Laser-photobiomodulation on titanium implant bone healing in rat model: comparison between 660- and 808-nm wavelength.

Laser-photobiomodulation (L-PBM) has been widely studied and its biomodulatory effects have been established on irradiated cells, increasing viability and proliferation and on damaged tissues. In addition, L-PBM may reduce and modulate the inflammatory process. The effect of 660-nm and 808-nm laser-photobiomodulation on bone repair around titanium dental implants placed in rat's femur was evaluated by histomorphometry. Twenty-seven Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups of nine animals: group C - non-irradiated control; group R - λ=660nm irradiated; and group IR - λ=808nm irradiated. Each group was further divided in 3 subgroups of three animals each, according to histomorphometry analysis in 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days after irradiation. Histological H.E.-stained slides were photographed, and bone matrix measured in new-formed bone area. Bone matrix histomorphometry analysis indicates that at 7 days in the irradiated groups (R and IR), a bigger area matrix was observed in relation to control group (C) (p=0.04 and p=0.048 respectively). On the other hand, at 14 days, control group (C) presented a bigger area than infrared irradiated (IR) (p=0.001) and red irradiated group (R) also showed a bigger area than infrared irradiated group (IR) (p=0.019). Histological analysis indicates that irradiated groups (R and IR) exhibited a faster bone tissue matrix production than control group.

Effect of GaAlAs low-level laser therapy on mouth opening after orthognathic surgery.

To evaluate low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as an adjunct to enhance postoperative mouth opening after orthognathic surgery. Prospective clinical trial of 82 patients allocated into an intervention group (laser, LG) and a control group (no laser, CG) and subgroups according to the procedure type : (1) surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME); (2) maxillary surgery; (3) mandibular surgery; or (4) bimaxillary surgery. LG patients received LLLT immediately after surgery and every 24 h thereafter for 3 days, using a gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser (780 nm, 28 spots, 14 on each side of the face, output power 2 J/spot). Maximum mouth opening was measured using digital calipers at five time points: preoperative baseline and postoperative days 2, 7, 14, and 21. ANOVA was used to evaluate difference in mouth opening across groups. Significance was accepted at P ≤ 0.05. Final average mouth opening differed between women (GL1 = 94.24%, GC1 = 89.54%, GL2 = 69.39%; GC2 = 68.46%; GL3 = 65.11%; GC3 = 58.64%; GL4 = 61.85%; GC4 = 57.11%) and men (GL1 = 86.92%, GC1 = 102.44%, GL2 = 77.56%; GC2 = 81.65%; GL3 = 80.29%; GC3 = 67.63%; GL4 = 66.93%; GC4 = 55.31%). There were no significant differences between the SARME and isolated maxillary/mandibular surgery groups. In the bimaxillary groups, average mouth opening was increased in all patients who received LLLT, significantly so in male patients. LLLT with a GaAlAs diode laser (780 nm) did not affect postoperative mouth opening after SARME, isolated maxillary surgery, or isolated mandibular surgery. However, it improved mouth opening in men who had undergone bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.

Histomorphometric analysis of inflammatory response and necrosis in re-implanted central incisor of rats treated with low-level laser therapy.

Low-level laser therapy is a tool employed in the management of post-operative inflammation process and in the enhancement of reparative process. The aim of the study was to perform histological evaluation of dental and periodontal ligament of rats central upper-left incisor teeth re-implanted and irradiated with low-level laser (InGaAl, 685 nm, 50 J/cm(2)) 15, 30, and 60 days after re-implantation. Seventy-two male rats had the central upper left incisor removed and kept for 15 min on dry gauze before replantation. Laser was irradiated over the root surface and empty alveolus prior replantation and over surrounding mucosa after the re-implantation. After histological procedures, all slices were analyzed regarding external resorption area and histological aspects. We observed an increase of root resorption (p < 0.05) in the control group compared to the laser group at 15, 30, and 60 days. These results showed that the laser groups developed less root resorption areas than the control group in all experimental periods. Additionally, histological analysis revealed less inflammatory cells and necrotic areas in laser groups.

In vitro analysis of human tooth pulp chamber temperature after low-intensity laser therapy at different power outputs.

In vitro studies have provided conflicting evidence of temperature changes in the tooth pulp chamber after low-level laser irradiation of the tooth surface. The present study was an in vitro evaluation of temperature increases in the human tooth pulp chamber after diode laser irradiation (GaAlAs, λ = 808 nm) using different power densities. Twelve human teeth (three incisors, three canines, three premolars and three molars) were sectioned in the cervical third of the root and enlarged for the introduction of a thermocouple into the pulp chamber. The teeth were irradiated with 417 mW, 207 mW and 78 mW power outputs for 30 s on the vestibular surface approximately 2 mm from the cervical line of the crown. The highest average increase in temperature (5.6°C) was observed in incisors irradiated with 417 mW. None of the teeth (incisors, canines, premolars or molars) irradiated with 207 mW showed temperature increases higher than 5.5°C that could potentially be harmful to pulp tissue. Teeth irradiated with 78 mW showed lower temperature increases. The study showed that diode laser irradiation with a wavelength of 808 nm at 417 mW power output increased the pulp chamber temperature of certain groups of teeth, especially incisors and premolars, to critical threshold values for the dental pulp (5.5°C). Thus, this study serves as a warning to clinicians that "more" is not necessarily "better".

Histomorphometric Evaluation of Bone-Guided Regeneration in Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation Using Nano-Hydroxyapatite/Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Biomaterial: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: The development of techniques in biomaterials design and production added to advanced surgical procedures which enabled better and more predictable clinical outcomes. Maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) is among the more studied bone-guided regeneration procedure in the literature. The MSFA could be considered the gold standard procedure for bone-guided regeneration as it provides suitable functional and aesthetic solutions to alveolar ridge atrophy due to tooth loss. PURPOSE: This study aimed to conduct a detailed histomorphometric evaluation of collagen production in SFAs bone-guided regeneration, using nano-hydroxyapatite/ß-tricalcium phosphate (nano-HA/ß-TCP) composite. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 52-year-old female had the left upper second premolar condemned due to periodontal disease, then a tooth implant replacement was planned. Due to maxillary sinus pneumatization, the MSFA had to be done before implant placement. Nano-HA/ß-TCP composite (2g) was used in the MSFA procedure. After nine months of the healing process, during the Cone Morse implant installation process, bone samples were collected for histologic analysis (sirius red, hematoxylin/eosin, polarized microscopy). Six months after implant installation, a ceramic crown was installed according to the patient's request. RESULTS: Proper masticatory function and aesthetics were re-established. The histomorphometric evaluation indicated that nano-HA/ß-TCP composite did not show any area devoid of cellular activity in sirius red or hematoxylin/eosin staining and the percentage (%) of new bone collagen fibers was achieved using polarization technique evaluation. CONCLUSION: According to these results, nano-HA/ß-TCP composite presented clinical and histomorphometric properties suit to be used as bone-guided regeneration biomaterial in MSFA. Furthermore, nano-HA/ß-TCP composite provided a favorable nano-environment to bone cells, enhancing bone matrix production.

Performance of Nano-Hydroxyapatite/Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate and Xenogenic Hydroxyapatite on Bone Regeneration in Rat Calvarial Defects: Histomorphometric, Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Synthetic biomaterials have played an increasingly prominent role in the substitution of naturally derived biomaterials in current surgery practice. In vitro and in vivo characterization studies of new synthetic biomaterials are essential to analyze their physicochemical properties and the underlying mechanisms associated with the modulation of the inflammatory process and bone healing. PURPOSE: This study compares the in vivo tissue behavior of a synthetic biomaterial nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate (nano-HA/ß-TCP mixture) and deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) in a rat calvarial defect model. The innovation of this work is in the comparative analysis of the effect of new synthetic and commercially xenogenic biomaterials on the inflammatory response, bone matrix gain, and stimulation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. METHODS: Both biomaterials were inserted in rat defects. The animals were divided into three groups, in which calvarial defects were filled with xenogenic biomaterials (group 1) and synthetic biomaterials (group 2), or left unfilled (group 3, controls). Sixty days after calvarial bone defects filled with biomaterials, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson's trichrome staining, immunohistochemistry tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and electron microscopy analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Histomorphometric analysis revealed powerful effects such as a higher amount of proteinaceous matrix and higher levels of TNF-α and MMP-9 in bone defects treated with alloplastic nano-HA/ß-TCP mixture than xenogenicxenogic biomaterial, as well as collagen-proteinaceous material in association with hydroxyapatite crystalloids. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the synthetic nano-HA/ß-TCP mixture enhanced bone formation/remodeling in rat calvarial bone defects. The nano-HA/ß-TCP did not present risks of cross-infection/disease transmission. The synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate mixture presented adequate properties for guided bone regeneration and guided tissue regeneration for dental surgical procedures.

Precision brackets for upper lateral incisors in Bioprogressive therapy.

Orthodontic brackets, specifically in their slots, are responsible for receiving active orthodontic forces and transferring them to the teeth to be moved. The presence of an altered slot or inaccurate dimensions can influence the mechanical relationship between the bracket and archwire, interfering with the biomechanics of tooth movement. The objective of this study was by comparing the accuracy of slot placement of upper right lateral incisor metal brackets for Bioprogressive Ricketts therapy from five trademarks. The following characteristics were evaluated: height, torque, and internal parallelism of the walls of the slot. The sample included 75 brackets, 15 each from the following trademarks: 3M Abzil, Forestadent, Morelli Rocky Mountain Orthodontics, and Tecnident. Images of the slot profiles were obtained through standardized techniques using scanning electron microscopy, measured by the AutoCAD 2017 software, and compared to Ricketts prescription, respecting standard deviation with the technical and tolerance parameters present in standard ISO 27020. The results indicated that most of the evaluated characteristics were in accordance with the standard parameters, considering the tolerance adopted. There were exceptions found to this pattern of precision in the 3M Abzil brackets with regard to torque variation, and the Morelli brackets in relation to height variation and parallelism between the walls of the slot. Considering the measured dimensional characteristics, the metal brackets used in Bioprogressive Ricketts therapy has satisfactory pattern accuracy; however, there are still some specific inaccuracies in brackets from certain brands that can require more attention during the detailing phase.

Laser Photobiomodulation Over Teeth Subjected to Orthodontic Movement.

Background: Orthodontics of the 21st century requires aesthetic, painless, predictable, and quick treatments. This demand for faster results generated orthodontic movement acceleration protocols (OMAPs); among other OMAPs we present low-level laser (LLL) as a candidate. Objective: To evaluate levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-10, and type 1 collagen in the periodontal ligament of first molars of rats subjected to orthodontic traction with and without LLL irradiation, compared with untreated controls (CO), and to evaluate whether the dose of LLL used in this work is eligible as an OMAP. Materials and methods: A total of 35 male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups: group 1 NI (nonirradiated) n = 15, group 2 IR (laser irradiated using 5 J, 177 J/cm2, and 100 mW applied in contact to the vestibular mesial, vestibular distal, and palatal faces of gum tissue around molar region for 50 sec each point, for 3 consecutive days, immediately 24 and 48 h after orthodontic device placement.) n = 15, and group 3 CO n = 5; groups 1 and 2 were subjected to orthodontic force and each group was divided into three subgroups that were sacrificed after 3, 5, and 7 days, IL-1/10 and COL-1 levels were analyzed. Results: In the IR group, levels of IL-1/10 and COL-1 showed peak anticipation after LLL irradiation compared with those in the NI and CO groups. Conclusions: These results can also infer that this dose of LLL can be used as an OMAP.

Effect of GaAIAs laser on reactional dentinogenesis induction in human teeth.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the biomodulatory effect of the gallium- aluminum-arsenate laser (GaAlAs) in pulp cells on reactional dentinogenesis, and on the expression of collagen type III (Col III), tenascin (TN), and fibronectin (FN) in irradiated dental tissues and controls (not irradiated). BACKGROUND DATA: Several studies suggest a biomodulatory influence of low-intensity laser radiation in the inflammatory and reparative processes of biological tissues. METHODS: Sixteen human premolar teeth were selected (after extraction due to orthodontal reasons) and divided into irradiated and control groups. Black class V cavity preparations were accomplished in both groups. For the irradiated group, GaAlAs laser (670 nm, 50 mW) with an energy density of 4 J/cm2 was used. Soon after, the cavities were restored with a glass ionomer and the extractions made after 14 and 42 days. RESULTS: Histological changes were observed by light microscopy; less intense inflammatory reaction in the irradiated group was found when compared to the controls. Only the irradiated group of 42 days exhibited an area associated with reactional dentinogenesis. After immunohistochemical analysis by the streptoavidin-biotin complex (SABC) method, the expression of Col III, TN, and FN was greater in the irradiated groups. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a GaAlAs laser with energy density of 4 J/cm2 and wavelength of 670 nm caused biomodulation in pulp cells and expression of collagen, but not collagen of the extracellular matrix, after preparation of a cavity.

Evaluation of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of masticatory muscles spasticity in children with cerebral palsy.

Spasticity is a motor disorder frequently present in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the spasticity of the masseter and anterior temporal muscle fibers in children with CP over three weeks of intermittent laser exposures. The bite force (BF) of the masticatory muscles and the amplitude of mouth opening were evaluated before and after laser irradiation in 30 children with CP. Both sides of the masseter and temporalis muscles were irradiated with low-intensity diode laser pulses of 808-nm wavelength six times over three consecutive weeks. During the subsequent three weeks of postlaser exposures, although no laser treatment was applied, the evaluation parameters were measured and recorded. A significant improvement in the amplitude of mouth opening and a decrease in the BF were observed in the weeks following LLLT (P<0.05 ). However, by the sixth week post-LLLT, the BF and the amplitude of mouth opening reverted to values equivalent to those obtained before the first application of LLLT. Our investigation revealed low-level energy exposures from a 808-nm diode laser to be an effective short-term therapeutic tool. This method increased the amplitude of mouth opening and decreased the muscle tonus of children with spastic CP over a time course of three weeks of intermittent laser applications.

Comparative Study of the Physiotherapeutic and Drug Protocol and Low-Level Laser Irradiation in the Treatment of Pain Associated with Temporomandibular Dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a structure of the craniofacial complex affected by neurological diseases. Orthopedic and musculoskeletal changes can also cause temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and pain. Low-level laser (LLL) therapy has been studied in the treatment of temporomandibular jaw (TMJ) dysfunction, and controversial results were obtained. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was comparing the physiotherapeutic and drug protocol (PDP) to LLL therapy in the treatment of pain associated with TMD. METHODS: A sample of 60 female patients, 20-50 years of age, TMD triggering agents (stress, parafunctional habits) controlled, was randomly divided into three groups, group 1 (G1)-LLL (780 nm laser, dose of 35.0 J/cm2, for 20 sec, thrice a week, for 4 weeks); group 2 (G2)-PDP (hot packs thrice a day, morning, afternoon, and evening, for 15 min, exercise of opening and closing the mouth, twice a day, myorelaxing and anti-inflammatory drug administration); and group 3 (G3)-Placebo (450 nm halogen lamp, Max LD Gnatus, light curing unit). RESULTS: Patients were evaluated every return appointment for the presence (P) or absence (A) of pain for 4 weeks and results were statistically analyzed. First week: 60% of G1, 100% G2, and 70% of G3-related pain. Second week: 55% of G1, 15% of G2, and 100% of G3-related pain. Third week: 10% of G1, 15% of G2, and 85% of G3-related pain. Last week: 0% of G1, 0% of G2, and 100% of G3-related pain. CONCLUSIONS: Based on obtained data, we concluded that, compared to PDP, LLL treatment is effective to control pain associated with TMD.

Cárie de radiação: efeitos da radioterapia na estrutura dentária / Caries de radiación: efectos de la radiación en la estructura dental / Radiation caries: effects of radiotherapy on dental structure

Introdução: Pacientes submetidos à radioterapia para tratamento de neoplasias malignas na região de cabeça e pescoço são propensos a desenvolver complicações orais como a cárie de radiação, que evolui rapidamente e é altamente destrutiva.É reconhecido que o seu desenvolvimento está associado a alterações pós-radioterápicas nas glândulas salivares maiores, o que resulta em hipossalivação e alteração nos constituintes salivares. No entanto, tem sido aceito que danos diretos causados pela radiação à estrutura dentária podem acelerar a progressão da cárie e estudos têm demonstrado alterações morfológicas e físicas em dentes humanos após radioterapia. Objetivo: Propõe-se apresentar um caso de cárie de radiação e os efeitos diretos da radioterapia na estrutura dentária. Relato de caso: Paciente masculino, 60 anos de idade, com queixa principal de fragilidade dentária; relatou história de carcinoma epidermóide em língua há 18 meses e que o protocolo de tratamento aplicado foi quimioterapia (38 sessões), radioterapia (38 sessões) e cirurgia. Ao exame físico, dentre as alterações observadas, destacou-se a presença de regiões cervicais dentárias enegrecidas com coroas bastante fragilizadas em todos os dentes remanescentes, características de cárie de radiação. Foi realizado um tratamento atraumático, que está em acompanhamento. Conclusões: A cárie de radiação tem como principal fator etiológico alterações salivares qualitativas e quantitativas. A discussão sobre os efeitos diretos da radioterapia sobre a estrutura dentária ainda é bastante polêmica na literatura odontológica. Desta forma, sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados de forma sistemática, de maneira mais completa e padronizada(AU)

Introducción: Los pacientes sometidos a radioterapia para el tratamiento de tumores malignos en la cabeza y el cuello son propensos a desarrollar complicaciones bucales, tales como caries de radiación que evoluciona rápidamente y es altamente destructiva. Se reconoce que el desarrollo se asocia con cambios posradioterapia en las glándulas salivales, que resulta en hiposalivación y el cambio en los componentes salivales. Sin embargo, se ha aceptado que los daños por radiación directa a la estructura dental puede acelerar la progresión de la caries y los estudios han demostrado cambios morfológicos y físicos en los dientes humanos después de la radioterapia. Objetivo: presentar un caso de caries de radiación y los efectos directos de la radiación en la estructura dental. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 60 años de edad, se quejaba de fragilidad dental, con historia notificada de carcinoma de células escamosas en la lengua hace 18 meses y con protocolo de tratamiento aplicado de quimioterapia (38 sesiones), terapia de radiación (38 sesiones) y cirugía. En el examen físico, de los cambios observados, se destacó la presencia de regiones cervicales dentarias negruzcas con coronas bastante frágiles en todos los dientes restantes, características de caries de radiación. El tratamiento atraumático se realizó y el paciente está bajo observación. Conclusiones: los cambios cuantitativos y cualitativos salivales actúa como el factor causal principal de la caries por radiación. La discusión acerca de los efectos directos de la radiación sobre la estructura del diente es todavía muy controvertido en la literatura dental. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que se realicen estudios adicionales de manera sistemática, más completa y estandarizada(AU)

Introduction: Patients undergoing radiotherapy as treatment for malignant head and neck tumors are prone to develop oral complications such as radiation caries, which evolves rapidly and is highly destructive. Such development is known to be caused by post-radiotherapy alterations in salivary glands resulting in hyposalivation and changes in salivary components. However, it has been accepted that damage by direct radiation to the dental structure may hasten the progress of caries development, and studies have shown the morphological and physical changes occurring in human teeth after radiotherapy. Objective: Present a case of radiation caries and the direct effects of radiation on dental structure. Case presentation: A 60-year-old male patient complains of dental fragility. The patient was diagnosed with squamous-cell carcinoma of the tongue 18 months ago and indicated chemotherapy (38 sessions), radiotherapy (38 sessions) and surgery. Physical examination revealed among other changes the presence of blackish cervical areas with quite fragile crowns in all remaining teeth, which are characteristic of radiation caries. Non-traumatic treatment was performed and the patient is now under observation. Conclusions: Salivary quantitative and qualitative changes are the main cause of radiation caries. Discussion about the direct effects of radiation on dental structure is still quite controversial in the literature on the topic. It is therefore suggested to conduct further studies in a more systematic, complete and standardized manner(AU)

Avaliação tomográfica do comprimento dos dentes anteriores / Tomographic evaluation of anterior teeth length

Odontometria é uma fase da Endodontia que mede o comprimento de trabalho usando radiografias e/ou um localizador apical. A tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico é o exame de eleição para detectar alterações orofaciais devido à alta fidelidade dos resultados, mas não tem sido usada frequentemente em Endodontia para medir o comprimento dental e detectar desvios anatômicos. Tomografias de feixe cônico de pacientes em tratamento ortodôntico foram analisadas (n=120 dentes) para medir o comprimento dentário e avaliar variações em comparação aos padrões estabelecidos pela literatura. Cortes foram feitos no maior eixo vestíbulo-­lingual de cada dente onde a distância ápice-incisal foi tomada, média e desvio padrão foram calculados para cada grupo de dentes, e medidas máximas e mínimas identificadas. As médias encontradas são similares à literatura (incisivos centrais superiores 23 mm; incisivos laterais superiores 22,0 mm; caninos superiores 24 mm; incisivos centrais inferiores 21 mm; incisivos laterais inferiores 22 mm e caninos inferiores 25 mm), mas variações significativas de comprimento dentro de cada grupo de dentes foram encontradas (incisivos centrais superiores, máximo 25,5 mm e mínimo 19,5 mm; incisivos laterais superiores, máximo 25,6 mm e mínimo 17,2 mm; caninos superiores, máximo 29,3 mm e mínimo 19,1 mm; incisivos centrais inferiores, máximo 23,1 mm e mínimo 19,0 mm; incisivos laterais inferiores, máximo 25,8 mm e mínimo 19,4 mm e caninos inferiores, máximo 30,6 mm e mínimo 19,5 mm). Devido às grandes variações no comprimento dental e à alta fidelidade das medidas apresentadas pela tomografia de feixe cônico, concluímos que ela deveria tornar-se mais utilizada antes de iniciar novos tratamentos endodônticos (AU).

Odontometrics is a phase of Endodontics that measures the working height using radiographs and/or an apex indicator. Cone beam tomography is the elected examination to detect orofacial alterations, due to the high fidelity of its results. However it has not been frequently used in Endodontics to measure dental height and detect anatomic deviations. Cone beam tomographies of patients under orthodontic treatment were analyzed (n=120 teeth) to measure dental height and evaluate variations compared to literature established patterns. Cuts were made in the bigger vestibule--lingual axis of each tooth were apex-incisal measurements were taken, average and standard deviation were calculated for each group of teeth, and higher and smaller measures were identified. Averages found were similar to those described on the literature (upper central incisor 23 mm; upper lateral incisors 22 mm; upper canines 24 mm; lower central incisors 21 mm; lower lateral incisors 22 mm and lower canines 25 mm), but significant variations of height in each group of teeth were found (upper central incisors, maximum 25.5 mm and minimum 19.5 mm; upper lateral incisors, maximum 25.6 mm and minimum 17.2 mm; upper canines, maximum 29.3 mm and minimum 19.1 mm; lower central incisors, maximum 23.1 mm and minimum 19.0 mm; lower lateral incisors, maximum 25.8 mm and minimum 19.4 mm and lower canines, maximum 30.6 mm and minimum 19.5 mm). It was concluded that due to high variations in dental height and high fidelity of cone beam tomography, measures, it should become more used before starting new endodontic treatments (AU).

Granuloma gravídico em língua ­ relato de caso / Lingual gravidarum granuloma ­ case report

O granuloma gravídico é uma neoplasia benigna, uma hiperplasia inflamatória comumente encontrada na cavidade bucal. Acomete todas as idades, mas é frequentemente encontrado entre a segunda e terceira década de vida devido ao aumento dos níveis hormonais do estrogênio e progesterona na corrente sanguínea, afetando entre 4 a 5% das gestantes. Durante a gravidez, níveis elevados de hormônios podem favorecer quadros de modificações da normalidade da mucosa oral e do periodonto, acarretando quadros específicos de inflamação gengival. Com menos frequência, encontram-se casos de granuloma gravídico, hiperplasia inflamatória e neoplasias benignas que possuem características histológicas iguais ao do granuloma piogênico, sendo diferenciado do granuloma gravídico pela influência que esse sofre dos hormônios da gravidez (progesterona e estrogênio), encontrado com maior frequência no primeiro e terceiro trimestres gestacionais. Pode possuir como fatores etiológicos traumas, agressões ou irritações teciduais repetitivas sobre a mucosa bucal, localizando-se mais na gengiva, língua, lábios, palato ou mucosa jugal e se caracterizando pelo crescimento rápido e indolor, sendo extremamente vascularizado, razão pela qual sangra com facilidade. Histologicamente, o granuloma gravídico é caracterizado pela proliferação de tecido vascular, acompanhada de um infiltrado inflamatório misto composto de neutrófilos, plasmócitos e linfócitos. Não existem diferenças histológicas entre o granuloma gravídico e o granuloma piogênico. O presente relato tem como objetivo descrever um caso clínico em paciente de vinte e um anos de idade, com oito meses de gestação, apresentando granuloma gravídico no dorso da língua, o qual foi removido cirurgicamente, não apresentando evidências de recidiva no período de quinze meses de acompanhamento clínico (AU).

The granuloma gravidarum is a benign neoplasm, an inflammatory hyperplasia commonly found in the oral cavity. It affects all ages, but is often found between the second and third decade of life due to the increase of estrogen and progesterone hormone levels in the bloodstream, affecting around 4 and 5% of pregnant women. During pregnancy, high levels of hormones may favor changes in the normality of oral mucosa and periodontium, leading to specific gingival inflammation. Less frequently, there are cases of granuloma gravidarum, inflammatory hyperplasia and benign neoplasms that have histological characteristics equal to granuloma piogenic, being differentiated from the granuloma gravidarum by the influence that this one suffers from pregnancy hormones (progesterone and estrogen), and it is found more frequently in the first and third gestational trimesters. It can have as etiologic factors traumas, aggressions or repetitive tissue irritations on buccal mucosa, being located more in gingiva, tongue, lips, palate or mucosa jugal and characterized by the fast and painless growth, being extremely vascularized, reason why it easily bleeds. Histologically, the granuloma gravidarum is characterized by proliferation of vascular tissue, accompanied by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate composed of neutrophils, plasma cells and lymphocytes. There are no histological differences between granuloma gravidarum and pyogenic granuloma. The purpose of this report is to describe a clinical case in a twenty-one-year-old woman with eight months gestation, presenting granuloma gravidarum on the back of the tongue, which was surgically removed and did not present evidence of recurrence in the fifteen-month period of clinical follow-up (AU).

Avaliação do uso do laser de baixa intensidade pelos cirurgiões dentistas na cidade de Salvador/BA / Assessment of the use of low intensity laser by dentists in the city of Salvador/ Bahia

Com o intuito de minimizar o desconforto, a inflamação, o edema e a dor durante e após procedimentos odontológicos, o laser de baixa intensidade (LBI) foi incorporado às diversas especialidades. Dentre elas, a patologia bucal, periodontia, disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) e dor orofacial, dentística e cirurgia e traumatologia bucomaxilofacial (CTBMF). O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o uso do LBI nas diferentes especialidades odontológicas na cidade de Salvador/BA, no período de abril de 2015. Para isso, foi elaborado e aplicado um questionário autoexplicativo para 50 cirurgiões dentistas, sendo os resultados da pesquisa expressos em gráficos e valores percentuais. Dessa forma, observou-se que entre os cirurgiões dentistas que responderam ao questionário, apenas 10, ou seja, 20% fazem o uso do laser, sendo essa a amostra real do trabalho. De um modo geral, o laser foi mais utilizado para os tratamentos de hipersensibilidade dentinária e ulceração aftosa recorrente, com 61,53% nas duas situações; foi menos utilizado para cicatrização de bolsas periodontais após o tratamento convencional, com 7,69%. Em relação às especialidades, os maiores índices da utilização do LBI foram obtidos em cirurgia e traumatologia bucomaxilofacial, disfunção temporomandibular e dor orofacial. Esta prática integrativa e complementar ainda é escassa nos consultórios odontológicos, mesmo com os benefícios que o LBI vem proporcionando aos tratamentos. Cabe aos profissionais um estudo mais acurado e interesse em ampliar o conhecimento acerca do tema, com o intuito de ampliar a utilização de tal prática (AU).

In order to minimize discomfort, inflammation, swelling, and pain during and after dental procedures, low level laser therapy (LLLT) has been incorporated into various specialties. Among them are oral pathology, periodontics, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and orofacial pain, dentistry and oral maxillofacial surgery and traumatology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of LLLT in different dental specialties in the city of Salvador, Bahia, in the period of April 2015. For this purpose a self-explanatory questionnaire was developed and applied to 50 dentists, and the research results expressed in graphics and percentages. It was observed that among the dentists who responded to the questionnaire, only 10, this is, 20% use the laser in their practice, being this actual research sample. In general, LLLT has been mostly used for dentinal hypersensitivity treatment and recurrent aphthous ulcerations, 61.53% in both cases; it was less used for periodontal pockets healing after conventional treatment with 7.69%. Regarding the specialties, the highest rates of LLLT use were obtained in surgery and oral maxillofacial traumatology, temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain. This integrative and complementary practice is still scarce in the dental office, even with the benefits that the LLLT has been providing to treatments. It is up to professionals to carry on a more accurate study and to have interest in expanding their knowledge on the subject, in order to expand the use of such practice (AU).

Treatment of chronic pain in dentistry using anticonvulsants / Tratamento da dor crônica na Odontologia com o uso de anticonvulsivantes

ABSTRACT Pain can be characterized as a sensorial and emotional experience in an unpleasant and personal way. It is usually associated with real tissue damage and may be caused by the involvement of chemical and physical agents or by subjective and psychological aspects. This study aimed to review the literature regarding the use of anticonvulsants in the treatment of chronic pain, the most used drugs, the efficacy of each one of them, the pros and cons of their use and the pathologies associated with chronic pain. Orofacial pains are considered complex and multifactorial and often do not respond well to treatment with common analgesics. The carbamazepine is used since the 60s, but their prolonged use can alter liver function. Phenytoin when consumed by more than three months cause gingival enlargement and clonazepam reduces patient symptomatology up to70%. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of life of patients suffering with chronic pain, the anticonvulsant drugs were introduced to the pharmaceutical market. As this problem is extremely subjective and individual, there must be scientific evidence to correctly perform the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

RESUMO A dor é caracterizada como uma experiência sensorial e emocional, de forma desagradável e pessoal. Geralmente está associada a um dano tissular real, podendo ser causada pelo envolvimento de agentes químicos e físicos ou também por aspectos subjetivos e psicológicos. Esta pesquisa objetivou revisar a literatura a respeito do uso dos anticonvulsivantes no tratamento da dor crônica, os fármacos mais utilizados, a eficácia de cada um deles, os prós e os contras do uso desses medicamentos e as patologias associadas à dor crônica. As dores orofaciais são consideradas complexas e multifatoriais e não costumam responder bem ao tratamento com analgésicos comuns. A Carbamazepina é utilizada desde a década de 60, mas o seu uso prolongado pode alterar as funções hepáticas. A Fenitoína quando consumida por mais de três meses causa hiperplasia gengival e o Clonazepam reduz em até 70% a sintomatologia dos pacientes. Portanto, com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes acometidos pela dor crônica, é que foram introduzidos no mercado farmacêutico os anticonvulsivantes. Pelo fato desse quadro clínico ser extremamente subjetivo e individual, é necessário que haja embasamento científico para realizar de forma correta o diagnóstico e tratamento dessa condição.

Doenças periodontais em pacientes hivpositivos: uma revisão da literatura / Periodontal disease in HIV-positive patients: a literature review

Many papers indicate that up to 80% of HIV seropositive patients show lesions due to opportunistic infections or malignant neoplasm in oral cavity. Periodontal Diseases (PD) are among the most common oral manifestations in those patients. The aim was to describe the prevalence, the microbiologic characteristics and the clinical forms of PD in HIV seropositive patients. Consultations were conducted in scientific papers on the Virtual Health Library (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) - BVS database, from 2007, following selection criteria. The data from the researches varies considerably due to the lack of standardized diagnosis criteria and the methods used. Opportunistic microorganisms usually not related to periodontopathy are frequently found in HIV seropositive patients' oral cavity of and may be related to the rapid progression and severity of the PD in these individuals. The Linear Gingival Erythema (LGE) and the most aggressive and unusual forms of PD, such as Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG), Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis (NUP) and Necrotizing Ulcerative Stomatitis (NUS), are strongly associated to HIV infection and AIDS. Some authors link the possibility of preexisting PD progress after the HIV infection. The periodontal diseases seem to be linked to HIV infection and AIDS, and can be an important variable in diagnosis and prognosis of these systemic conditions. However, the available researches are not conclusive and there is a need for further studies, with standardized materials and methods, in order to improve the understanding on the mechanisms involved in the association of those pathologies. (AU)

Muitos estudos apontam que até 80% dos indivíduos HIV-positivos apresentam alterações provenientes de infecções oportunistas ou de neoplasia maligna na região da boca e, as Doenças Periodontais (DP) estão entre as mais frequentes manifestações orais nestes pacientes. Objetiva-se descrever a prevalência, as características microbiológicas e as formas clínicas das DP em pacientes HIV-positivos. Foram realizadas consultas em artigos científicos no banco de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde ­ BVS (a partir de 2007), seguindo critérios de seleção. Os dados de estudos têm variado consideravelmente, devido à falta de padronização nos critérios de diagnóstico e aos métodos utilizados. Microrganismos oportunistas usualmente não relacionados às periodontopatias são encontrados com frequência na cavidade oral de pacientes infectados por HIV e podem relacionar-se à rápida progressão e severidade das DP nestes indivíduos. O Eritema Gengival Linear (EGL) e formas mais agressivas e incomuns das DP, como Gengivite Ulcerativa Necrosante (GUN), Periodontite Ulcerativa Necrosante (PUN) e Estomatite Ulcerativa Necrosante (EUN), estão mais fortemente associadas à infecção por HIV e à AIDS. Alguns autores apontam a possibilidade de progressão das DP pré- existentes após infecção por HIV. Conclui-se que as doenças periodontais parecem apresentar relação com a infecção por HIV e AIDS, podendo ser uma importante variável no diagnóstico e prognóstico destas condições. No entanto, os trabalhos disponíveis atualmente não são conclusivos e, portanto, se fazem necessários novos estudos, com materiais e métodos padronizados, para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na associação entre estas patologias (AU)

Avaliação do efeito da clareação dentária fotoativada sobre a polpa dentária em modelo experimental de ratos / Evaluation of the photo-activated dental bleaching effect on dental pulp in an in vivo rat experimental model

A clareação dentária é um procedimento estético bastante procurado em Odontologia. A diversidade de técnicas tem gerado controvérsia e insegurança por parte dos cirurgiões-dentistas. Neste artigo investigamos os efeitos da clareação dentária fotoativada, utilizando gel de peróxido de hidrogênio, a respeito de aspectos bioquímicos e morfológicos da polpa dentária em modelos experimentais in vivo. Foram utilizados 30 ratos Wistar (150 - 200g) divididos, aleatoriamente, em 5 grupos de 6 animais. Foram utilizados dentes incisivos superiorse e inferiores e três diferentes formulações de gel (15%, 25% e 35%, DMC). A fotoativação consistiu de 3 séries de 1 min com luz e 1 min sem luz. O equipamento utilizado foi o Whitening Lase Light (DMC), que conta com a tecnologia de emissor híbrido de luz (led-laser de diodo infravermelho). Após 24 horas, os animais foram sacrificados e os dentes extraídos para análises. Dentes que receberam gel em diferentes concentrações de peróxido, com ou sem fotoativação, apresentaram sinais leves de inflamação. A análise qualitativa histológica não revelou diferenças significativas entre os grupos experimentais, com exceção dos grupos que receberam gel + led, onde houve sinais mais visíveis de inflamação. No grupo gel 15%, os animais que receberam led apresentaram aumento significativo da expressão de COX-2. Nos géis com 25 e 35% de peróxido, os grupos tratados somente com led apresentaram expressão de COX-2 menor que o grupo gel. A combinação led-laser apresentou inibição altamente significativa da expressão de COX-2 na polpa dentária. A clareação dentária fotoativada utilizando a combinação led-laser não apresentou sinais de inflamação da polpa dentária.