; an intraoral examination was performed by 2 standardized examiners. RESULTS: The prevalence of bisphosphonate-related necrosis in 75 patients was 2.6%; the most common malignancy was breast cancer (84.0%), followed by prostate cancer (16.0%). Exostosis was present in 9.3% of patients and the mean Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth index was 4.64; 44.0% of the study group had a Community Periodontal Index value between 2 and 2.9 (mean, 0.60). CONCLUSION: A detailed intraoral assessment must be performed before initiating treatment with bisphosphonates to identify risk factors for osteonecrosis.

Evaluación de lesiones orales en pacientes intubados y su asociación con el motivo de hospitalización / Evaluation of oral lesions in intubated patients and its association with the reason of hospitalization

asistencia ventilatoria cuando la vía aérea y la consciencia están comprometidas. Los elementos utilizados en este procedimiento se encuentran en contacto directo con estructuras dentofaciales, causando diversos tipos de lesiones, principalmente bucales. Aunque existen cuidados clínicos durante procesos de intubación, hay poca información, particularmente de la zona norte del país donde se hayan evaluado las posibles asociaciones entre los motivos de consulta más frecuentes y las diversas características, tanto clínicas como no clínicas de pacientes que han sido intubados. Objetivo: Identificar las alteraciones bucodentales más frecuentes en pacientes intubados, así como explorar las posibles asociaciones de acuerdo con los motivos de intubación más frecuentes. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal y comparativo en el cual se evaluaron alteraciones bucodentales y sistémicas de pacientes intubados. Los grupos de estudio se desarrollaron de acuerdo con el motivo de intubación y la determinación de las asociaciones fue con cada una de las alteraciones bucodentales y sistémicas. Resultados: El motivo de intubación más frecuente fue el evento cerebral vascular (EVC) y las alteraciones dentofaciales más prevalentes fueron caries, lengua saburral y cálculo dental, entre otras. Además, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre pacientes con EVC, mostrando una mayor frecuencia en tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus, así como en la presencia de gingivitis y úlceras. Pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) tuvieron mayor frecuencia en la presencia de periodontitis. Conclusión: El motivo de hospitalización y las condiciones sistémicas preexistentes pueden ser un factor de riesgo para desarrollar lesiones bucales específicas antes y durante el periodo de intubación (AU)

Introduction: Intubation is a procedure that allows ventilatory assistance when the airway and consciousness are compromised. The elements used in this procedure are in direct contact with dentofacial structures causing various types of injuries, mainly oral. Although there is clinical care during intubation processes, there is little information, particularly from the northern part of the country where the possible associations between the most frequent reasons for consultation and the various clinical and non-clinical characteristics of patients who have been intubated have been evaluated. Objective: The objectives of the present study were to identify the most frequent oral alterations in intubated patients, as well as to explore possible associations according to the most frequent reasons for intubation. Material and methods: An observational, cross-sectional and comparative study was carried out in which oral and systemic alterations of intubated patients were evaluated. The study groups were formed according to the reason for intubation and the association was determined with each of the oral and systemic disorders. Results: The most frequent reason for intubation was the vascular cerebral event (CVA) and the most prevalent dentofacial alterations were caries, coated tongue, and dental calculus, among others. In addition, significant differences were found between patients with CVA, showing a higher frequency in smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, as well as in the presence of gingivitis and ulcers. Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) had a higher frequency in the presence of periodontitis. Conclusion: The reason for hospitalization and pre-existing systemic conditions can be a risk factor for developing specific oral lesions before and during the intubation period (AU)